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Monteiro, Juliane Petry De Carli, Condez, Thais Helena, Garcia, Paulo Christiano De Anchietta, Haddad, Célio Fernando Baptista (2018): The advertisement calls of two species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Zootaxa 4415 (1): 183-188, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.10

Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. Figures 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8 Holotype. CFBH 39850, adult male, collected at Serra da Palha, Laranjeiras, Ilha de S��o Francisco do Sul, municipality of S��o Francisco do Sul, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (26��17'50"S; 48 �� 40'28"W, Datum WGS 84, ca 60 meters above sea level), on 19 May 2015, by C.F.B. Haddad, J.P.C. Monteiro, and E.C. Nardin (Figures 1 and 2). Paratopotypes. CFBH 39851, adult female, collected with the holotype; CFBH 39872, 39873, and UFMG 18973, adult males, collected on 25 November 2015, by J.P.C. Monteiro, T.H. Condez, and E.C. Nardin; CFBH 39876, adult male, and CFBH 39877, adult female, collected on 0 2 December 2015, by J.P.C. Monteiro and E.C. Nardin. Paratypes. CFBH 39846, adult male, cleared and double-stained, collected at Fazenda Morro Grande, Morro Grande, Ilha de S��o Francisco do Sul, municipality of S��o Francisco do Sul, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (26 �� 17'47"S; 48��37'10"W, Datum WGS 84, ca 60 meters above sea level), on 14 November 2014, by E.J. Comitti. UFMG 18970, adult female, collected on 15 November 2014, by J.P.C. Monteiro, T.H. Condez, and E.J. Comitti; CFBH 39849, sub-adult female, collected on 21 November 2014, by J.P.C. Monteiro and E.C. Nardin; CFBH 39848, adult male, cleared and double-stained, collected on 21 January 2015, by C.F.B. Haddad, J.P.C. Monteiro, T.H. Condez, and E.J. Comitti; UFMG 18971, adult male, collected on 0 1 August 2015, by J.P.C. Monteiro and E.C. Nardin; CFBH 39855���39858 and 39861, adult males, CFBH 39860, adult female, CFBH 39859, juvenile, collected on 23 November 2015, by J.P.C. Monteiro, T.H. Condez, and E.C. Nardin; all collected at Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais da Univille (CEPA), Vila da Gl��ria, Distrito do Sa��, municipality of S��o Francisco do Sul, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (26 �� 13'39"S; 48 �� 41'31"W, Datum WGS 84, ca 120 meters above sea level). CFBH 39853 and 39854, adult males, collected on 27 August 2015, by J.P.C. Monteiro and E.C. Nardin; CFBH 39862, adult female, collected on 23 November 2015, by J.P.C. Monteiro, T.H. Condez, and E.C. Nardin; at Estrada do Sa��, Distrito do Sa��, municipality of S��o Francisco do Sul, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (26��12'06"S; 48 �� 41'37"W, Datum WGS 84, ca 80 meters above sea level). CFBH 39863, 39864, 39867, 39868, and UFMG 18972 adult females, CFBH 39865 and 39870, adult males, collected on 24 November 2015, by J.P.C. Monteiro, T.H. Condez, and E.C. Nardin; CFBH 39875, adult female, collected on 30 November 2015, by J.P.C. Monteiro and E.C. Nardin; at Bra��o do Norte, municipality of Itapo��, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (26��07'29"S; 48 �� 43'48"W, Datum WGS 84, ca 220 meters above sea level). CFBH 42005���42008, adult females, collected on 17 September 2016, by J.P.C. Monteiro and E.C. Nardin; Fazenda Palmito Juriti, municipality of S��o Francisco do Sul, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (26��08'09"S; 48 �� 43'54"W, Datum WGS 84, 125���170 meters above sea level). Diagnosis. Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. is a new species of the B. pernix group, distinguished from all its congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) ���bufoniform��� body; (2) general dorsal body color dark green with a dark brown vertebral stripe, and orange background more evident in ventral view; (3) absence of hyperossification of the skull and skeleton; (4) pectoral girdle arciferal and robust, with small ovoid fenestra, distant from the epicoracoid; (5) radius and ulna fused; (6) finger IV greatly reduced, almost not visible externally; (7) manus with two prepollical elements; (8) tips of terminal phalangeal elements of fingers I and IV pointed, II and III arrow-shaped; (9) tibiale and fibulare completely fused; (10) toes I and V present but externally indistinguishable, toe II greatly reduced, toe III short and distinct, and toe IV larger and robust; (11) pes with distal tarsal element I present; (12) pes with phalangeal formula 1���2���3���4���0; (13) tips of terminal phalangeal elements of toes I and II pointed, and of toes III and IV arrow-shaped; (14) arytenoid cartilages not mineralized; (15) body size (SVL of adults: 9.2���10.8 mm for males and 11.1���12.4 mm for females); (16) proportional measurements HL/SVL 18���24% and ED/HL 52���73%; (17) rounded snout in dorsal and lateral views; (18) protuberant nostrils; (19) skin texture rough; and (20) advertisement call short (0.02���0.03 seconds), composed of one high-frequency note (dominant frequency 6.6���7.3 kHz). Comparisons with other species. Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. exhibits a ���bufoniform��� body and an orange background color, both characteristics that clearly differentiate it from the ���leptodactyliform��� species: B. didactylus, B. hermogenesi, B. pulex, and B. sulfuratus (Izecksohn 1971; Giaretta & Sawaya 1998; Napoli et al. 2011; Condez et al. 2016). These species are generally smaller, exhibit ���leptodactyliform��� bodies, and always exhibit a brown background color (Napoli et al. 2011; Condez et al. 2016). The absence of hyperossification of the skull and skeleton distinguishes Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. from B. darkside, B. ephippium, B. garbeanus, and B. margaritatus, which exhibit the extreme condition of hyperossification within Brachycephalus, including a dorsal bony shield (Clemente-Carvalho et al. 2009; Guimar��es et al. 2017). The absence of hyperossification also distinguishes the new species from B. alipioi, B. atelopoide, B. bufonoides, B. crispus, B. guarani, B. nodoterga, B. pitanga, B. toby, and B. vertebralis, which exhibit the intermediate condition of hyperossification within Brachycephalus (Clemente-Carvalho et al. 2009; Haddad et al. 2010; Pombal 2010; Clemente-Carvalho et al. 2011; Condez et al. 2014; Condez et al. 2016). Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. differs from B. brunneus, B. coloratus, B. ferruginus, B. izecksohni, and B. pombali, which possess pectoral girdles with larger fenestra, disposed closer to the epicoracoid (small fenestra distant from the epicoracoid in the new species). Likewise, B. brunneus, B. ferruginus, B. izecksohni, and B. pombali differ in having the radius and ulna not fused, pes with distal tarsal element I absent, and toe V reduced (Ribeiro et al. 2005; Alves et al. 2006); the new species has the radius and ulna fused, pes with distal tarsal element I present, and toe V externally not visible. Also, B. albolineatus , B. coloratus, B. curupira, B. ferruginus, and B. pombali have just one prepollical element, and B. izecksohni has no prepollical element (Ribeiro et al. 2005; Alves et al. 2006; Bornschein et al. 2016b; Ribeiro et al. 2017); the new species has two prepollical elements. The phalangeal formula for the pes of B. brunneus , B. izecksohni, and B. pombali is 0���2���3���4���0 (Ribeiro et al. 2005; Alves et al. 2006), and for B. curupira it is 0���1���3���4���0 (Ribeiro et al. 2017); the phalangeal formula of the pes of the new species is 1���2���3���4���0. In B. albolineatus, B. coloratus, and B. curupira the fibulare and tibiale are not completely fused; tips of terminal phalangeal elements of toes II���IV are arrow-shaped (fibulare and tibiale completely fused; tips of terminal phalangeal elements of toes I and II pointed, III and IV arrow-shaped in the new species). Finally, the arytenoid cartilages are mineralized in B. albolineatus and B. coloratus (arytenoid cartilages not mineralized in the new species). Although the osteology of B. pernix was not studied in detail (Pombal et al. 1998), on the basis of the available information its osteology is quite similar to that of the new species. See Figure 3 for osteological details of the new species. Body size (males SVL = 9.2���10.8 mm; females SVL = 11.1���12.4 mm) distinguishes the new species from Brachycephalus ferruginus (males SVL = 11.6���12.5 mm; females SVL = 13.0��� 14.5 mm; Alves et al. 2006), B. pernix (males SVL = 12.0��� 13.3 mm; females SVL = 14.1���15.8 mm; Pombal et al. 1998), and B. pombali (males SVL = 12.6���13.9 mm; females SVL= 14.6���15.3 mm; Alves et al. 2006). Also, in B. coloratus (males SVL = 10.3��� 10.6 mm; females SVL = 12.2���13.3 mm; Ribeiro et al. 2017), B. izecksohni (males SVL = 10.3���12.1 mm; females SVL = 12.5���13.1 mm; Ribeiro et al. 2005), and B. tridactylus (males SVL = 10.6���11.6; females SVL = 13.5���13.8 mm; Garey et al. 2012) males and/or females are slightly larger than in the new species. Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. is distinguishable from B. albolineatus, B. auroguttatus, B. boticario, B. fuscolineatus, B. leopardus, B. mariaeterezae, B. olivaceus, B. quiririensis, and B. verrucosus by a proportionally shorter head relative to body length (HL/SVL) and by a proportionally larger eye diameter related to head length (ED/HL). In B. actaeus sp. nov., HL/ SVL is 18���24% (x��= 20, SD = 1) and ED/HL is 52���73% (x��= 63, SD = 4), for the 32 adult specimens of the type series, without sexual distinction. In B. albolineatus, HL/SVL is 28���34% (x��= 31, SD = 4) and ED/HL is 36���42% (x��= 38, SD = 4); in B. auroguttatus, HL/ SVL is 29���38% (x��= 33, SD = 2) and ED/HL is 30���44% (x��= 33, SD = 3); in B. boticario, HL/ SVL is 31���36% (x��= 34, SD = 2) and ED/HL is 30���34% (x��= 32, SD = 1); in B. fuscolineatus, HL/ SVL is 29���34% (x��= 31, SD = 1) and ED/HL is 36���41% (x��= 39, SD = 1); in B. leopardus, HL/ SVL is 31���35% (x��= 33, SD = 1) and ED/HL is 34���43% (x��= 38, SD = 3); in B. mariaeterezae, HL/ SVL is 29���36% (x��= 33, SD = 2) and ED/HL is 36���42% (x��= 39, SD = 2); in B. olivaceus, HL/ SVL is 32���36% (x��= 34, SD = 1) and ED/HL is 26���36% (x��= 32, SD = 3); in B. quiririensis, HL/ SVL is 31���36% (x��= 34, SD = 1) and ED/HL is 28���34% (x��= 32, SD = 2); and in B. verrucosus, HL/ SVL is 30���36% (x��= 33, SD = 2) and ED/HL is 30���40% (x��= 34, SD = 3) (Pie & Ribeiro 2015; Ribeiro et al. 2015; Bornschein et al. 2016b). Additionally, Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. exhibits a rounded snout in dorsal and lateral views, which distinguishes it from B. brunneus, which has a slightly mucronate snout in dorsal view (Ribeiro et al. 2005); from B. leopardus, which has a slightly truncate snout in dorsal and lateral views (Ribeiro et al. 2015); and from B. quiririensis, which has a mucronate snout in dorsal view (Pie & Ribeiro 2015). Nostrils are not protuberant in B. auroguttatus, B. pernix, and B. fuscolineatus (Pombal et al. 1998; Ribeiro et al. 2015), which differ from the protuberant nostrils of the new species. In Brachycephalus tridactylus, finger IV is not externally visible (Garey et al. 2012), while in the new species it is reduced but externally distinct. In B. actaeus sp. nov., fingertips I, II, and IV are rounded, differing from B. pernix in which these fingertips are pointed (Pombal et al. 1998) and from B. brunneus, B. izecksohni, and B. leopardus, which have the tip of finger II pointed (Ribeiro et al. 2005; Ribeiro et al. 2015). The texture of the skin on the dorsum of Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. is rough; this characteristic distinguishes the new species from B. albolineatus, B. brunneus, B. coloratus, B. curupira, B. ferruginus, B. izecksohni, B. leopardus, B. pernix, B. pombali, and B. tridactylus, which have a smooth dorsum (Pombal et al. 1998; Ribeiro et al. 2005; Alves et al. 2006; Garey et al. 2012; Ribeiro et al. 2015; Bornschein et al. 2016b; Ribeiro et al. 2017). The dark green general color of Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. in life is very distinct from B. boticario, B. coloratus, B. ferruginus, B. fuscolineatus, B. izecksohni, B. leopardus, B. mariaeterezae, B. quiririensis, B. pernix, B. pombali, B. tridactylus, and B. verrucosus, which exhibit a bright yellow or orange general dorsal body color (Pombal et al. 1998; Ribeiro et al. 2005; Alves et al. 2006; Garey et al. 2012; Pie & Ribeiro 2015; Ribeiro et al. 2015; Ribeiro et al. 2017). The body color of the new species is similar to B. albolineatus, which has a greenish general coloration (Bornschein et al. 2016b), and B. olivaceus, which is predominantly dark green to brown (Ribeiro et al. 2015). The advertisement call of Brachycephalus actaeus sp. nov. differs in structure and frequency from all known advertisement calls within Brachycephalus. It is clearly distinct from B. crispus, B. darkside , B. ephippium, and B. pitanga by having higher frequencies together with a different call structure (Pombal et al. 1994; Ara��jo et al. 2012; Condez et al. 2014; Guimar��es et al. 2017). In these species, the advertisement call is characterized by the regular repetition of one low-frequency note with several pulses, while in B. actaeus sp. nov. the high-frequency notes are composed of just two pulses. In B. crispus, the notes generally last 0.28 seconds and are composed of 10 pulses; the frequency range is 3.5���5.7 kHz, while the dominant frequency is 4.6 kHz (Condez et al. 2014). In B. darkside, the average note duration is 0.11 seconds and notes are composed of six pulses; the frequency range is 2.5���5.8 kHz [considered dominant frequency in Guimar��es et al. (2017)], while the dominant frequency is 3.4 kHz [considered peak frequency in Guimar��es et al. (2017)]. In B. ephippium, notes typically last 0.12 seconds and are also composed of 12 pulses; the minimum and maximum frequencies are 3.4���5.3 kHz (Pombal et al. 1994). In B. pitanga, notes last 0.17 seconds and are composed of 11 pulses; the dominant frequency is 4.9 kHz (Ara��jo et al. 2012). The high frequency of the advertisement call of the new species is comparable to that described for B. hermogenesi and B. sulfuratus, the latter having the highest dominant frequency known for the genus (Condez et al. 2016). Nevertheless, the advertisement calls of these species differ from the new species in general structure, which is long and composed of a set of high-frequency notes. In B. hermogenesi, the call is composed of 1���5 notes; call lasts 0.2 seconds, with 1���5 pulses (Verdade et al. 2008). The dominant frequency in B. hermogenesi is 6.8 kHz (Verdade et al. 2008). In B. sulfuratus, the call is composed of 4���7 notes, each one lasting 0.19 seconds, with 9 pulses (Condez et al. 2016). The frequency range is 4.9���9.3 kHz and the dominant frequency is 6.7 kHz (Condez et al. 2016). When compared to the advertisement calls of its most closely related species, B. pernix and B. tridactylus, the new species call has shorter notes and higher frequencies. In B. pernix, notes last 0.03���0.06 seconds and are composed of three pulses; the frequency range is 4.5 kHz���6.7 kHz (Wistuba 1998). In B. tridactylus, the frequency range is 3.2���6.4 kHz and dominant frequency is 4.8 kHz (Garey et al. 2012). Description of holotype. Body robust, bufoniform; head wider than long; head length 19% of SVL; snout short, rounded in lateral and dorsal views (Figures 1A and 1B); nostrils protuberant; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region slightly concave; eyes slightly protruding laterally and dorsally; eye diameter 72% of head length; tympanum absent; lips nearly sigmoid; vocal sac not expanded externally; vocal slits present; tongue longer than wide, with the posterior half not adherent to floor of mouth; vomerine teeth absent; choanae small and ovoid, anterior to eyes. Arm and forearm moderately slender; hands with fingers I and IV reduced; finger II short but distinct; finger III large and robust; fingertips I, II, and IV rounded, fingertip III pointed; finger lengths IV Measurements of holotype (in mm). SVL 9.4; HL 1.8; HW 3.0; ND 0.4; IND 1.1; ED 1.3; IOD 2.1; END 0.6; AL 2.0; FAL 2.1; HAL 1.4; THL 3.8; TBL 3.3; FL 4.6. Color in life. (Figure 6) Iris black. General body color orange, dorsal surface of body covered by dark green blotches; in dorsal view, a poorly defined dark brown stripe extends from the interorbital region to the posterior end of the vertebral column; arms, legs, fingers III and IV and toe IV dark green, other fing, Published as part of Monteiro, Juliane Petry De Carli, Condez, Thais Helena, Garcia, Paulo Christiano De Anchietta, Comitti, Estev��o Jasper, Amaral, Ivan Borel & Haddad, C��lio Fernando Baptista, 2018, A new species of Brachycephalus (Anura, Brachycephalidae) from the coast of Santa Catarina State, southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil, pp. 483-505 in Zootaxa 4407 (4) on pages 486-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1221060, {"references":["Izecksohn, E. (1971) Novo genero e nova especie de Brachycephalidae do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Nacional, Zoologia, 280, 1 - 12.","Giaretta, A. A. & Sawaya, R. J. 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Geographical and altitudinal distribution of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. PeerJ, 4 (e 2490), 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 2490","Oliveira, J. C. F., Coco, L., Pagotto, R. V., Pralon, E., Vrcibradic, D., Pombal, J. P. & Rocha, C. F. D. (2012) Amphibia, Anura, Brachycephalus didactylus (Izecksohn, 1971) and Zachaenus parvulus (Girard, 1853): Distribution extension. Check List, 8 (2), 242 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 8.2.242","Clemente-Carvalho, R. B. G., Monteiro, L., Bonato, V., Rocha, H., Pereira, G., Oliveira, D., Lopes, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Martins, E. & Reis, S. F. (2008) Geographic variation in cranial shape in the pumpkin toadlet (Brachycephalus ephippium): a geometric analysis. Journal of Herpetology, 42 (1), 176 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 141 R 1.1","Pimenta, B. V. S., Bernils, R. S. & Pombal, J. P. (2007) Amphibia, Anura, Brachycephalidae, Brachycephalus hermogenesi: filling gap and geographic distribution map. Check List, 3 (3), 277 - 279. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 3.3.277","Pombal, J. P. & Izecksohn, E. (2011) Uma nova especie de Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 51 (28), 443 - 451. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0031 - 10492011002800001","Clemente-Carvalho, R. B. G., Perez, S. I., Tonhati, C. H., Condez, T. H., Sawaya, R. J., Haddad, C. F. B. & Reis, S. F. (2015) Boundaries of morphological and molecular variation and the distribution range of a miniaturized froglet, Brachycephalus nodoterga (Anura: Brachycephalidae). Journal of Herpetology, 50 (1), 169 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 14 - 119","Abegg, A. D., Ortiz, F. R., Rocha, B. & Condez, T. H. (2015) A new record for Brachycephalus nodoterga (Amphibia, Anura, Brachycephalidae) in the state of Sao Paulo. Brazil. Check List, 11 (1769), 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.5.1769"]}

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T22:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-27 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Anurans are considered to have the greatest diversity of reproductive modes among the major groups of terrestrial vertebrates. In the Bufonidae, oviposition can occur in pools and give rise to exotrophic tadpoles (e.g., the genus Rhinella) or it may be more specialized with a tendency toward terrestriality, with egg deposition and endotrophic tadpoles in phytotelmata (e.g., some species in the genera Dendrophryniscus, Frostius, and Melanophryniscus). Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus is widely distributed in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil, and has a life cycle that is completely associated with bromeliads. Data about the reproductive biology of the genus Dendrophryniscus are almost non-existent. Our main goal was to describe aspects of the reproductive behaviour of D. brevipollicatus from field observations made at six different localities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We recorded, for the first time, 17 individuals of D. brevipollicatus exhibiting behaviours that suggest the occurrence of parental care in the form of egg attendance or tadpole attendance. Furthermore, we report male-male mate competition for the genus Dendrophryniscus, in which a single male tried to displace an amplexed male. Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, 1515, Caixa postal 199 Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, 1515, Caixa postal 199 Museu de Zoologia Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Nazaré, 481 Caixa postal 42494 Department of Zoology University of Otago, P.O. Box 56 Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, 1515, Caixa postal 199 Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, 1515, Caixa postal 199 CNPq: #2008/50928-1 FAPESP: #2008/50928-1 FAPESP: #2008/55235-4 FAPESP: #2013/18807-8 CNPq: #2013/50741-7 FAPESP: #2013/50741-7 CNPq: #2014/50342-8 FAPESP: #2014/50342-8 CNPq: 141259/2014-0 CNPq: 141716/2010-0

Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. Figures 1���3 Holotype. CFBH 39137, adult female, collected at Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais da Univille, Vila da Gl��ria, Distrito do Sa�� (26 �� 13'39"S, 48 �� 41'31"W, 123 m above sea level, Datum WGS 84), munic��pio de S��o Francisco do Sul, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, on 14 November 2014, by T.H. Condez, J.P.C. Monteiro, and E.J. Comitti. Paratypes. CFBH 39138, cleared and double-stained adult male, and CFBH 39139, adult male, both collected with the hotolype. CFBH 39140, adult female collected on 11 September 2014, CFBH 39329, adult female, and CFBH 39331, adult male, collected on 31 July 2015, CFBH 39330 and 39332, adult females, collected on 0 1 August 2015, at the same locality as the holotype, by J.P.C. Monteiro and E.C. Nardin. CFBH 39142, adult male, CFBH 39141 and 39144, adult females, CFBH 39143, cleared and double-stained adult male, collected on 0 4 December 2013, by T.H. Condez, J.P.C. Monteiro and E.J. Comitti, UFMG 17954 and 17955, adult females, CFBH 39407���39410 and UFMG 17956 and 17957, adult males, CFBH 39406, juvenile, collected on 28 August 2015, by J.P.C. Monteiro and E.C. Nardin, at Morro do Cantagalo, Vila da Gl��ria, Distrito do Sa�� (26 �� 10'31"S, 48 �� 42'44"W, 161 m above sea level, Datum WGS 84), munic��pio de S��o Francisco do Sul, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. CFBH 39145���39147, adult females, collected at Castelo dos Bugres, ��rea de Prote����o Ambiental Dona Francisca (26 �� 13'43"S, 49 �� 03'27"W, 835 m above sea level, Datum WGS 84), munic��pio de Joinville, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, on 29 November 2013, by T.H. Condez, J.P.C. Monteiro, E.J. Comitti, I. Borel, P.D. Pinheiro, and P.C.A. Garcia. CFBH 39148 and 39149, adult males, collected at Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (25 �� 06'53"S, 47 �� 55'40"W, 385 m above sea level, Datum WGS 84), munic��pio de Canan��ia, State of S��o Paulo, on 19 December 2013, by T.H. Condez, L.N. Bandeira, and S. Pinheiro. CFBH 39150, adult female, collected at Morro do Anhangava (25 �� 22'51"S, 49 �� 01'26"W, 915 m above sea level, Datum WGS 84), munic��pio de Quatro Barras, State of Paran��, on 0 2 February 2012, by T.H. Condez, T.B. Rocha, and P.F. Colas-Rosas. Referred specimens. MZUSP 129855, juvenile, collected at Ilha do Cardoso (non-georeferenced data), munic��pio de Canan��ia, State of S��o Paulo, on 22 January 1979, by an unknown collector. ZUEC 16602, juvenile, collected at ��rea de Prote����o Ambiental de Guaratuba (25��47��� S, 48��54��� W, 291 m above sea level), munic��pio de S��o Jos�� dos Pinhais, State of Paran��, on 18 January 2008, by A.K. Cunha and I. Soares. Diagnosis. Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. is a new species of flea-toad, distinguished from all its congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) small body size (SVL of adults: 7.4���8.5 mm for males and 9.0��� 10.8 mm for females); (2) ���leptodactyliform��� body; (3) pectoral girdle arciferal and less robust compared to the Brachycephalus species with ���bufoniform��� body; (4) procoracoid and epicoracoid fused with coracoid but separated from the clavicle by a large fenestrae; (5) toe I externally absent; toes II, III, IV, and V distinct; phalanges of toes II and V reduced; (6) skin smooth with no dermal ossifications; (7) in life, general background color brown with small dark-brown spots; skin of throat, chest, arms, and forearms with irregular yellow blotches; in ventral view, cloacal region of alive and preserved specimens surrounded by a dark-brown inverted v-shaped mark outlined with white; (8) advertisement call long, composed of a set of 4���7 high-frequency notes (6.2���7.2 kHz) repeated regularly. Description of holotype. The holotype of Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. has a ���leptodactyliform��� body (Figure 1 and 2); head wider than long, narrower than body; head length approximately 26% of SVL; snout long, with length slightly short than the eye diameter, rounded in lateral and dorsal views (Figure 3A and 3B); nostrils protuberant, directed anterolaterally; canthus rostralis distinct and straight; loreal region weakly concave; mouth nearly sigmoid; eye slightly protruding in dorsal and lateral views, eye diameter 48% of HL; tympanum absent; tongue longer than wide, posterior half not adherent to floor of mouth; choanae relatively small and round; vomerine odontophores absent. Upper arm slightly shorter than forearm; length of upper arm plus forearm 43% of SVL; hands approximately as long as upper arm; fingers II and III thin and distinct; finger I and IV very small, vestigial; tip of fingers II and III slightly pointed; relative lengths of fingers II Measurements of holotype (in mm). SVL 9.8; HL 2.5; HW 2.7; ND 0.4; IND 1.0; ED 1.2; IOD 1.9; END 0.8; THL 4.3; TBL 4.1; FL 6.3; AL 2.0; FAL 2.3; HAL 1.8. Color of holotype in life. Dorsal coloration grey to brown covered with dark brown and red spots (Figure 1A). The dark brown spots are concentrated on the head and medial portion of the dorsum, in which a large irregular mark is distinguishable. The interorbital area exhibits a dark brown nearly v-shaped mark. Dorsal surfaces of arms and legs exhibit dark brown blotches, which on the thigh and tibia resemble incomplete stripes. Above the cloacal region, in dorsal view, there is a dark brown inverted m-shaped mark. A dark brown stripe extends laterally from the tip of the snout to the flanks and the surface of thigh (Figure 1A). In lateral view, the tip of the snout and posterior regions of maxilla and ocular globe present undefined yellow spots. The maxilla is dark brown with distinct white spots. Ventral surface of body pale-brown, slightly transparent, with small dark brown spots and white blotches (Figure 1B). Some yellow blotches are also spread among the gular region, arms, forearms, and disposed in an inverted v-shape on the chest. In ventral view, the cloacal region is surrounded by an inverted vshaped dark brown mark with white borders. The pupil is black and the iris is golden. Color of holotype in preservative. General background color is pale-brown covered with small dark brown dots (Figure 2); dorsum with dark brown marks on the ocular region, knees, and cloacal region; dark brown stripes on dorsal surfaces of thigh, tibia, and foot; ventral surfaces of hands and feet with dark brown blotches; in ventral view, cloacal region surrounded by an inverted v-shaped dark-brown mark. Osteology. The cleared and double-stained material revealed the following characters in Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. No hyperossification of the skull or skeleton. Nasals, sphenethmoid, frontoparietals, prootics, and exoccipitals fused. Premaxillae broad, not fused medially; odontoids absent; alary process of premaxillae distinct and separated from the nasal. Maxillae arched in ventral view; odontoids present. Quadratojugal and pterygoid present. Vomer not fused medially, vomerine odontophores absent. Palatine absent. Parasphenoid and sphenethmoid fused and robust. Squamosal elongated in lateral view, zygomatic ramus short and not ornamented. Tympanic