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Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antecedentes: Aunque la sequía y la defoliación incremetan el riesgo de muerte de las plántulas en los bosques tropicales secos, pocos estudios han evaluado la respuesta de las especies forestales a la combinación de estos factores. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la estrategia de uso del agua de las plántulas y cómo afecta su crecimiento? ¿Cómo es el impacto de la combinación de Sequía×Defoliación sobre el crecimiento de las especies? Especies estudiadas: Guazuma ulmifolia Lam y Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Sitio y año de estudio: El estudio se realizó en Autlán, Jalisco, México, entre octubre del 2021 y febrero del 2022. Métodos: En invernadero, las plántulas se sometieron a cuatro tratamientos combinados de disponibilidad de agua y defoliación. Se registró la conductancia estomática y el potencial hídrico de la hoja, y se calculó la tasa de crecimiento relativa, biomasa final y asignación de biomasa. Resultados: G. ulmifolia mostró ser una especie anisohídrica, registró mayor crecimiento y fue más afectada por la sequía, mientras que P. dulce fue más isohídrica, registró menor crecimiento y la defoliación fue el principal estresor. El impacto de la Sequía×Defoliación fue de sinergia en la tasa de crecimiento relativa en las dos especies. Conclusión: Independientemente de la estrategia de uso de agua, en las primeras fases de desarrollo, el impacto de la sequía y defoliación se magnificó cuando interactuaron los estresores. La Sequía×Defoliación puede limitar la regeneración de las especies dentro de los bosques, promoviendo la pérdida de la biodiversidad y el detrimento del funcionamiento de los ecosistemas.

Due to the urban environment urban trees must deal with drier and hotter than in rural areas. Knowing the water consumption of each species and the indicators of water deficit is useful to decide the frequency and volume of irrigation and to select species according to the microclimate of the location. To determine approximately the irrigation frequency and to identify physiological variables that indicate water stress, it was carried out an experiment in which five tropical species (Citharexylum montanum M., Citharexylum sulcatum M., Caesalpinia spinosa K., Inga edulis M. and Retrophyllum rospigliosii P.) were subjected to water deficit. After a month of planting, eight trees per species were subjected to four treatments: control treatment (volumetric water content higher than 45% (TC)), the volumetric water content of 20% (VM20), fifteen and thirty days after the soil had reached VM20 (T15 and T30, respectively). In trees with similar height, it was found that the descending order of water consumption was I. edulis, C. montanum, C. spinosa, C. sulcatum, R. rospigliosii and that the best indicator of water deficit was the stem water potential. In general, volumetric moisture of soil of 20% was a suitable threshold to decide when irrigating regardless of the species. Deeming the effect of the treatments on the growth of the assessed species, T30 diminished severely the growth by 50% in comparison to the control, except for C. sulcatum in which there were no significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agronomía Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Entre las diferentes acciones encaminadas a mejorar la tecnificación del cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) se encuentra la optimización de sus condiciones de crecimiento. Identificar sus requerimientos nutricionales, es una de las estrategias que permite mejorar el material vegetal. Entre los nutrientes esenciales, se seleccionó el potasio como uno de los elementos fundamentales para la regulación de procesos hídricos, enzimáticos, iónicos y de osmorregulación. Así, se buscó profundizar en la optimización de los niveles de potasio para diferentes genotipos de cacao. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de diferentes concentraciones y fuentes de K+ sobre características morfo-fisiológicas de cinco genotipos de T. cacao. Principalmente se encontraron diferencias en altura, longitud de raíz y biomasa, entre los clones CCN-51, FSA-13 y FEAR-5, siendo los dos primeros los que registraron valores superiores. Igualmente, se encontró una redistribución de la biomasa de la raíz y el vástago en las plantas crecidas con la menor concentración de potasio (0,16g/planta). Particularmente el índice raíz: vástago para el genotipo CCN-51 fue superior. Respecto a los parámetros fisiológicos se encontraron valores altos en conductancia estomática y fluorescencia de la clorofila para todos los genotipos independientemente de los tratamientos evaluados. Además, las variaciones genéticas entre los genotipos muestran respuestas diferenciales para las condiciones nutricionales evaluadas. Finalmente, los resultados sugieren que las plantas de cacao lograron un desarrollo adecuado al ser suplementadas con 0,16 g de K+ /planta en esta etapa de crecimiento, y ambas fuentes, KNO3 y KCl, son adecuadas para el suministro de este nutriente.

