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Empirical research aims to establish generalizable claims from data. Such claims involve concepts that often must be measured indirectly by using indicators. Construct validity is concerned with whether one can justifiably make claims at the conceptual level that are supported by results at the operational level. We report a quantitative analysis of the awareness of construct validity in the software engineering literature between 2000 and 2019 and a qualitative review of 83 articles about human-centric experiments published in five high-quality journals between 2015 and 2019. Over the two decades, the appearance in the literature of the term construct validity increased sevenfold. Some of the reviewed articles we reviewed employed various ways to ensure that the indicators span the concept in an unbiased manner. We also found articles that reuse formerly validated constructs. However, the articles disagree about how to define construct validity. Several interpret construct validity excessively by including threats to internal, external, or statistical conclusion validity. A few articles also include fundamental challenges of a study, such as cheating and misunderstandings of experiment material. The diversity of topics discussed makes us recommend a minimalist approach to construct validity. We propose seven guidelines to establish a common ground for addressing construct validity in software engineering.

The Hairy Ball Theorem states that every continuous tangent vector field on an even-dimensional sphere must have a zero. We prove that the associated computational problem of (a) computing an approximate zero is PPAD-complete, and (b) computing an exact zero is FIXP-hard. We also consider the Hairy Ball Theorem on toroidal instead of spherical domains and show that the approximate problem remains PPAD-complete. On a conceptual level, our PPAD-membership results are particularly interesting, because they heavily rely on the investigation of multiple-source variants of END-OF-LINE, the canonical PPAD-complete problem. Our results on these new END-OF-LINE variants are of independent interest and provide new tools for showing membership in PPAD. In particular, we use them to provide the first full proof of PPAD-completeness for the IMBALANCE problem defined by Beame et al. in 1998., Journal version

PurposeThe paper aims to call attention to issues that may be missing or taken for granted in discourses on migrants and disasters by applying the author’s viewpoint to reflect on gaps and potentials for disaster risk reduction.Design/methodology/approachThe author discusses key issues based on reflective engagement with selected secondary documentation in the form of grey and scholarly literature. Personal perspectives are engaged to develop arguments on intersections that are relevant to the migrant situation in different frameworks in disaster studies.FindingsWhile migrants are considered significant stakeholders in key global agreements on disaster and migration, encounters with disaster literature from a more localised level reveal how references to the migrant sector can be omitted or racialised. This gap can be filled by searching for documentation of migrant strengths and vulnerabilities. However, further reflection demonstrates how adopting broader perspectives can reveal these strengths and vulnerabilities as part of more appropriate and sustainable disaster risk reduction strategies. The paper also shows how such reflections can be led by insights from migrants themselves, not as subjects to be managed but as agents of their own change.Originality/valueThe paper is distinctive because it shows aspects of migrant strengths and disadvantages from a personal viewpoint. It amplifies less-heard perspectives on a conceptual level as well as in actual practice.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For this purpose, a framework was determined by using findings of the research and explanations at the conceptual level. PTSD is a mental disorder that is experienced after traumatic events, affects individuals cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally and threatens the integrity of an individual's life. EMDR therapy is a therapy that imaginatively reveals the past or traumatic experiences of the client through eye movements and other bilateral stimuli (two-way sound or tactile stimulus), facilitates information processing processes. Whereas EMDR was initially an approach developed for adults, it was later used for children and adolescents. The fact that it gives positive results in a short time and these positive results continue in follow-up studies has increased the interest in using EMDR for children and adolescents with PTSD. The use of EMDR for children and adolescents has allowed their problems to be resolved in a timely manner and reduced PTSD symptoms. This situation has drawn attention to the importance of using EMDR in the practice of psychological counselors working in school environments, leading places where they work with children and adolescents, and where the first preventive and interventional studies are carried out. Therefore, it is considered that the use of EMDR will be functional in overcoming these negative life experiences of many students who have been directly or indirectly exposed to traumatic experiences during the COVID-19 epidemic period.