annulus absent. Mandible edentate. Pectoral girdle arciferal and less robust than in other Brachycephalus; clavicle, coracoid, and scapula fused and completely ossified; procoracoid and epicoracoid fused with coracoid, but separated from the clavicle by a large fenestrae; suprascapula expanded, anterior half ossified as cleithrum; omosternum present and cartilaginous; sternum absent. Vertebral column composed of eight presacral, non-imbricate vertebrae; hyperossification absent in the spinal processes of vertebrae; all presacral vertebrae with transverse processes; transverse process of sixth presacral vertebra elongated but not ornamented. Humerus slightly shorter than forearm; radius and ulna fused but distinguishable. Manus with distal carpals (I���IV) fused with centrale; radiale and ulnare about the same size; one prepollical element; phalangeal formula 1���2���3���1; tips of terminal phalangeal element of fingers I and IV falciform and tip of finger II and III pointed. Hindlimbs with tibia and fibula fused but distinguishable, forming the tibiafibula; tibiafibula slightly shorter than femur; tibiale and fibulare fused at their distal and proximal ends (medially not fused). Pes with distal tarsal element I, II, III present and IV���V absent; centrale present. One very reduced prehallical element present; phalangeal formula 1���2���3���4���1; tips of terminal phalangeal elements of toes I and V rounded; tips of the terminal phalangeal elements of toes II, III, and IV arrow-shaped. Advertisement call. The advertisement call of the new species is long, composed by the regular repetition of five or six high-frequency pulsed notes (Figure 4). The call lasts 1.5���2.3 seconds (x��=1.8��0.2) and the interval between calls is 3.1���7.4 seconds (x��=5.1��1.4). The call is composed of 4���7 notes (x��=5.3��0.9), repeated in a rate of 0.1���0.3 notes/second (x��=0.2��0.0). Notes last 131���233 milliseconds (x��=195��13) and present 7���11 pulses (x��=8.8��1.3). Pulses last 20���30 milliseconds (x��=23.6��4.8) and are repeated at a rate of 6.1���12.3 pulses/second (x��=9.3��1.8). The minimum frequency is 4.5���5.5 kHz (x��=4.9��0.3), the maximum frequency is 8.2���10.3 kHz (x��=9.3��0.3), and the dominant frequency is 6.2���7.2 kHz (x��=6.7��0.3). Variation. Morphometric variation is given in Table 1. In our sample, females are larger than males (SVL of females x��= 9.9 mm ��0.4; SVL of males x��=8.0 mm��0.4, Welch���s t-test t = 10.2, df = 9.6, p p F = 12.86, TukeyHSD tests p = 0.02 and p p F = 31, TukeyHSD tests p B. sulfuratus sp. nov. is preserved and the range of divergent call parameters overlapped among the analyzed populations (Table 2). Call (s) Interval (s) Notes/call Notes/s Note (ms) Pulses/ note A 1.7��0.1 4.5��1.7 4.9��0.4 0.2��0.1 177��12 8.25��0.8 (1.5���1.8) (3.1���7.4) (4���6) (0.2���0.3) (131���205) (7���9) B 2.2��0.1 5.9��0.8 5.6��0.6 0.2��0.1 202��14 8.5��1.5 (2.1���2.3) (5.2���6.7) (5���7) (0.1���0.2) (180���233) (7���10) C 1.8��0.1 5.2��1.2 5.1��0.5 0.2��0.1 206��10 9.4��1.2 (1.7���2.1) (3.7���7.0) (4���6) (0.1���0.2) (171���228) (8���11) continued. Pulses/s Pulse (ms) Min Freq (Hz) Max Freq (Hz) Dom Freq (Hz) A 9.1��0.9 25��5 4.9��0.3 9.1��0.2 6.6��0.1 (8.5���10.7) (20���30) (4.5���5.2) (9.0���9.4) (6.5���6.7) B 7.6��1.4 20��0 5.1��0.4 8.2��0.0 6.4��0.2 (6.1���9.0) (20���20) (4.7���5.5) (8.2���8.2) (6.2���6.6) C 10.1��1.9 24��5 5.0��0.3 9.9��0.3 6.9��0.2 (7.7���12.3) (20���30) (4.5���5.4) (9.4���10.3) (6.7���7.2) Comparisons with other species. Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. shares the diminutive size and reduced number of functional toes with other species of Brachycephalus. The texture of the skin of the head and dorsum of B. sulfuratus sp. nov. is smooth, and without dermal ossification. This characteristic distinguishes the new species from B. ephippium, B. garbeanus, and B. margaritatus, all of which have the largest SVLs in the genus (pers. observation) and the most extreme condition of hyperossification, as revealed by the presence of a dorsal bony shield (Clemente-Carvalho et al. 2009). Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. also differs from B. alipioi, B. atelopoide, B. bufonoides, B. crispus, B. guarani, B. nodoterga, B. pitanga, B. vertebralis and B. toby, species with intermediate condition of hyperossification of the skull and skeleton (Clemente-Carvalho et al. 2009; Haddad et al. 2010; Pombal 2010; Clemente-Carvalho et al. 2012; Condez et al. 2014). The lack of hyperossification is shared among the new species and B. auroguttatus, B. boticario, B. brunneus, B. didactylus, B. ferruginus, B. fuscolineatus, B. hermogenesi, B. izecksohni, B. leopardus, B. mariaterezae, B. olivaceus, B. pernix, B. pombali, B. pulex, B. quiririensis, B. tridactylus, and B. verrucosus (Clemente-Carvalho et al. 2009; Napoli et al. 2011; Ribeiro et al. 2015; Pie & Ribeiro 2015). Except for B. didactylus, B. hermogenesi, B. pulex, and B. sulfuratus sp. nov., all of these species have a ���bufoniform��� body and in most of them the body background color is orange. The fleatoads, B. didactylus, B. hermogenesi, B. pulex, and B. sulfuratus sp. nov., have the smallest SVLs within the genus, a ���leptodactyliform��� body, and a brown general background color (pers. observation). The main morphological differences among these species are related to the loss of phalangeal elements and the reduced number of toes. Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. has the toe I externally absent and toes II, III, IV, and V distinct and functional. This condition is very distinct from B. pulex, which presents toes I, II, and V absent, and toes III and IV distinct and functional (Napoli et al. 2011). Brachycephalus didactylus is easily distinguished from B. sulfuratus sp. nov. by having toe I absent, toes II, III, and IV distinct and functional, and toe V vestigial (Izecksohn 1971). Toes of B. hermogenesi have the same configuration as B. sulfuratus sp. nov. (see Giaretta & Sawaya 1998). According to the original description of B. hermogenesi the tip of toe II is pointed, which could be considered distinct from the new species. However, after analyzing several individuals of both species we conclude that this character is variable (being rounded or slightly pointed) and not informative. The general color of Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. in life and preservative is very distinct from all currently known species of Brachycephalus, except for the flea-toads B. didactylus, B. hermogenesi, and B. pulex. These species exhibit a brown general body color with variable dorsal and ventral patterns of dark ornamentation (Izecksohn 1971; Giaretta & Sawaya 1998; Napoli et al. 2011). The m-shaped mark around the cloacal opening in dorsal view, the ventral inverted v-shaped mark in the chest, and variable patterns of stripes on the legs are shared among the four species. The new species differs from B. didactylus, B. hermogenesi, and B. pulex by having (in life) yellow blotches on the ventral surfaces of the throat, chest, arms, and forearms. Another small differences among the flea-toads relate to the x-shaped dorsal mark, which is