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Robust global simulation of soil background N2O emissions (BNEs) is a challenge due to the lack of a comprehensive system for quantification of the variations in their magnitude and location. We mapped global BNEs based on 1353 field observations from globally distributed sites and high‐resolution climate and soil data. We then calculated global and national total BNE budgets and compared them to the IPCC‐estimated values. The average BNE was 1.10, 0.92, and 0.84 kg N ha−1 year−1 with variations from 0.18 to 3.47 (5th–95th percentile, hereafter), 0.20 to 3.44, and −1.16 to 3.70 kg N ha−1 year−1 for cropland, forestland, and grassland, respectively. Soil pH, soil N mineralization, atmospheric N deposition, soil volumetric water content, and soil temperature were the principle significant drivers of BNEs. The total BNEs of three land use types was lower than IPCC‐estimated total BNEs by 0.83 Tg (1012 g) N year−1, ranging from −47% to 94% across countries. The estimated BNE with cropland values were slightly higher than the IPCC estimates by 0.11 Tg N year−1, and forestland and grassland lower than the IPCC estimates by 0.4 and 0.54 Tg N year−1, respectively. Our study underlined the necessity for detailed estimation of the spatial distribution of BNEs to improve the estimates of global N2O emissions and enable the establishment of more realistic and effective mitigation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with marigold extract on growth performance, pigmentation, antioxidant capacity and meat quality in broiler chickens., Methods: A total of 320 one-day-old Arbor Acres chickens were randomly divided into 5 groups with 8 replicates of 8 chickens each. The chickens of control group were fed with basal diet and other experimental groups were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.075%, 0.15%, 0.30%, and 0.60% marigold extract respectively (the corresponding concentrations of lutein were 15, 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg)., Results: The results showed that marigold extract supplementation increased the yellowness values of shank, beak, skin and muscle and the redness (a*) value of thigh muscle (linear, p<0.01). Marigold extract supplementation significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity, and the activities of superoxide dismutase in liver and thigh muscle (linear, p<0.01) and significantly decreased the malondialdehyde contents of liver and thigh muscle (linear, p<0.01). Marigold extract supplementation significantly decreased the drip loss and shear force of thigh muscles (linear, p<0.01). There was no significant effect on growth performance with marigold extract supplementation., Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary supplementation of marigold extract significantly increased the yellowness values of carcass, antioxidant capacity and meat quality in broiler chickens.