Preschool children have the capacity to engage in scientific practices and inquiry and develop understanding at a conceptual level. While engaging in inquiry with preschool students, teachers transition from being transmitters of knowledge to facilitators in the educational process as students take on an active role in this learner-centered approach. Although studies have explored how preschool students can engage in inquiry-based science, there is a dearth of research on what teachers need to do to ensure their students are engaging in meaningful, inquiry-based science. Considering the nature of preschool students’ play—curious exploration throughout the day—this study sought to review the literature on preschool scientific inquiry and report on significant themes. The purpose of this paper is to develop a research-based framework for inquiry-based science exploration in preschool settings that cuts across specific interventions, science concepts, or activities to provide teachers with strategies to build and sustain a culture of inquiry that permeates all aspects of their preschool program. To create this framework, 15 studies were analyzed, and five major themes were uncovered regarding how teachers engaged students in inquiry. With students’ curiosity, wonderings, and interests as an essential starting point, the framework outlines these five themes as teacher strategies to support scientific inquiry in preschool. These strategies, rather than implemented in isolation, blend together to assist teachers in transforming play and teacher-initiated or child-initiated activities into rigorous learning and support the creation of a culture of inquiry that is part of their classroom environment.

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates once again that hybrid threats are increasingly challenging European countries. Although there is international cooperation on the conceptual level, individual co...

This article explores the relation between ownership and sustainability on a conceptual level. It specifically examines different imaginaries of sustainable property by asking how private property rights and their restrictions are conceptualized as instruments for sustainability. To do so, conflicting notions of property that underlie Western jurisprudence and political theory are contrasted. This brings us to the identification of two major traditions in property thought that build on atomist or relational conceptions of society and property, respectively. Property might be conceived as an owner’s exclusive control over an object, or as a ‘bundle of rights’ that comprises entitlements, restrictions, and obligations to various actors. Largely within the paradigm of modernization as a trajectory of sustainability, these two fundamental traditions in property theory relate to different approaches to encode sustainability into property law: i) propertization, i.e. the extension of private property forms, as in the case of carbon emissions trading schemes; ii) the acknowledgment of social and environmental obligations inherent to property, illustrated by the social obligation norm in German law.

A nivel conceptual, la “experiencia de paciente” comparte varios elementos definitorios con el concepto de comunicación, como la interacción, las relaciones, la información, la reputación o el engagement. En este sentido, el objetivo de nuestro estudio es la identificación de la frecuencia absoluta de la aparición del concepto comunicación y su entorno semántico en 40 artículos representativos del ámbito de la experiencia del paciente previos a la definición de consenso facilitada por The Beryl Institute (2014), así como la asociación del concepto comunicación con resultados clínicos, estableciendo como referencia para la muestra de artículos el trabajo de Doyle, Lennox y Bell (2013). Mediante análisis de contenido, observamos la presencia generalizada de la comunicación de forma directa o indirecta. Concretamente, el término “comunicación” aparece en 29 casos, el término “información” en 25, “relación” en 21 e “interacción” en 21. También se concluye que la comunicación es necesaria para utilizar cualquiera de las herramientas de medición de la experiencia de paciente y que la mayoría de intervenciones en las que interviene la comunicación tiene asociaciones positivas con los resultados clínicos.

In this article, the work of Gilles Deleuze, specifically in his 1968 book, Difference and Repetition, is investigated in order to make a contribution at a philosophical and conceptual level to the...