diagnostic for B. pulex (Napoli et al. 2011) and can be slightly visible in B. didactylus (Izecksohn 1971) and some B. hermogenesi specimens (Giaretta & Sawaya 1998). In the specimens of B. sulfuratus sp. nov. the irregular mark on the middle of the dorsum and the two circular dark blotches on the dorsal view of pelvic girdle are coincident with the x-shaped dorsal mark, though in this species this mark is not clearly distinguished. Another remarkable feature of the new species is the singular inverted v-shaped mark around the cloacal region in ventral view (Figure 6A), which is not clearly distinguishable in B. pulex (Napoli et al. 2011) and generally rounded and not ornamented in B. didactylus (Izecksohn 1971) and B. hermogenesi (Giaretta & Sawaya 1998; Figure 6C). The ornamented marks around the cloacal region of B. sulfuratus sp. nov. are usually sharper when compared to B. hermogenesi (Figure 6). The m-shaped mark around the cloacal opening, which is dark and defined in B. sulfuratus sp. nov. (Figure 6B), is present but not clearly defined in B. hermogenesi (Figure 6D). The main structure of the advertisement call of B. sulfuratus sp. nov. is exceptional within Brachycephalus. It differs greatly from B. ephippium, B. pitanga, and B. crispus because it is composed of a set of 4���7 high-fr, Published as part of Condez, Thais Helena, Monteiro, Juliane Petry De Carli, Comitti, Estev��o Jasper, Garcia, Paulo Christiano De Anchietta, Amaral, Ivan Borel & Haddad, C��lio Fernando Baptista, 2016, A new species of flea-toad (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil, pp. 40-56 in Zootaxa 4083 (1) on pages 42-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050887, {"references":["Clemente-Carvalho, R. B. G., Antoniazzi, M. M., Jared, C., Haddad, C. F. B, Alves, A. C. R., Rocha, H. S., Pereira, G. R., Oliveira, D. F., Lopes, R. T. & Reis, S. F. (2009) Hyperossification in miniaturized toadlets of the genus Brachycephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephalidae): microscopic structure and macroscopic patterns of variation. Journal of Morphology, 270 (11), 1285 - 1295. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 10755","Haddad, C. F. 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(2014) A new species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the highlands of the Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil. Herpetologica, 70 (1), 89 - 99. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 13 - 00044","Napoli, M. F., Caramaschi, U., Cruz, C. A. G. & Dias, I. R. (2011) A new species of flea-toad, genus Brachycephalus Fitzinger (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephalidae), from the Atlantic rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 2739, 33 - 40.","Izecksohn, E. (1971) Novo genero e nova especie de Brachycephalidae do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, nova serie, Zoologia, 280, 1 - 12.","Giaretta, A. A. & Sawaya, R. J. (1998) Second species of Psyllophryne (Anura: Brachycephalidae). Copeia, 1998, 985 - 987. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1447345","Pombal, J. P. Jr., Sazima, I. & Haddad, C. F. B. (1994) Breeding behavior of the pumpkin toadlet, Brachycephalus ephippium (Brachycephalidae). Journal of Herpetology, 28, 516 - 519. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564972","Araujo, C. B., Guerra, T. J., Amatuzzi, M. C. O. & Campos, L. A. (2012) Advertisement and territorial calls of Brachycephalus pitanga (Anura: Brachycephalidae). Zootaxa, 3302, 66 - 67.","Garey, M. V., Lima, A. M. X., Hartmann, M. T. & Haddad, C. F. B. (2012) A new species of miniaturized toadlet, genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae), from southern Brazil. Herpetologica, 68 (2), 266 - 271. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 11 - 00074.1","Verdade, V. K., Rodrigues, M. T., Cassimiro, J., Pavan, D., Liou, N. & Lange, M. (2008) Advertisement call, vocal activity, and geographic distribution of Brachycephalus hermogenesi (Giaretta & Sawaya, 1998) (Anura, Brachycephalidae). Journal of Herpetology, 42 (3), 542 - 549. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 287.1","Clemente-Carvalho, R. G. B., Klaczo, J., Perez, I., Alves, A. C. R, Haddad, C. F. B. & Reis, S. F. (2011) Molecular phylogenetic relationships and phenotypic diversity in miniaturized toadlets, genus Brachycephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephalidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 79 - 89. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.05.017","Padial, J. M., Grant, T. & Frost, D. R. (2014) Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria. Zootaxa, 3825 (1), 1 - 132. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3825.1.1","Pimenta, B. V. S, Bernils, R. S. & Pombal, J. P. Jr. (2007) Amphibia, Anura, Brachycephalidae, Brachycephalus hermogenesi: Filling gap and geographic distribution map. Notes on Geographic Distribution. Checklist, 3 (3), 277 - 279.","Oliveira, J. C. F., Coco, L., Pagotto, R. V., Pralon, E., Vrcibradic, D., Pombal, J. P. Jr. & Rocha, C. F. D. (2012) Amphibia, Anura, Brachycephalus didactylus (Izecksohn, 1971) and Zachaenus parvulus (Girard, 1853): Distribution extension. Checklist, 8 (2), 242 - 244.","Clemente-Carvalho, R. B. G., Monteiro, L. R., Bonato, V., Rocha, H. S., Pereira, G. R., Oliveira, D. F., Lopes, R. T., Haddad, C. F. B., Martins, E. G. & Reis, S. F. (2008) Geographic variation in cranial shape in the pumpkin toadlet (Brachycephalus ephippium): a geometric analysis. Journal of Herpetology, 42 (1), 176 - 185.","Clemente-Carvalho, R. B. G., Perez, S. I., Tonhati, C. H., Condez, T. H., Sawaya, R. J., Haddad, C. F. B. & Reis, S. F. (2015) Boundaries of morphological and molecular variation and the distribution range of a miniaturized froglet, Brachycephalus nodoterga (Anura: Brachycephalidae). Journal of Herpetology. [in press]"]}

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-01Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000814262_20200801.pdf: 368086 bytes, checksum: b33bf16a284985e0366c7cdc09c4ea5a (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) O gênero Brachycephalus é endêmico da Mata Atlântica e atualmente compreende 21 espécies, em sua maioria com distribuição restrita a áreas de altitude ao longo das principais cadeias de montanhas do bioma. Estas espécies exibem tamanho reduzido e compartilham características morfológicas especializadas devido ao processo evolutivo de miniaturização. Apesar da recente descoberta de novas espécies para o gênero, pouco se conhece acerca de sua diversidade, distribuição e história evolutiva. Neste trabalho estudamos a variação de caracteres morfológicos, ecológicos e genéticos das populações de Brachycephalus ao longo de sua distribuição geográfica. No primeiro capítulo descrevemos a variação morfométrica do gênero com base em uma análise de mais de mil indivíduos, pertencentes a diversas populações representativas da diversidade de espécies ao longo de sua distribuição. Identificamos dois grupos de espécies baseados no tamanho do corpo e largura do focinho, que são congruentes com variações em altitude e complexidade