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An attempt is made to use biochar (BC), a carbon rich low-cost green material, as a platform to house conducting polymer for fabricating stable graphite electrodes for application in next generation supercapacitor devices. Here, BC is first prepared from sucrose solution using a simple hydrothermal method. The seeded chemical oxidative copolymerization of aniline and pyrrole is then carried out at identical comonomer weight ratio using BC as seed particles. Two different BC to mixed monomer (w/w) ratios (1:0.7 and 1:1) have been used and the prepared composites are named as BC/P(Ani-Py)1:0.7 and BC/P(Ani-Py)1:1 respectively. Independent of composition, both BC seed and composite particles are spherical. The smooth homogeneous surface of BC turned heterogeneous after composite formation. The average size of BC seed particles is 2.56 µm and those of composites prepared at weight ratios of 1:0.7 and 1:1.0 are 2.72 and 2.90 µm respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charging discharging (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used to evaluate the electrochemical properties. Comparatively, the BC/P(Ani-Py)1:1 composite modified graphite electrode exhibited the highest capacitance value (274.27 F g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A/g) and is capable of acting as a supercapacitor electrode. A long-term cycling test of the BC/P(Ani-Py)1:1 modified electrode at a current density of 5.0 A/g displayed a capacitance retention of 96.6 % after 1000 cycles of charge and discharge, indicating a very good cycle stability.

The copolymer poly (aniline-co-orthotoluidine) noted poly (ANI-co-OT) was chemically synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis, and XRD techniques. XRD results confirm the amorphous nature of the copolymer. FT-IR and UV–Vis results indicate that the spectrum of the copolymer includes all the bands relating to the functional groups of the homopolymers polyaniline (PANI) and poly-orthotoluidine (POT). It was revealed that, contrastingly to the copolymer's solubility in dimethylformamide (DMF), the homopolymers have a low solubility. The potentiodynamic polarization technique has been employed in order to study this copolymer's inhibition effects on the corrosion of carbon steel X52 in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The aforementioned study illuminated the following. The copolymer exhibits high inhibition activity towards the corrosive action of NaCl and its adsorption obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The calculated Gibbs free energy (∆G0ads) revealed the chemisorption of this copolymer on the surface of the carbon steel. In addition, a synergistic effect was observed when the copolymer poly (ANI-co-OT) was mixed with the amphoteric surfactant cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) where the inhibition efficiency increased from 68 to 92%. Also, it was perceived that the adsorption of the copolymer/surfactant mixture adhered to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calculated Gibbs free energy (∆G0ads) revealed both chemisorption and physisorption of the mixed copolymer and surfactant on the carbon steel surface. Increasing temperature slightly decreases the inhibition efficiency, indicating that the mixed copolymer and surfactant adsorb on the carbon steel surface via simultaneous chemisorption and physisorption. The good inhibition efficiency was related to the formation of inhibitor–adsorption film on the surface of the carbon steel, which is confirmed by the surface analysis. Quantum chemical results using the density functional theory (DFT) corroborated the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report extends our previous study in order to enhance the thermal and complex optical performance of an in-situ chemically synthesized system of polythiophene-co-polyindole conducting copolymer. The structural analysis of the obtained samples of polythiophene-co-polyindole conducting copolymers was carried out through X-ray diffraction analysis. A field emission scanning electron microscopy was used in order to carry out an analysis of the surface morphology. Besides, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis was performed to show polymer concentration loss as the function of temperature in the studied samples. The analysis of the complex optical properties and the energy band gap of the prepared samples were estimated by spectral analysis using an ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer. The results obtained were as follows: direct energy band gap of 3.32–3.68 eV, indirect energy band gap of 3.34–3.75 eV, optical conductivity in the range of 7.621 × 108 –8.233 × 108 Scm−1 at 570 nm. The improved properties of the obtained conducting copolymer materials suggest uses in solar cells and optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt is made to use biochar (BC), a carbon rich low-cost green material, as a platform to house conducting polymer for fabricating stable graphite electrodes for application in next generation supercapacitor devices. Here, BC is first prepared from sucrose solution using a simple hydrothermal method. The seeded chemical oxidative copolymerization of aniline and pyrrole is then carried out at identical comonomer weight ratio using BC as seed particles. Two different BC to mixed monomer (w/w) ratios (1:0.7 and 1:1) have been used and the prepared composites are named as BC/P(Ani-Py)1:0.7 and BC/P(Ani-Py)1:1 respectively. Independent of composition, both BC seed and composite particles are spherical. The smooth homogeneous