The aerospace industry is constantly looking to integrate advanced materials and manufacturing methods into their airframes to achieve new breakthroughs in lightweight design. Enabling these advancements are new computational methods such as multi-material topology optimization. While this field has expanded in recent years, the current state-of-the-art typically focuses on academic-level examples and is usually restricted to isotropic-only or anisotropic-only studies. To address this gap, this paper presents practical examples of multi-material topology optimization for the aerospace industry, including the first application of both isotropic and orthotropic material models simultaneously in the same 3D design space. Here, the structural legs and seatback for a passenger aircraft seat are considered at the conceptual level and focuses on the use of single- and multi-material designs to determine the optimum utilization of a new aerospace-grade composite alongside aluminum and magnesium. Designs are discussed and compared with preliminary considerations on performance and cost, with the inclusion of various alternative manufacturing-based constraints. Ultimately, this paper seeks to demonstrate the practical capability of multi-material topology optimization, and review methods and perspectives for evaluating various single- and multi-material design combinations.

The law giveth and the law taketh away. (Dayan 2011: 42) The question ‘Who is law for’ has of late received increased attention in mainstream jurisprudence. 1 Whether at a general, conceptual level...

espanolEn este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo del diseno conceptual de un buque Patrullero de costa con capacidad para recibir y desplegar un helicoptero, con el fin de incrementar la eficiencia en las operaciones de guardacostas desarrolladas por la Armada Nacional de Colombia. Como punto de inicio se tomo el diseno del buque patrullero de costa construido por Cotecmar y denominado CPV46, sobre el cual se implementaron modificaciones en sus dimensiones principales y distribucion de espacios, lo que permitio incluir una cubierta de vuelo para recibir un helicoptero BELL 412 EP, cumpliendo la reglamentacion para este tipo de operaciones.Este diseno se desarrollo en base al metodo de la espiral de diseno, donde cada vuelta del espiral incluye estimaciones y calculos de desempeno influenciadas entre si y que corresponde a las diferentes etapas del diseno. Para este trabajo se dividio el diseno conceptual en ocho cuadernillos que contienen el estado del arte, perfil de mision, dimensionamiento de capacidades, arquitectura naval, seleccion del propulsor, seleccion del generador, estudio estabilidad y estimacion de costo, concluyendo en la viabilidad del diseno en base a su costo a un nivel conceptual. EnglishThis paper presents the development of the conceptual design of a coastal Patrol vessel with the capacity to receive and deploy a helicopter, in order to increase the efficiency of coastguard operations developed by the Colombian National Navy. As a starting point, the design of the coastal patrol vessel built by Cotecmar and named CPV46 was taken, on which modifications were implemented in its main dimensions and distribution of spaces, which allowed to include a flight deck to receive a BELL 412 EP helicopter, complying with the regulations for this type of operations.This design was developed based on the design spiral method, where each turn of the spiral includes estimates and performance calculations influenced by each other and corresponding to the different stages of the design. For this work, the conceptual design was divided into eight booklets containing the state of the art, mission profile, capacity sizing, naval architecture, propeller selection, generator selection, stability study and cost estimation, concluding in the feasibility of the design based on its cost at a conceptual level.

M.M. Bakhtin là người có ảnh hưởng lớn đối với lịch sử thi pháp học hiện đại trên thế giới. Từ thập niên 80 của thế kỷ trước, trong sự phát triển của thi pháp học ở nước ta, việc tiếp nhận ngày càng đầy đủ các quan điểm thi pháp học của Bakhtin có ý nghĩa quan trọng, góp phần định hình diện mạo thi pháp học Việt Nam trong gần bốn thập kỷ. Bài viết này trình bày một cái nhìn hệ thống đối với tình hình ứng dụng các khái niệm thi pháp học của Bakhtin trong nghiên cứu – phê bình văn học ở Việt Nam, từ đó đưa ra một số đánh giá và đề xuất cho việc ứng dụng Bakhtin trong tương lai.

The article gives an extensive review of the collective monograph of three doctors of sci­ences who focused on the problem of the functioning of the cultural mechanism of collec­tive memory in the era of “post-truth”. The subject of the study identifies three levels: factual, revealing the process of rewriting and falsifying history; political, considering the specifics of conducting a modern information war against Russia, in which “wars of memory” represent one of the directions of political confrontation; conceptual, defin­ing various strategies for Russia’s exit from the crisis of post-Soviet identity. The review pays particular attention to the discussion at the conceptual level in substantiating the concepts of “state-civilization” and “state-nation” on the issues of understanding the place and meaning of “Russian identity” and “historical truth” in solving the problem of Russia’s exit from the crisis of post-Soviet identity.