topográfica nas localidades de ocorrência. Entre as espécies de altitude elevada comprovamos a relação entre latitude e tamanho do corpo; aquelas com maior tamanho do corpo foram encontradas em ambientes com temperaturas mais elevadas. Entre as espécies de ampla distribuição altitudinal, conhecidas popularmente como sapos-pulga, encontramos pouca variação morfométrica. No segundo capítulo avaliamos a hipótese taxonômica atual, mapeamos e reconstruímos os estados de caracteres ancestrais para coloração, tamanho do corpo, canto de anúncio e distribuições altitudinal e geográfica. Nossos resultados confirmam que Brachycephalus é monofilético e não encontramos evidências para distinção entre os sapos-pulga (antigamente chamados de Psyllophryne) e as demais espécies do gênero. Os caracteres analisados variaram entre os clados identificados e sugerem que as espécies... The genus Brachycephalus is endemic to the Atlantic forest of Brazil and currently comprises 21 species. Most of them are restricted to high elevation areas along the main mountain ranges of the biome. These species exhibit extremely small adult body size and share morphological features due to evolutionary process of miniaturization. Despite of the recent description of new species, some characteristics, such as diversity, species distribution, and evolutionary history, are still poor understood. Here, we addressed the variation of morphological, ecological, and genetic traits of Brachycephalus populations along their distribution. In the first chapter we described morphometric variation within more than one thousand individuals from several populations and species across the genus distribution. We identified two main groups of species based on body size and snout width variation. These groups are congruent with localities variation in altitude and topographic complexity. We evidenced a relationship between latitude and body size in species associated to high elevation. Higher temperatures were correlated with larger body sizes. Within the flea-toads, the altitudinal widespread species, we found little morphometric variation. In the second chapter we evaluated the current taxonomic hypotheses, mapped and reconstructed the ancestral states for body color, body size, advertisement call, and altitudinal and geographic distributions. Our data confirmed that the genus is monophyletic and we found no molecular evidence of distinction between flea-toads (the formerly called Psyllophryne) and other Brachycephalus species. The analyzed traits were variable across the main clades and our data suggested that the extant species evolved from a dull colored ancestor, without hyperossification in skull and postcranial skeleton, with wide altitudinal range, and short advertisement call composed by one to four high frequency notes with 1-3 pulses. In the... CNPq: 141716/10-0 FAPESP: 2008/50928-1

Apresentamos as 24 espécies de anfíbios anuros que ocorrem no Parque Estadual das Furnas do Bom Jesus (PEFBJ), Pedregulho, São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Barycholos ternetzi, Rhinella rubescens, Scinax canastrensis e Phyllomedusa ayeaye correspondem a novos registros para o estado de São Paulo, sendo a última espécie incluída na lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção do Ibama e IUCN. Para caracterizar a taxocenose de anuros do PEFBJ, comparamos sua composição de espécies com a de outras 66 localidades em diversos biomas e fitofisionomias do Brasil. As 67 taxocenoses foram ordenadas e agrupadas por meio de uma Análise de Coordenadas Principais (ACOP) e uma Análise de Agrupamento (Cluster Analysis). As análises multivariadas permitiram a identificação de quatro grupos: um de taxocenoses amazônicas; dois de taxocenoses de Mata Atlântica, sendo um composto por floresta ombrófila densa dos estados da Bahia e Espírito Santo e sua transição com a floresta estacional semidecidual (Minas Gerais), e o outro por localidades de floresta ombrófila densa dos estados do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná e suas transições com a floresta ombrófila mista, floresta estacional semidecidual, além de taxocenoses do Bioma Pampa; no quarto grupo foram incluídas as taxocenoses de biomas que apresentam fitofisionomias mais abertas, como Caatinga, Cerrado, Pantanal e a Mata Atlântica (floresta estacional semidecidual). Os agrupamentos faunísticos obtidos indicam que as composições de espécies das 67 localidades analisadas estão fortemente relacionadas com o tipo de vegetação onde ocorrem. A grande diversidade observada entre as fisionomias vegetais pode ser relacionada às variações topográficas e climáticas encontradas nos diferentes biomas examinados (Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica, Pampa e Pantanal). A taxocenose de anuros do PEFBJ foi agrupada àquelas presentes em biomas com fitofisionomias abertas (quarto grupo), apresentando grande similaridade com as faunas de Cerrado e da floresta estacional semidecidual presente no Bioma Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo. We present the 24 anuran species occuring in Parque Estadual das Furnas do Bom Jesus (PEFBJ), municipality of Pedregulho, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. Barycholos ternetzi, Rhinella rubescens, Scinax canastrensis, and Phyllomedusa ayeaye correspond to new records to the São Paulo state species list, the latter species considered as threatened in IBAMA and IUCN lists. In order to characterize the PEFBJ anuran assemblage we compare its species composition with 66 localities from different biomes in Brazil. The 67 assemblages were ordinated and grouped by Principal Coordinates Analysis (ACOP) and Cluster Analysis. The multivariate analysis allowed the identification of four groups: one from Amazonian forest assemblages; two from Atlantic forest assemblages, being one consisting of dense Atlantic rain forest of Bahia, Espírito Santo states and its transitions with seasonal semideciduous forests (Minas Gerais state), and the other one consisting of localities of dense Atlantic rain forest of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná states and its transitions with araucaria rain forest (Atlantic rain forest with Araucaria angustifolia), seasonal semideciduous forests, and Pampas Biome assemblages; assemblages from more open physiognomies, as Caatinga (semiarid steppe of Northeast Brazil), Cerrado (Brazilian savanna), Pantanal (Brazilian wetlands), and the Atlantic forest (seasonal semideciduous forests) were included in the fourth group. The faunistic groups obtained indicate that species composition of the 67 localities are strongly related to the vegetation types where they occur. The great diversity observed among the physiognomic vegetation types could be related to the topographic and climatic variations found in the different biomes considered in our analysis (Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic forest, Pampas and Pantanal). The anuran assemblage of PEFBJ was grouped among the biomes with open phytophysiognomies (fourth group), showing great similarity to the faunas of Cerrado and semideciduous forests in the Atlantic forest Biome of São Paulo state.