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de varias láminas de riego localizado sobre los componentes de productividad y rendimiento en el cultivo de maní (Arachis hypogaea L.), así como la eficiencia del uso del agua. Se utilizó la variedad INIAP 382-CARAMELO, la siembra se llevó a cabo en el mes de agosto del año 2018 con un área trabajada de 1000 m2. La aplicación de las láminas de riego se estableció en cuatro tratamientos en donde el tratamiento (T1) con una lámina de riego del 100% de la necesidad hídrica del cultivo; (T2) con el 125%; (T3) con el 75% y (T4) con el 50%. La influencia de las láminas de riego en el cultivo muestra diferencias significativas en la variable conductancia estomática en las etapas de desarrollo del cultivo. Dentro de las variables productivas como el número de vainas por planta, número de granos por planta y rendimiento Kg ha-1 la influencia de las láminas de riego reportó diferencias significativas sobre estas variables; mientras que en la variable peso de 100 granos no mostró alguna diferencia. El cultivo de maní bajo el efecto de las láminas de riego localizado con la aplicación del 75% ET0 mostró ser superior a nivel económico, productivo, y eficiente con el uso del agua.

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Shade crops emerge as an alternative to reduce the effects of global climate change in conventional agriculture. Objective: To analyze the ecophysiological responses of coffee cultivation (Coffea arabica L.) under different shading conditions. Methodology: Four treatments were established: coffee in full sun, coffee with shade of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.), coffee with shade of banana (Musa sp. var Nanicon) and coffee with shade of palm (Euterpe edulis), in a completely randomized design with six replicates. In each treatment, the crops of cassava, banana and palm were planted in a center line between the lines of the coffee crop. The evaluation was carried out at 1:00 pm, and the variables studied were net assimilation rate of carbon (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), subestomatic concentration of CO2 (Ci), vapor pressure deficit (DPV), instantaneous efficiency of water use (A/E), intrinsic efficiency of water use (A/gs) and instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation (A/ Ci). Results: under shaded conditions, Coffee, showed the highest values for the net assimilation rate of carbon, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, instantaneous efficiency carboxylation, instantaneous efficiency of water use, intrinsic efficiency in water use, and reduced vapor pressure deficit, compared to growing in full sun. Implications. Growing coffee under shaded conditions improves its photosynthetic activity and makes more efficient use of water, this type of conduction being an interesting option for places with high insolation and with problems of water availability. Conclusion: The ecophysiological variables are influenced by the shading conditions, being that the shade provided by the banana favored the obtaining of higher values for the variables analyzed in the coffee crop.

Introduction: Thanks to filtration by foliage, urban trees have a crucial role in air depuration. However, the exposure to pollutants could reduce their health and physiological performance, mainly because of low access to light and clogging of stomata by particulate matter. Objective: The accumulation of particulate matter on leaves (PMAL) and physiological traits of five urban tree species (Croton bogotanus Cuatrec., Eugenia myrtifolia Sims., Ficus soatensis Dugand, Schinus mole L., and Sambucus nigra L.) were quantified in sixty points in Bogotá, with the aims to (1) build a model explaining the PMAL based on traffic variables, (2) establishing the effect of vehicle pollution on physiological and phytosanitary variables, and (3) to evaluate the susceptibility of seedlings and trees to vehicle pollution. Methods: The physiological parameters: photochemical efficiency, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, leaf area, and specific leaf mass were measured and correlated with phytosanitary condition, PMAL and traffic variables: number of lanes, vehicular flow and tree-to-avenue distance. Additionally, tree physiological responses were measured in control, residential streets (RS), low traffic avenues (LTA), and high traffic avenues (HTA), and these last were compared with physiology of seedlings planted by three months in HTA. Results: PMAL was strongly associated with physiological responses. Ficus soatensis and C. bogotanus were the species with the maximum and the minimum PMAL. The exposure to traffic increased the photochemical efficiency and specific leaf mass, which