As far as the study of (left) populism is concerned, Political Discourse Theory has been largely associated with a novel and challenging take on populist politics, first emerging in Laclau’s work in the 1970s and preoccupying Laclau, Mouffe and their co-travellers continuously since then. What has not been adequately articulated yet is what would be the limits of (left) populism as a political strategy from a discursive perspective. This short paper aims at remedying this lacuna in the relevant literature indicating certain ways forward for the discursive analysis of populism. The argument operates both at a theoretical and conceptual level as well as at the level of historical, empirical analysis.

espanolEl espacio educativo ha permanecido invariable durante el ultimo siglo, respondiendo a un sistema organizativo propio de un paradigma educativo obsoleto, mientras que las metodologias docentes han ido avanzando hacia un enfoque activo. Si bien este anacronismo entre practica docente y espacio educativo es generalizado, en el caso de la Educacion Artistica contemporanea la falta de correspondencia resulta especialmente acusada. Desde la asignatura de Expresion Plastica y su Didactica del Grado de Maestro y Maestra en Educacion Primaria de la Universidad de Oviedo se plantea, dentro de la formacion inicial de los futuros docentes, despertar su consciencia y desarrollar su sensibilidad hacia el espacio fisico en que llevara a cabo su labor profesional como parte de su aprendizaje. A traves de propuestas artistico educativas en las que el espacio supone un factor fundamental a nivel estetico, estructura y conceptual, el alumnado experimenta las posibilidades del ambiente fisico, lo que repercutira en su futura practica docente. EnglishWhile teaching methodologies have been moving towards an active approach, the educational space has remained unchanged over the last century, in response to an organizational system that is part of an obsolete educational paradigm. Although this anachronism between teaching practice and educational space is prevalent in the case of contemporary Artistic Education, the lack of correspondence is particularly noticeable. From the course of Didactic of Arts in the Bachelor's Degree in Primary Education of the University of Oviedo, it is proposed, within the initial training of future teachers, to awaken their conscience and develop their sensitivity towards the physical space in which they will carry out their professional work as part of their learning. Through artistic educational proposals in which the space is a fundamental factor on an aesthetic, structural and conceptual level, students will experience the possibilities of the physical environment, which will have an impact on their future teaching practice.

In the last decade, Cloud Computing (CC) and Advanced Planning Systems (APS) are two emerging topics. However, no comprehensive model that considers both topics at a conceptual level exists. Purpos...

Two experiments investigated the mental representations of objects' location in a virtual nested environment. In Experiment 1, participants learned the locations of objects (buildings or related accessories) in an exterior environment and then learned the locations of objects inside one of the centrally located buildings (interior environment). Participants completed judgments of relative direction in which the imagined heading was established by pairs of objects from the interior environment and the target was one of the objects in the exterior environment. Performance was best for the imagined heading and allocentric target direction parallel to the learning heading of the exterior environment, but the effect of allocentric target direction was only significant for the imagined headings aligned with the reference axes of both environments; in addition, performance was best along the front-back egocentric axis (parallel to the imagined heading). Experiment 2 used the same learning procedure. After learning, the viewpoint was moved from the exterior environment along a smooth path into a side entrance of the building/interior environment. There participants saw the array of interior objects in the orientation consistent with their movement (correct cue), the array of objects in an orientation inconsistent with their movement (misleading cue), or no array of objects (no cue), and then pointed to objects in the exterior environment. Pointing performance was best for the correct-cue condition. Collectively the results indicated that memories of nested spaces are segregated by spatial conceptual level, and that spatial relations between levels are specified in terms of the dominant reference directions.