surface of BC turned heterogeneous after composite formation. The average size of BC seed particles is 2.56 µm and those of composites prepared at weight ratios of 1:0.7 and 1:1.0 are 2.72 and 2.90 µm respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charging discharging (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used to evaluate the electrochemical properties. Comparatively, the BC/P(Ani-Py)1:1 composite modified graphite electrode exhibited the highest capacitance value (274.27 F g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A/g) and is capable of acting as a supercapacitor electrode. A long-term cycling test of the BC/P(Ani-Py)1:1 modified electrode at a current density of 5.0 A/g displayed a capacitance retention of 96.6 % after 1000 cycles of charge and discharge, indicating a very good cycle stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrosynthesis of the copolymer of 3-bromothiophene and thiophene has been investigated using galvanostatic and potentiodynamic techniques. The most stable films were obtained using the galvanostatic technique in nitrobenzen solvent and TBAPF6 as supporting electrolyte. A comparison study was performed for the prepared copolymer and homopolymer films that were subjected to relaxation studies using the cyclic voltammetric technique in different solvents. The effect of solvent, monomer concentration ratio, electrocopolymerization techniques and temperature on the relaxation time were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and simple route has been proposed to prepare poly(aniline-co-5-aminosalicylic acid) (PAASA) nanofibers with enhanced electrochemical activity by chemical oxidative polymerization in aqueous solution. The as-prepared PAASA copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure, composition, morphology and properties of the copolymers were found to be dependent on the molar ratios of the monomers (5-aminosalicylic acid/aniline). The growth mechanism of the copolymer nanofibers is revealed to be the initial spherical soft-template aggregates of monomer-dopant salt followed by nanofiber chain-growth and elongation. The incorporation of 5-aminosalicylic acid into polyaniline backbone tuned the morphology of the resulting nanofibers as well as electrochemical activity from acid environment to wide pH environment ranging from acid to neutral environment, different from the behavior of polyaniline which become electrochemical inactive for pH ≥ 4. This work enable the conducting polyaniline nanofibers new application, especially in the area that high electrochemical activity in neutral environment is required. Nanocomposite coatings of the PAASA nanofibers (0.5 wt%) filled epoxy modified acrylate/amino baking paint (EMA/A) show significant electrochemical corrosion protection at neutral environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A copolymer nanocomposite Poly(aniline-co-2,3-xylidine)/ZnO [Poly(AN-co-XY)/ZnO], pure copolymer and its homopolymers namely, Poly(aniline-co-2,3-xylidine) [Poly(AN-co-XY)], Polyaniline (PANi) and Poly (2,3-xylidine) were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant in hydrochloric acid medium. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM techniques. Saturated solutions of the synthesized compounds were made in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and casted on low-carbon steel specimens using 10% epoxy resin as a binder. The anticorrosion behavior of polymeric coatings was studied in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at a temperature of 30 °C by electrochemical techniques, which include: open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Protective properties of nanocomposite coating were also evaluated at different immersion times for an extended period of 60 days. Anticorrosion properties of nanocomposite coating were compared with parent copolymer and individual homoplymers. SEM photomicrographs of the coated surface showed that Poly(AN-co-XY)/ZnO nanocomposite coating is crack free, uniform, and compact, whereas, copolymer and homopolymer coatings have surface defects. The performance of the polymer coatings followed the order: Poly(AN-co-XY)/ZnO > Poly(AN-co-XY) > PANi > Poly(2,3-xylidine). The presence of ZnO nanoparticles in copolymer resulted in significant improvement in corrosion resistance and provided better barrier properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we presented a novel conducting poly ( p -nitroaniline-co- N -methylaniline) (P( p -NAn-co-NMAn)) material, obtained by electrocopolymerization of para -nitro aniline ( p -NAn) and N -methyl aniline (NMAn) in aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The purposes of this research are investigation and characterization properties of synthesized copolymers and investigation of catalytic effect of NMAn on the polymerization of para-nitro aniline. Electrosynthesis was carried out using cyclic voltammetry technique with different monomer feed concentrations. Characterization of samples were carried out by cyclic voltammetry, in situ conductivity measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in situ UV–vis, and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques. The cyclic voltammograms of P( p -NAn), P(NMAn) and P( p -NAn-co-NMAn) showed that the peak potentials were located at different values due to different monomer concentration employed during the electrosynthesis process. The in situ conductivity of the p -NAn-co-NMAn increased with increasing the [ p -NAn]/[NMAn] concentration ratios. Mechanisms of polymerization and copolymerization reactions of homo and copolymers