could be related to the enrichment of nitrogen and atmospheric CO2. The stomatal conductance followed a bell pattern of low gas exchange in control sites, high values in RS and LTA, and decreasing again in HTA, which suggests an optimization in CO2 fixation at intermediate levels of pollution and susceptibility to stomatal clogging by extreme vehicle emissions. The chlorophyll a/b ratio, leaf area, and specific leaf mass were significantly related to the severity of leaf symptoms, and S. molle was the species with the healthiest leaves in HTA. Seedlings were more susceptible to pollution than trees, and fruits size and seedlings growth were affected by vehicular pollution. Conclusions: Ficus soatensis optimizes particle filtration and C. bogotanus is ideal for planting in HTA, although only as saplings. By contrast, the fast-growing E. myrtifolia and S. nigra seedlings should not be planted in HTA because of susceptibility of pigment contents, leaf area, and stomatal conductance to pollutants. Finally, because of its persistent high stomatal conductance and its low leaf symptoms, S. molle is the species with the best adaptation to vehicle pollution. A complete analysis of interactions among traffic, physiology, and health will help to improve the urban forestry planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Some entomopathogenic fungi act as endophytes and promote plant growth. Such benefits can be explained by improvements in physiological processes. In this research, the effect of commercial strains of entomopathogenic endophytic fungi and isolates from agricultural soils of San Luis Potosi on growth, photosynthesis, gas exchange and production in poblano chili plants was evaluated, considering the effect of the inoculation method used. Methodology: Poblano chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.) was used as a model which was sown under controlled conditions and in a greenhouse. Seven HEE strains were evaluated: three native isolates from agricultural soils of San Luis Potosi that by their characteristics belong to the genus Metarhizium (RV01 strain), Paecilomyces (RV05 strain) and Penicillium (SL14 strain); two strains isolated from insects, Beauveria bassiana [(Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. 1992] (BB42 strain) and Metarhizium anisopliae [(Metschn.) Sorokin 1883) (MA25 strain) and two commercial strains of B. bassiana (BB09 strain) and M. anisopliae (MA25 strain). A conidial solution was prepared, and two methods were tested: 1) seed inoculation; and 2) substrate spraying and a second application when the first true leaf emerged. Controls were included in each treatment (water and the surfactant were inoculated). Photosynthetic parameters (maximum and effective efficiency of PSII, photochemical and non-photochemical dissipation, electron transfer rate), gas exchange parameters (net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration) and colonization percentage of steam, leaf and root were evaluated during the experiment. At the end of the experiment total dried biomass, dry weight of the aerial part of the plant and the root, and root length was measured. Results: At 33 days after inoculation it was observed how inoculation with RV01, MA25, BB09 and SL14 increased CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance, with respect to controls, when inoculated by seed or by spraying. Inoculation directly over the seed significantly improved CO2 assimilation, photochemical quenching, and effective efficiency of PSII comparing to plants inoculated by foliar spraying. The isolate RV05 stood out due to the results observed in the greenhouse, with a higher total biomass production. The plants inoculated by seed showed an increase in the production of total biomass, and in the dry weight of the aerial part and roots with respect to the plants inoculated by aspersion. Greater growth in plants was associated with endophytic colonization. Conclusion: HEE isolated from agricultural soils of San Luis Potosi can compete with commercial strains in promoting growth in poblano chili plants in greenhouse. Direct seed inoculation of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi generated better results, although with variations depending on the strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of available radiation, by shade, modifies microclimatic conditions for associated crops. This modification is a key for the design and management of agroforestry systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the shade level on the behaviour of coffee bushes (Coffea arabica L.) in San Juan de Rioseco, Cundinamarca, Colombia. A completely randomized design with three treatments (low, medium and high shade), estimated with photographies to