The main topic of this paper is the mind-body problem. The author analyzes it in the context of Hus- serlian phenomenology. The key texts for the analysis and interpretation are Descartes’ magnum opus “Meditations on the First Philosophy” and Husserl’ last work “The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology”. The author claims that already in Descartes’ text instead of one mind-body problem, one can find two: the ontological mind-body problem (mind-brain relation) and conceptual one (“mind” and “body” as concepts). In Descartes’ “Meditations”, the ontological level is explicit, while the conceptual level is implicit. In Husserl’s “Crisis”, on the other hand, the situation is different: the conceptual level of the problem (as the opposition between transcendental phenom- enology and natural sciences) is explicit, while the ontological level is implicit. Nevertheless, it seems that Husserl has answers to both the “traditional” as well as the “conceptual” mind-body problems.

Funder: King's College London, It is a commonly expressed sentiment that the science and philosophy of well-being would do well to learn from each other. Typically such calls identify mistakes and bad practices on both sides that would be remedied if scientists picked the right bit of philosophy and philosophers picked the right bit of science. We argue that the differences between philosophers and scientists thinking about well-being are more difficult to reconcile than such calls suggest, and that pluralism is central to this task. Pluralism is a stance that explicitly drives towards accommodating and nurturing the richness and diversity of well-being, both as a concept and as an object of inquiry. We show that well-being science manifests a contingent pluralism at the level of methodology, whereas philosophy of well-being has largely rejected pluralism at the conceptual level. Recently, things have begun to change. Within philosophy, conceptual monism is under attack. But so is methodological pluralism within science. We welcome the first development, and bemoan the second. We argue that a joined-up philosophy and science of well-being should recognise the virtues of both conceptual and methodological pluralism. Philosophers should embrace the methodological justification of pluralism that can be found in the well-being sciences, and scientists should embrace the conceptual reasons to be pluralist that can be found in philosophical debate.

This article explains design methodologies, appropriate solutions of development challenges, testing and validation of high performance microwave frequency up-converter module operating in X-band. Multi-function up-converter prototype has been designed and developed for sophisticated applications. This article describes detailed conceptual level planning at various stages and sequential phases of product development. Design risks allied with electrical and mechanical plans are explained based on an area of application for a developed prototype. Product specification formulation, block diagram development, schematic design and simulation of critical components have been accomplished. The importance of assembly method, quality inspection along with testing measures are also explained in this article. Functional testing and measurement of a developed prototype with importance of different parameters have been covered. Finally, a prototype is tested under different stress screenings for checking performance redundancy in operational environmental conditions as per application.

The aim of this study to determine student questions based on Revised Bloom's Taxonomy. This study was done by quantitative approach with descriptive research method. Research data were obtained through analysis of student questions sheets and interviews. Guide the student’s question were analysid sheet was used to record student questions while learning in class. Based on the results of the analysis it is known that 20% of students' questions at the cognitive domain level C1 (Remembering), 37% at the C2 level (Understanding), 20% at the C3 level (Applying), 11,5% at the C4 level (Analyzing), 11,5% at the C5 level (Evaluating), and 0% at the C6 level (Creating). While based on the dimension of knowledge, factual level questions were asked by 26% of students, conceptual level questions by 74%, and there was no question in procedural and metacognitive level.

Background Among the many reasons for the stigmatization of mental illnesses and those affected by it, the supposedly insufficient treatability plays a central role. In fact, treatability is not worse compared to various somatic diseases, although different factors impair the use and thus the effect of optimal treatment options. This is where measures to optimize treatment and care within the framework of quality psychiatry and psychotherapy come into play, whose resource-backed systematic introduction and implementation can contribute to overcoming stigma. Objective This article examines whether and how the quality of psychiatric treatment and care can contribute to reducing stigmatizing attitudes in the general public and the stigma experienced or anticipated by persons with mental illnesses. Methods Components of quality assured psychiatric treatment and care were identified at the conceptual level, which can hypothetically contribute to the destigmatization of persons with mental illnesses. Results and conclusion The components of quality psychiatry that can contribute to the destigmatization of persons with mental illnesses include the implementation of regularly updated evidence-based treatment guidelines, the individualization of psychiatric treatment (precision psychiatry) and the application of quality indicators within the framework of comprehensive quality management. The postulated relationships must be empirically verified, further analyzed and communicated to the public to be made systematically useful for the destigmatization of mental illnesses.