were suggested. The in situ UV–vis. spectroscopy results revealed strong absorption bands at different applied potentials and a spectroscopic behavior of copolymers intermediate between that of the homopolymers. The FT-IR spectroscopy and SEM analysis results showed the fundamental differences between the structures and morphology of the homo- and copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New conducting copolymers of azulene and 3-thiophene acetic acid were electrochemically synthesized by multiple scan cyclic voltammetry onto a Pt substrate using three different supporting electrolytes (tetrabutylamonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF), tetrabutylamonium tetrafluoroborate, and tetrabutylamonium perchlorate) in acetonitrile. The effect of the suporting electrolyte on the electrochemical and morphological properties of copolymers films based on azulene and 3-thiophene acetic acid has been investigated. The films exhibited a good p-doping behavior proved by the UV-vis spectral modifications due to transition from neutral to doped state. The electroactive copolymer films obtained on a wide potential range in TBAPF have exhibited the best response to hydrogen peroxide over a concentration range of 20-140 nM, with a sensitivity of 0.48 μA/nM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ceramic-based miniature biosensor was designed and constructed through the immobilization of laccase in an electrochemically synthesized copolymer N -hexylacridone derivative, based on low temperature co-fired ceramics technology (LTCC). This sensing system can be suitable for the permanent monitoring of water solutions (i.e. presence of phenolics). The laccase, from Cerrena unicolor, was successfully immobilized (by adsorption) on the surface of the thin polymer film built from 2,7-bis(thiophene)- N -hexylacridone, covering the microreaction chamber. The detection process was based on the oxidation of substrate in the presence of the enzyme–laccase. The response of the biosensing system was evaluated in the presence of ABTS (ammonium salt of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)), used as an enzymatic assay substrate. The system exhibited clear catalytic activity, and the substrate could be optically determined. Considering the fact that the immobilization strategy showed high efficiency, the obtained results suggest that this method for phenoloxidase immobilization has great potential to enable the high throughput fabrication of bioelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new amperometric biosensor was developed for the detection of the anti-dementia drugs fortified with tap water. For this purpose, electrocopolymerization of 5,6-bis(octyloxy)-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole(BODT) with (2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino) acetic acid (FMOC) on graphite electrode was successfully achieved and used as an immobilization matrix. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChO) enzyme couple was immobilized on copolymer coated graphite electrode via covalent binding with the help of carbodiimide chemistry. Changes in the responses of the proposed biosensor based on AChE inhibition were recorded using acetylcholine as the substrate. The bi-enzymatic biosensor based on conducting copolymer showed good linear detection range between 0.01 and 12.0 mM and a detection limit (LOD) of 0.014 mM to acetylcholine. Surface and electrochemical characterization were performed via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Moreover, the design biosensor system was tested for the detection of neostigmine and donepezil as pharmaceuticals in fortified tap water samples. Very low detection limits of 0.027 μg/L donepezil and 0.559 μg/L neostigmine were achieved. The analysis of spiked tap water proved the biosensor capability to be used. The results were found to be in good agreement with the ones determined by HPLC/DAD technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Enzymatic electrode for detection of phenolic compounds. [•] Modification of platinum electrodes with conducting copolymer. [•] Optimization of copolymer synthesis. [•] Stable and active sensing device was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mono-dispersed polypyrrole (PPy)-poly(acrylonitrile- co-styrene) (SAN) copolymer particles were synthesized by emulsion polymerization and the electrorheological (ER) behavior of their suspensions was investigated. The suspensions of the mono-dispersed PPy-SAN copolymer particles showed negative ER effects. It was quite unexpected to negative ER effects for ER suspensions of conducting polymers or conducting polymer composites. The ER responses decreased with increasing electric field strength and particle size. A power-law dependence on the particle size and the electric field strength, τ( E)-τ=−103.95 d E, showed a reasonable fit to the dynamic yield stress differences. It was observed that particles separated between the electrodes during experiments under the applied electric field. The migrations due to charge injection, by which the gap between the electrodes devoid of particles, seem to play a role in the yield stress decrease, leading to the negative ER response. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We report here on simple and universal method for the highly efficient, electrolytic immobilization of tyrosinase (from Agaricus bisporus), for amperometric biosensing purposes. Tyrosinase has been successfully deposited on the surface of thin, ordered films of copolymerized derivative of thiophene (3-methylthiophene/3-thiopheneacetic acid/bis(ethylenedioxythiophene)diphenylamine). The tyrosinase retains well its activity well within the fabricated copolymer matrix. Reduction peaks, observed in cyclic voltammetry at 0.125 to +0.07V, were attributed to the reduction of enzymatically liberated quinone species. Considering the fact, that immobilization strategy showed high efficiency, obtained results suggest that the method for phenoloxidase immobilization has a great potential for fabrication of bioelectronics’ devices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Electrolytic deposition has been widely used to immobilize biomacromolecules, and it is always the most important factor to preserve or even increase an activity of the immobilized protein. We report here simple and rather universal method for the highly efficient immobilization of laccase for amperometric biosensing. Laccase from Cerrena unicolor has been successfully immobilized (electrolytic deposition) on the surface of thin, ordered polythiophene films (3-methylthiophene/3-thiopheneacetic acid/N-heptyl-3,6-bis(2-thiophene)carbazole). Two different compounds capable of mediating laccase-catalyzed reactions have been tested by cyclic voltammetry. They exhibited quasi-reversible electrodic behaviour with formal redox potentials ranging from 68 and 918mV (E 0 vs. SCE). The immersion of the laccase-coated electrode in solution with substrate generated large catalytic currents easily recorded by cyclic voltammetry at low potential scan rates. Considering the fact, that immobilization strategy showed high efficiency, obtained results suggest that method for phenoloxidase immobilization has a great potential of enabling high throughput fabrication of bioelectronics’ devices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ultrasonically assisted in situ emulsion polymerization was used to prepare electrically conducting copolymer poly(aniline-co- p-phenylenediamine) [poly(Ani-co- pPD)] and silica (SiO) nancomposites. This approach can solve problems in the dispersion and stabilization of SiO nanoparticles in the copolymer matrix. It was found that the aggregation of SiO nanoparticles could be reduced under ultrasonic irradiation. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) confirmed that the resulting poly(Ani-co- pPD)/SiO nanocomposite particles were spherical in shape, in which SiO nanoparticles were well dispersed. The comonomer molecules were absorbed on the surface of SiO particles and then polymerized to form core-shell nanocomposite. The incorporation of SiO in the nanocomposite was supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). UV-visible spectra of the diluted colloid dispersion of nanocomposite particles were similar to those of the neat copolymer. Conductivity of nanocomposites was higher than the value obtained for the neat copolymer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the corrosion inhibition performance of soluble self-doped copolymers of aniline and 4-amino-3-hydroxy-naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method. The corrosion inhibition behaviour of the copolymers in 1.0M HCl has been evaluated using Tafel Extrapolation method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) which was also used to propose the mechanism besides surface morphology. The results showed that the copolymer film exhibited the significant shifting in the corrosion potential and greater charge transfer resistance. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was found to increase from 50% to 90% by increasing the concentration of copolymer from 10 to 70mg/l in HCl medium. Moreover, the copolymer showed the larger degree of surface coverage onto the iron surface, reflecting the higher inhibition for corrosion of the iron in highly acidic medium. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The electrosynthesis of the copolymer of 3-bromothiophene and thiophene has been investigated using galvanostatic and potentiodynamic techniques. The most stable films were obtained using the galvanostatic technique in nitrobenzen solvent and TBAPF6 as supporting electrolyte. A comparison study was performed for the prepared copolymer and homopolymer films that were subjected to relaxation studies using the cyclic voltammetric technique in different solvents. The effect of solvent, monomer concentration ratio, electrocopolymerization techniques and temperature on the relaxation time were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The structure and biosensor characteristic of complex between phenoloxidases (laccase, tyrosinase) and lipid-like thin ordered layer were investigated. The advantageous of immobilization method based on Langmuir–Blodgett film as a matrix has been developed for characterization of sensing protein layers effect. Laccase from Cerrena unicolor and tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus molecules were densely adsorbed onto Langmuir monolayer surface and then deposited on solid support which can be used for phenolic compounds determination. The function of enzyme immobilization was carried by adsorption process. Phenoloxidases were adsorbed on monolayer built of linoleic acid and, octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The sensor sensitization was achieved by an amphiphilic conducting polymer—poly[(N-nonylphenoxazine-3,7-diyl-alt-(1,2,3-benzothiadiazole)] admixed into the film. The interlaced polymer was expected to facilitate the electron transfer as well enhancing the sensor sensitivity. Considering the fact, that immobilization strategy showed high efficiency, obtained results suggest that our method for phenoloxidases immobilization has a great potential of enabling high throughput fabrication of bioelectronics’ devices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Electronic structure methods have been used to investigate conducting copolymers of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and pyrrole (Py). The calculations show the planar anti conformation and the syn conformers have extended conjugation. In the anti conformation the EDOT–Py dimer is calculated to have a lower reorganization energy (0.390eV) than either homodimer (0.423eV EDOT; 0.455eV Py) and consequently is expected to have higher charge carrier mobility. The HOMO–LUMO gap of the copolymers is intermediate between the two homopolymers and for regular sequences varies monotonically as a function of the monomer content. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The electrically conductive graft (g) copolymer, poly(dimethylolpropionic acid -co-adipoyl chloride)-g-poly(aniline) (PDMPAAC-g-PAni) was prepared by the electrochemical polymerization of aniline (Ani) using a precursor polymer, poly[(4-aminophenyl)-dimethylolpropionic amide-co-adipoyl chloride] (PADMPAAC). PADMPAAC was synthesized chemically by reacting PDMPAAC with 1,4-phenylenediamine. The electrochemical properties of graft copolymer are compared with those of PDMPAAC/PAni composites. Synthesis of PDMPAAC and PADMPAAC was characterized using 1H-NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the novel conducting copolymer were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA); thermal properties were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The electric conductivity was measured with four-probe method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrically conductive graft (g) copolymer, Poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(aniline) (PVC-g-PAni) was prepared by the electrochemical polymerization of aniline using a precursor polymer, poly(vinyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) (PVPD) which was spin-coated on a working electrode. PVPD was synthesized chemically by reacting PVC with potassium 1,4-phenylenediamine salt and characterized using FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The electrochemical, electrical, morphological and thermal properties of PVC-g-PAni copolymer were investigated and compared with those of a PVC/PAni composite. The results of cyclic voltammometry, chronoamperometry, scanning electron microscopy, and conductivity measurement support the formation of a graft copolymer. The conductivity of the graft copolymer was about 0.17 S/cm which was about one order of magnitude higher than that of the composite. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Immobilization of invertase in conducting copolymer matrices of 3-methylthienyl methacrylate with pyrrole and thiophene was achieved by constant potential electrolysis using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the supporting electrolyte. Polythiophene (PTh) was also used in entrapment process for comparison. Kinetic parameters, Michaelis–Menten constant, Km, and the maximum reaction rate, Vmax, were investigated. Operational stability and temperature optimization of the enzyme electrodes were also examined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The conducting poly(methylmethacrylate-co-pyrrolylmethylstyrene)–g-polypyrrole (PMMAPMS–g-PPy) was synthesized by the electrochemical reaction with PMMAPMS and pyrrole in the electrolyte solution containing lithium perchlorate and a mixture solvent of acetonitrile and dichloromethane. The precursor PMMAPMS was synthesized by the reaction with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-chloromethylstyrene) (PMMACMS) and potassium pyrrole salt. The content of pyrrolymethyl groups in PMMAPMS units was identified from the 1H-NMR analysis. Chronoamperograms of pyrrole polymerization on the PMMAPMS matrix film indicated that the pyrrolymethyl groups in PMMAPMS acted as grafting centers for the growth of PPy. The SEM results and conductivity measurements supported the above graft copolymerization. The maximum conductivity of PMMAPMS–g-PPy copolymer film was around 0.1 S/cm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the first step of this study, conducting homopolymers of thiophene were synthesized by electrochemical method using three different supporting electrolytes (LiClO4, Et4NBF4, Bt4NPF6) and two different solvents (acetonitrile and benzonitrile) in anhydrous medium. Polythiophene (PT) (LiClO4) was shown the highest conductivity with 0.35 S cm−1 in the acetonitrile solvent medium, PT (Et4NBF4) was shown the highest conductivity with 0.54 S cm−1 in the benzonitrile solvent medium. Then, polyurethane/polythiophene (PU/PT) conducting copolymers were prepared using PU as an insulating matrix, their structures and properties were analyzed. The electrochemical properties of polymers were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The conductivities of polymers were measured by four probe technique. It was found that all homopolymers and bipolymers which were of conducting mechanism from the Gouy balance magnetic measurements. FTIR spectra were taken to analyze the structural properties of polymers. Surface analyses of polymers were clarified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal analyses of the polymer films was done by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). From thermal analyses, it was found that among the PTs, PT (Et4NBF4) and among the copolymers PU/PT (Et4NBF4) were shown the highest thermal stability as 191 and 210 °C, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]