canopy and Gap Light Analyzer, and five replications represented in coffee plantations. It was established a sampling plot of 20 × 50 m in each coffee plantation, where three plants were selected to measure shade, photosythetically active radiation, stomatal conductance, net assimilation of CO2, transpiration, vapour pressure deficit, water use efficiency and substomatal CO2 concentration with a portable photosynthesis system - CIRAS 3. The greatest net assimilation was recorded in coffee bushes with low shade (0-30%) at noon, whish coincides with the highest stomatal conductance and the lowest vapour pressure deficit. The lowest values of net assimilation were reached with high shade (66-75%) in the afternoon. The CO2 assimilation is reduced from 44 to 61%, and the water use efficiency from 41 to 56% with an increase of shade from low to medium and high levels, respectively. The optimum range for coffee bushes was between 42 and 380 μmol m-2 s-1, which is between 20 and 30% of shade in these conditions. This shade level is the recommended for coffee plantations in San Juan de Rioseco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Terra Latinoamericana is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The production of vegetables on substrates has become a great alternative. Therefore, different substrates were evaluated in a greenhouse lettuce culture. A completely randomized block design (BCA) with three treatments was used as follows: T1: peat 30% coconut peat 70%, T2: peat 70% coconut peat 30% and T3: peat 50% Coconut peat 50%, for a total of 9 experimental units each consisting of 10 plants. Every 8 days, during 32 days, the height of the plant, fresh and dry mass of leaves and root, leaf area and every 2 days, the SPAD units and the stomatal conductivity (SC) were determined. There were significant differences in the SPAD units in time for day 11 ddt with a value of 20.7. The SC presented the highest values in T3 and T2 with values of 354.2 and 366.2 mol m-2 s-1, respectively. T1 presented the highest value of stomatal resistance (RE) with 7.5 m² s mol-1. The leaf area and height did not show significant differences. T2 at 15 days after transplant showed the highest values of fresh root mass (MFR), dry root mass (MSR) and fresh leaf mass (MFH) with 3.1 g, 0.106 g and 13.19 g respectively. In harvest, T3 showed 10% and 15% more production of MFH in lettuce than treatments T2 and T1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Espeletia paipanaes una roseta caulescente gigante en peligro de extinción, endémica del departamento de Boyacá. Con el fin de establecer si una enfermedad en la planta, atribuida a la acción patogénica de microorganismos endófitos y caracterizada por la pérdida de pubescencia foliar (PPF), puede ser causante de la acelerada mortandad poblacional, se evaluó el desempeño fisiológico de la especie con y sin PPF. La incidencia (% de hojas afectadas por cada uno de los 27 individuos de la población actual) y severidad (% de área foliar afectada en 135 hojas) de la PPF fueron monitoreadas durante un periodo de nueve meses, en tres zonas topográficas a diferentes altitudes. Parámetros fisiológicos como conductancia estomática (Gs) y temperatura foliar (Tfol) e índice de contenido de clorofila (ICC) fueron medidos en hojas sanas y enfermas durante cuatro días consecutivos, tanto en la época seca como en la época húmeda. El estudio fue complementado con aislamientos y pruebas de patogenici-dad para identificar el agente causal de la PPF. En general, aunque la incidencia de la enfermedad en E. paipanafue constante a lo largo del tiempo, la severidad avanzó superando el 60 % del área foliar. El aumento de la severidad en el haz fue atribuido al efecto foto-oxidativo de las altas radiaciones entre las 11:00 y14:00 h. La reducción del área foliar funcional a causa de la PPF, llevó a una baja Gs con serias implicaciones en la fijación de carbono, y por tanto limitando el crecimiento y la renovación de biomasa. El efecto estacional en la Tfol varió de acuerdo con la zona topográfica, mientras que el ICC no presentó un patrón definido con relación a la PPF; sus valores bajos podrían estar relacionados con la producción de otros pigmentos. Finalmente, aunque no es posible asegurar que Botrytissp. es el causante de la pérdida de pubescencia foliar, se postula como el agente causal más probable debido a su alta representatividad en los aislamientos y su potencial de infección durante las pruebas de patogenicidad. En general, la reducción de biomasa foliar sana y disminución del rendimiento fisiológico sugieren que la PPF afecta negativamente la sobrevivencia de E. paipana,lo que significa que el uso de biocontroladores podría ser una estrategia para el rescate poblacional.