The Balinese layout has its own uniqueness and pattern. This can be seen from the traditional Balinese spatial patterns which are closely related to the customs and noble values of Balinese culture, namely things that are considered good and valuable in the continuation of community and cultural life including various abstract elements consisting of philosophical elements, values , Concepts, Norms and Rules. The existence of an urban area is inseparable from its identity, the identity of an area is the uniqueness of conditions, characteristics and the creation of images in someone's mind that has never been understood before, this is the concept of identity that distinguishes them from other cities. identity in each region is needed even as the main requirement for the concept of development and identity of a city area. This study uses a qualitative method by applying descriptive approaches, hermeneutics and literature studies. This study aims to see what spatial patterns in Bali can be the identity of urban areas. From the understanding of this study, the benefits and results obtained at the conceptual level of explanation of Balinese spatial patterns can be used as markers of city identity in terms of meaning and enthusiasm. going forward, the results of this study are expected to be an input in determining the identity patterns of urban area development

This review summarizes recent studies of adolescent gambling in Australia and overseas. Its purpose is to examine variations in participation in gambling activities, including land-based and Internet gambling, and in measurement approaches to studying gambling-related problems. Between 15 and 80% of young people report past-year gambling participation, typically involving scratch cards, lotteries, card games and sports betting. Around 5% report past-year Internet gambling. Estimates of problem gambling among adolescents vary, with Australian figures generally between 1 and 5%, and studies in the USA, Canada, UK, Italy and Finland generally reporting rates of 1 to 7%. Simulated gambling involvement (e.g., gambling-like apps, social casino games) appears more prevalent but its relationship to monetary gambling and problem gambling risk requires further research. Youth gambling and exposure to gambling-like activities via digital technologies is a global phenomenon that warrants continuing research. Research is required at the conceptual level, for example, to identify relevant harms and map links to other risk behaviours, and at the methodological level to identify optimal measurement approaches. This includes considering respondents’ level of involvement in reported gambling (active vs passive), recall issues and clearly distinguishing monetary from simulated gambling. Understanding youth gambling is particularly relevant as new digital technology-based gambling activities and promotions become more prevalent and available to young people with the means to access them.

While there is increasing awareness of the contributing effect of the academic mobility imperative on gendered inequalities in the academic profession at large, there is a missing link in current research on this topic. Namely, while ‘care’ is often named as the explanatory factor for why women, and to an extent professionals of any gender at peak childrearing age, are less mobile, this article argues that care is insufficient as an explanatory factor for immobility. Care and other terms such as ‘family responsibilities’ and ‘domestic obligations’ come to serve as a shorthand or explanatory factor for gendered immobility, but these terms elide the complexity of the relationship between care and mobility. This article argues that, without a fuller understanding of how care and mobility intersect, inclusivity drives run the risk of misunderstanding or even reproducing the problem. The specific mobility addressed here is international conference travel as a form of short-term academic mobility which contributes to academic career success and the perpetuation of a mobile academic ideal. The article elaborates a novel conceptual construct, ‘sticky care’, which is applied to empirical data from a diary-interview study of the impact of caring responsibilities on academics’ conference participation. Two dominant mobility-related strategies are elaborated: ‘night/s away’ and ‘get back’. The overarching ambition of this article is at a conceptual level: to bring more complexity and nuance to the concept of care when it is mobilized as an explanatory factor for (gendered) immobility and indeed for inequalities in the academic profession at large.