Submitted by JULIANE PETRY DE CARLI MONTEIRO null (julianepmonteiro@gmail.com) on 2017-07-05T17:47:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_JPC_2017_dissertação.pdf: 3988669 bytes, checksum: ff14365534e9ea8b1614a703a684fc7a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-07-12T20:21:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_jpc_me_rcla_parc.pdf: 1184109 bytes, checksum: b231df2718f1a655f1f9e68f4da6f214 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-12T20:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_jpc_me_rcla_parc.pdf: 1184109 bytes, checksum: b231df2718f1a655f1f9e68f4da6f214 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-09 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Os sapos miniaturizados do gênero Brachycephalus, popularmente chamados de sapos-pulga e sapinhos-pingo-de-ouro, são endêmicos da Mata Atlântica do Brasil, ocorrendo nas regiões nordeste, sudeste e sul. A alta diversidade deste grupo, conforme verificado nos últimos anos, vem demonstrando uma interessante história evolutiva ainda não bem compreendida. As informações atuais nos direcionam, sobretudo, a dois cenários com relação a sua distribuição e taxonomia: o primeiro, representado pelos sapos-pulga que possuem ampla distribuição geográfica e altitudinal, representados por quatro espécies; e o segundo, representado pelos sapinhos-pingo-de-ouro que são restritos às encostas e aos topos de montanhas, majoritariamente microendêmicos, contendo a maior riqueza do gênero com 27 espécies. Recentemente, foi descoberto um significativo número de espécies de Brachycephalus para a região sul do Brasil, aumentando a atenção para esse gênero. Através de expedições a campo no nordeste de Santa Catarina, como resultado do Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação da Herpetofauna Ameaçada de Extinção da Região Sul do Brasil, uma iniciativa do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - Ministério do Meio Ambiente, foram obtidos registros para Brachycephalus em locais não amostrados anteriormente. Dessa forma, esse estudo amostrou nove localidades no nordeste de Santa Catarina, especialmente, em duas regiões de serra localizadas entre os municípios de Garuva, Itapoá e São Francisco do Sul junto ao Complexo Estuarino Baía Babitonga: Serra do Saí e Serra da Palha. Como resultado foi descoberta uma nova espécie de sapinho-pingo-de-ouro, sendo o primeiro registro deste grupo para áreas de baixada litorânea. Além disso, foram evidenciadas variabilidade morfológica e similaridades moleculares entre as populações encontradas, o que sugere tratar-se do primeiro registro de uma espécie Brachycephalus com populações claramente diferenciadas fenotipicamente, mas com alta homogeneidade em suas sequências de DNA analisadas. The miniaturized toadlets of the genus Brachycephalus, popularly known as flea-toads and pumpkin toadlets, are endemic species of the Atlantic Forest, occurring in northeast, southeast, and south of Brazil. The high diversity of this group of species, as verified in recent years, highlights one attractive evolutionary history that is not completely understood. The current information suggests two distinct scenarios related to this species distribution and taxonomy: first, represented by the flea-toads, which have wide geographical and altitudinal distribution and comprises four species; and second, represented by the pumpkin toadlets, which are mostly microendemic (with geographic distribution restricted to the slopes and mountain tops) and comprises the greatest species richness of the genus, with 27 species. Recently, a significant number of Brachycephalus species were discovered from southern Brazil, increasing the general interest in this genus. During field expeditions to the northeastern of Santa Catarina state, organized by the Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação da Herpetofauna Ameaçada de Extinção da Região Sul do Brasil, one initiative of the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - Ministério do Meio Ambiente, records of Brachycephalus were obtained for new localities, never explored before. Thus, in this study we surveyed nine localities from northeastern Santa Catarina state, in two mountainous regions near the Babitonga Bay at the municipalities of Garuva, Itapoá and São Francisco do Sul: the Serra do Saí and the Serra da Palha. As a result from the expeditions we discovered a new species of pumpkin toadlet, which represents the first record for this group of species in lowland areas. In addition, we found morphological variability and molecular similarities within populations, suggesting that this could be the first record of a Brachycephalus species with populations clearly differentiated phenotypically, but with high homogeneity in their analyzed DNA sequences. CNPq: 131947/2015-0

Orientador: Ariovaldo Antonio Giaretta Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: O gênero Crossodactylus Duméril & Bibron, 1841 abriga 14 espécies e se distribui desde o Alagoas, passando pelo sudeste e sul brasileiro, até o sul do Paraguai e norte da Argentina. Crossodactylus, um dos gêneros mais problemáticos sob perspectiva taxonômica e sistemática, dentro da família Hylodidae, frequentemente está associado a riachos dentro de matas caracterizadas pela formação da Floresta Atlântica e campos montanhosos. Além disso, se trata de um gênero com muitas espécies crípticas, onde estudos taxonômicos integrativos que utilizam caracteres morfológicos, bioacústicos e moleculares são cada vez mais frequentes. O presente estudo obteve em campo espécimes vivos, dados acústicos e tecidos de duas populações de Crossodactylus, uma atribuída à C. werneri, e outra à C. caramaschii com o objetivo de verificar suas respectivas posições taxonômicas adequadas e caracterizá-los acusticamente. Com base em uma abordagem integrativa, descrevemos o canto inédito para a primeira população citada, além de abordar dados de variação de morfologia do adulto, descrição da larva, informações inéditas relacionadas à história natural para o gênero, aumento do limite de distribuição até então conhecido, e discutimos sua posição em status específico com base em distância genética entre sequências 16s. Avaliamos ainda uma população de Crossodactylus, considerando além de morfologia e morfometria, dados acústicos e genéticos, levantando evidências para uma nova espécie dentro do gênero. Abstract: Crossodactylus Duméril & Bibron, 1841 comprises 14 species and occurs from Alagoas (brazilian northeastern), through southeastern and southern in Brazil, to southern Paraguay and northern Argentina. Crossodactylus, the most problematic gender under taxonomic and systematic perspectives within the family Hylodidae, is often found in rivulets and montane fields. Besides, it’s a gender with many cryptic species, and studies under integrative approach, which use characters such as morphology, bioacoustics and genetics, are becoming more frequent. Through field works, we get live specimens, acoustic data and tissues from two populations of Crossodactylus, one attributed to C. werneri, and the other to C. caramaschii,. So, the aim of this study was to verify the suitability between these populations and their respective taxonomic status. In an integrative approach, we describe at first time the advertisement call of the first cited population. Besides, we share data on variable morphology, tadpole description, natural history, distribution and genetics. We also evaluated a population of Crossodactylus, considering in addition to morphology and morphometry, acoustic and genetic data, raising evidences for a new species within the genus. Mestrado Biodiversidade Animal Mestra em Biologia Animal CAPES 001