Cavitation is a physiological dysfunction that takes place in the xylem of water stressed plants. It leads to a loss of hydraulic conductance (kL) as the vessels are filled with air. This impacts water supply, water potential (ΨL) and canopy hydration. Stomatal clossure is an effective response upon diminishing momentary or seasonal foliar hydraulic contents. Depending on each type of plant, stomata may close preventing catastrophic cavitations. This research intended to understand how stomatal control acts upon cavitation events in two contrasting grapevine varieties, Syrah and Grenache. A mechanistic was developed model based on the water and vapour fluxes, kL, stomata conductance (gs), and the vulnerability to cavitation of the xylematic tissue. The theoretical model explains how plants respond to drought and avoid catastrophic cavitation. Water stressed grapevines couple their gs with their kL in order to avoid embolism. It is not stomatal closure, by istself, the controlling mechanism. Grapevines under mild water stress, do not need to completely close their stomata in order to avoid cavitation, therefore, photosynthesis is not completely impeded, and the cost in terms of carbon assimilation is less than expected for other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agronomía Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa is the property of Asociacion Latinoamericana de la Papa (ALAP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Banana cultivation (Musa AAA Simmonds) constitutes the most important agricultural activity for the country's economy (Cluster Banano, 2019). Weeds constitute one of the limiting factors for obtaining high yields in the cultivation of musaceae, since they affect the development and production, especially in the first six months, that is, in the establishment period, so it is necessary apply all possible control methods, the fastest, most effective and least expensive being the application of herbicides. In each experimental unit, estimated measurements of gas exchange were made in three plants located in the useful plot, therefore, the third leaf fully expanded in relation to the flag leaf was taken using an infrared gas analyzer IRGA (Infra Red Gas Analyzer). LICOR 6400XT brand, at a photosynthetically active radiation (RFA) of 1000 μmol photons m-2 s-1 and CO2 concentration of ±350 ppm. The measurements were carried out between 09:00 to 10:00 am and between 15:00 to 16:00 pm during the day and in two phenological states of the crop: floral differentiation and flowering. Likewise, four (4) readings will be carried out on the selected plants. The gas exchange parameters to take into account are: net photosynthesis Pn (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance gs (mmol H2 O m-2 s-1), transpiration E (mmol H2 O m-2 s-1), vapor pressure deficit DPV (kPa), internal concentration of CO2 Ci (μmol mol-1 CO2 ), Additionally, the efficient u se of water Pn/gs (μmol CO2 mmol-1 H2 O) will be determined as the quotient between the net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis (An/RFA) and the efficient use of EBU radiation (yield/RFA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En el área experimental de la UNALM (Lima-Perú) se evaluó sobre tratamientos de riego parcial (RPR300 y RPR500, ml) y riego completo (RC300 y RC500, ml control), el impacto del potencial xilemático (Yx) y la conductancia estomática (gs) en plantas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivadas en sistemas (maceteros) de respuesta hidrogravitrópica. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 12 plantas/maceteros por tratamiento en tres repeticiones. Para controlar la aplicación del riego y mantener el Yx en condiciones no letales (

De acuerdo al tipo de respuesta estomática, muchas especies han sido clasificadas como isohídricas o anisohídricas. Las plantas isohídricas son aquellas que cierran sus estomas cuando sensan una caída en el potencial hídrico del suelo, o un aumento en la demanda atmosférica. Al contrario, las plantas anisohídricas no cierran sus estomas y continúan transpirando aun cuando el contenido hídrico del suelo disminuya. Como consecuencia, su potencial hídrico foliar (ΨL) cae, y la planta sufre estrés hídrico. En general, se considera que la vid es una planta que evita el estrés hídrico mediante un manejo estomático eficiente. Sin embargo, algunas variedades han mostrado tener un control más estricto que otras. Por esto, algunas variedades pueden ser clasificadas como isohídricas o anisohídricas. Actualmente, esta clasificación se encuentra bajo gran controversia debido a que muchas variedades clasificadas de una manera, mostraron comportamientos opuestos según diferentes situaciones ambientales, climáticas y edáficas. En consecuencia, muchos autores opinan que para variedades de vid esta clasificación no es correcta ni rigurosa. Nuestro estudio pone en revisión, una vez más, el comportamiento de cuatro variedades de vid: (Syrah, Grenache, Malbec y Chardonnay) bajo déficit hídrico moderado, tratando de explicar los comportamientos según variables fisiológicas como conductancia estomática (gs), conductancia hidráulica (kH) y déficit parcial de vapor (dpv); definiendo qué comportamiento confiere mayor tolerancia a sequía.

De acuerdo al tipo de respuesta estomática, muchas especies han sido clasificadas como isohídricas o anisohídricas. Las plantas isohídricas son aquellas que cierran sus estomas cuando sensan una caída en el potencial hídrico del suelo, o un aumento en la demanda atmosférica. Al contrario, las plantas anisohídricas no cierran sus estomas y continúan transpirando aun cuando el contenido hídrico del suelo disminuya. Como consecuencia, su potencial hídrico foliar (Ψ L ) cae, y la planta sufre estrés hídrico. En general, se considera que la vid es una planta que evita el estrés hídrico mediante un manejo estomático eficiente. Sin embargo, algunas variedades han mostrado tener un control más estricto que otras. Por esto, algunas variedades pueden ser clasificadas como isohídricas o anisohídricas. Actualmente, esta clasificación se encuentra bajo gran controversia debido a que muchas variedades clasificadas de una manera, mostraron comportamientos opuestos según diferentes situaciones ambientales, climáticas y edáficas. En consecuen - cia, muchos autores opinan que para variedades de vid esta clasificación no es correcta ni rigurosa. Nuestro estudio pone en revisión, una vez más, el comportamiento de cuatro variedades de vid: (Syrah, Grenache, Malbec y Chardonnay) bajo déficit hídrico moderado, tratando de explicar los comportamientos según variables fisiológicas como conductancia estomática (g s ), conductancia hidráulica (k H ) y déficit parcial de vapor (dpv); definiendo qué comportamiento confiere mayor tolerancia a sequía.

Drought tolerance is important for the survival and productivity of plants in environments where drought periods are increasing as a result of climate variability attributable to natural causes and climate change caused by human activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE=A/gs) as a function of soil moisture content over a period of drought and the post-stress recovery of 14 cowpea genotypes. The studied genotypes tolerated soil moisture tensions close to -2 Mpa with no permanent wilting. Starting at a soil hydric potential of -0.7 MP a, decreases in photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) were evident, as well as an increase in A/gs, which varied by genotype. Estimating with regression models allowed for the discrimination of the degrees of drought tolerance between the cultivars. At 4 days after resuming hydration, no significant differences were found between the means of A, gs, A/gs and E, suggesting drought tolerance in all genotypes. The genotypes: L-047 and L-034 conserved between 4 and 6 leaves, displaying the highest delayed leaf senescence during drought. Furthermore, they presented the highest biomass at 16 days post-stress recovery

This work was carried out with theobjective to evaluate the effect of QuitoMax® on differentphysiological variables in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L)conducted under two irrigation regimes. The black bean,variety ̏ Tomeguín Ì‹ was planted in concrete gutters of 2,60 mlong by 0,60 m wide, in which two separate rows wereplaced at 0,40 m and a plant spacing of 0,11 cm for a totalof 44 plants per channel, each treatment counted on threereplicates. The treatments were: 100 (T100) percent ofthe ETc. (Standard crop evapotranspiration) and 50 (T50)percent of ETc, counting in each irrigation treatment with avariant in which 200 mg ha-1 of QuitoMax® were applied at20-25 days after sowing and a dose similar to the beginningof flowering and another dose in which the biostimulantwas not applied. The evaluations were leaf water potential,current osmotic and saturated osmotic potentials, relativewater content, stomatal conductance, total chlorophylls aand b and in SPAD units, the stomata were observed, andalso turgor potential is estimated from the leaf water andosmotic potentials. The results indicated first, that beanplants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are affected when subjectedto a regime of insufficient irrigation and secondly, that thetwo applications of QuitoMax® were able to attenuate theeffects of water deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the experimental area of the UNALM (Lima-Perú) was evaluated on partial root-zone drying irrigation treatments (RPR300 and RPR500, ml) and full irrigation (RC300 and RC500, ml control), the impact of xylem potential ( Ψx) and stomatal conductance (gs) in common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivated in systems (pots) of hydrogravitropic response. A randomized complete block design with 12 plants/pots per treatments was used in three replicates. To control the irrigation application and manage to maintain the Ψx nonlethal conditions (<-15 bars), a water-soil retention curve was generated. The values of gs before irrigation (between 217.18 and 268.67 mm m-2 s-1) showed that only RPR500 plants were maintained under optimal water conditions, despite low levels of Ψx (between -9.92 and -7.33 bar); situation that could be attributed to the ability of the roots to balance those moments when half of these structures were inside soil with low humidity, while the opposite half was favorable soil water level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient use of irrigation water in rice cultivation is a priority, due to the volume of water consumed this grain; for this reason the application of alternatives that reduce the volumes of water to use is necessary, without it affecting the agricultural performance. The research was conducted at the Experimental Station of Zaidín, Granada, Spain, in semi-controlled plastic flowerpots conditions with rice plants 'INCA LP-5', which were cultured under anaerobic conditions and were exposed to water deficit by the suspension of the water lamina in three stages, at 30, 40 and 50 DAT for a period of 15 days. It was evident that the suspension of the lamina of water caused water stress on the plant, which manifested itself through decreased air plant growth, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance. On the contrary, the plant root mass, the content of proline, hydrogen peroxide, oxidative damage and antioxidant glutathione content increased, while the reduced ascorbate decreased. In general, the water deficit worsened in the plant when applied to the 50 DAT, regarding the suspension of the water level at 30 DAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to assess the effect of two irradiance levels (100 and 50% natural light) at three different growth stages on yield and physiological characteristics of two rice cultivars (Fedearroz 50 and Fedearroz 733). The plants were exposed to low irradiance for 5 days consecutive by using black net cloth (about 50% of normal) at the panicle primordium, flowering and grain filling stages. The obtained results showed that the leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD readings) was higher in rice leaves under low irradiance. The chlorophyll content from the shade treatment apparently remained constant until the grain filling phase, then decreased slightly in the 'F50' rice plants and remarkably in the 'F733' plants. Stomatal conductance (gs) was negatively affected by shading, with the effect being more adverse in the 'F733' plants. At the flowering and grain filling phases, grain yield was reduced by the low light treatments by around ~20% in the 'F50' plants. While, in 'F733', they were only affected by shading at the grain filling stage, causing a decrease of around 25%. These results seem to indicate that "F773" may have a better capacity for partitioning dry matter than "F50" in spite of the fact that the gas exchange characteristics were conditioned by low irradiance conditions at the reproductive and ripening phases

Se ha propuesto que los ambientes de alta montaña son especialmente vulnerables al calentamiento global. La interacción de variables como déficit hídrico y las condiciones de temperatura ambiental puede restringir el intercambio gaseoso en zonas de alta-montaña. Debido a las distintas limitaciones abióticas que se encuentran en un gradiente altitudinal, se propone que el aumento de la temperatura afectará positivamente la fotosíntesis de la planta alto-andina Phacelia secunda en elevadas altitudes y negativamente a las plantas de bajas altitudes. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto del aumento de la temperatura ambiental sobre el intercambio gaseoso de P. secunda en dos altitudes: 2900 m y 3600 m. En cada altitud se expusieron seis individuos de P. secunda a un sistema de calentamiento pasivo denominado "Open Top Chamber" (OTC) que aumenta la temperatura del aire en ca. 3°C. Adicionalmente, en cada altitud se seleccionaron otros seis individuos en espacios abiertos para utilizarlos como control y que se encontraban a 2 m de la OTC más cercana. En cada individuo se midió el intercambio gaseoso y el potencial hídrico xilemático. La temperatura ambiental fue en promedio 3,5°C mayor dentro de las OTC en ambas altitudes. En contraste, el potencial hídrico del suelo y de las plantas se redujo un 28% al interior de las OTC, pero sólo a 2900 m. En esta altitud, las tasas de fotosíntesis al interior de las OTC se redujeron un 40,7%, mientras que a 3600 m las tasas aumentaron un 24,4%. Los efectos diferenciales en las tasas de fotosíntesis debido a la temperatura fueron acompañados con cambios en la conductancia estomática. Esto sugiere que los efectos del calentamiento global sobre la fotosíntesis de P. secunda son contrastantes entre ambas altitudes debido a los efectos secundarios que éste tiene sobre la disponibilidad hídrica en cada altitud.High-alpine environments have been proposed as particularly vulnerable to global warming. The interaction of variables such as water deficit and temperature conditions may restrict gas exchange in high-alpine areas. Due to different abiotic constraints that occur at different elevations in the Andes of central Chile we hypothesize that the temperature increases will positively affect the photosynthesis of the high-Andean plant Phacelia secunda at high elevation but it will be negatively affected by warming at lower elevations. In this study we evaluated the effect of increased environmental temperature on the gas exchange of P. secunda at two contrasting elevations: 2900 m and 3600 m a.s.l. At each elevation we exposed six individuals of P. secunda to a passive warming system with "Open Top Chamber" (OTC) that increased air temperature on ca. 3°C. Other six individuals we selected in open areas and maintained as control on each elevation. At both elevations, on each selected individual (i.e. within and outside OTCs) we measured gas exchange and xylem water potential. At both elevations air temperature was on average 3.5°C higher inside the OTC. In contrast, OTC reduced 28% the soil and xylem water potential only at 2900 m. The increased temperature inside the OTC reduced 40.7% gas exchange rates at 2900 m, but increased it 24.4% at 3600 m. These differential effects of warming on photosynthetic rates were accompanied by changes in stomatal conductance. This suggests that the effects of global warming on the photosynthesis of P. secunda at two contrasting altitudes are related with the concomitant changes on drought at each elevation.

Este estudio fue dirigido para evaluar la relación agua-rendimiento en vid de mesa cv. Crimson y establecer valores críticos para las mediciones del estado hídrico de las plantas. Los estudios de campo se desarrollaron durante tres años, en el Valle de Aconcagua, Chile, a 32º47'S y 70º42'O, en un suelo de textura franco arcillosa. Se proporcionaron a las plantas diferentes cantidades de agua de riego entre 40 y 100% de la evapotranspiración del cultivo (Etc). El potencial hídrico xilemático medido a mediodía (psixmin) y la conductancia estomática estuvieron estrechamente relacionados con el déficit de agua impuesto y el rendimiento obtenido. Los rendimientos de la vid disminuyeron respecto al agua aplicada en el rango de los tratamientos estudiados. Sesenta por ciento de restricción de la Etc redujo 22% del rendimiento. Cuando la planta mantuvo psixmin mayor que -0,75 MPa entre cuaja y pinta, la producción y los calibres fueron mayores.This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between water and production in 'Crimson Seedless' table grapes, and to establish threshold values for plants water status. Field experiments were carried out, during a three-year period, in the Aconcagua Valley, Chile, at 32º47'S and 70º42'W, in a clay-loamy textured soil. Different irrigation water amounts were applied, between 40 and 100% crop evapotranspiration (Etc). Stem water potential measured at midday (psixmin) and stomatal conductance were closely related to water shortage and yield obtained. Table grape yields decreased in comparison with applied water within the range of studied treatments. Sixty per cent Etc restriction decreased yields in 22%. When plants maintained psixmin greater than -0.75 MPa, between berry set and veraison, yield and berry size were high.

Copyright of Agro Productividad is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Revegetation in arid zones poses numerous challenges, due particularly to drought, extreme temperatures, high irradiance, and infertile soils, factors which threaten the survival of installed saplings. Nursery techniques to avoid transplant shock focus on manipulating the watering regime so as to favor the acclimation of seedlings to unfavorable field conditions. In order to analyze the suitability of drought preconditioning treatments, analyzed the effects of water stress on sapling growth, water status and survival on two native shrub species of the Monte Desert. It was used a randomized experimental design with one fixed factor, with three levels of water supply: control (T1), moderate stress (T2), and severe stress (T3). Preconditioning treatments had a detrimental effect on the growth of saplings of both species, as it was clearly shown in the reduction of leaf area, sapling height, stem diameter, and biomass. Shoot-to-root ratio decreased significantly under T3 in both species, and they showed highly negative water potentials and low stomatal conductance under this treatment. Sapling survival decreased only under T3. Moderate water stress seems more suitable for preconditioning this species since it reduces growth, leaf area and leaf conductance without seedling mortality and maintaining a good growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Espeletia paipana is an endangered giant caulescent rosette endemic to Boyacá department. In order to establish whether a plant disease, characterized by the loss of leaf pubescence (PPF) and attributed to the pathogenic action of endophytic microorganisms, is the cause of the increasing mortality of population, the physiological performance of the species was evaluated with and without PPF. The incidence (% leaves affected in each of the 27 individuals in the current population) and severity (% leaf area affected on 135 leaves) of the PPF were monitored over a period of nine months, in three topographic zones of different heights. During four consecutive days in both dry and wet season, physiological parameters as chlorophyll content index (ICC), stomatal conductance (Gs) and leaf temperature (Tfol) were measured in healthy and affected leaves. The study was complemented with isolations and pathogenicity tests to identify the causal agent of the PPF. Overall, although the disease incidence in E. paipana was constant over time, the severity progressed surpassing 60% of the leaf area. The increasing of severity in the upper side of leaves was attributed to the photo-oxidative effect of high radiation between 11:00 h and 14:00 h of the day. The reduction of functional leaf area because of the PPF, led to low Gs with serious implications for carbon fixation and thus limiting growth and biomass renewal. The effect of season in Tfol varied according to the topographic zone, while the ICC did not present a defined pattern with respect to the PPF; its low values could be associated with the production of other pigments. Finally, although it is not possible to ensure that Botrytis sp. is the causative of the loss of leaf pubescence, it is postulated as the most probably causal agent due to its high representativeness in the isolates and its infectious potential during the pathogenicity tests. In general, the reduction of healthy leaf biomass and decrease of physiological performance suggest that PPF affect negatively the survival of E. paipana, which means that the use of biological controllers could be a strategy to mitigate its effect on the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]