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Affordance grounding aims to localize the interaction regions for the manipulated objects in the scene image according to given instructions. A critical challenge in affordance grounding is that the embodied agent should understand human instructions and analyze which tools in the environment can be used, as well as how to use these tools to accomplish the instructions. Most recent works primarily supports simple action labels as input instructions for localizing affordance regions, failing to capture complex human objectives. Moreover, these approaches typically identify affordance regions of only a single object in object-centric images, ignoring the object context and struggling to localize affordance regions of multiple objects in complex scenes for practical applications. To address this concern, for the first time, we introduce a new task of affordance grounding based on natural language instructions, extending it from previously using simple labels for complex human instructions. For this new task, we propose a new framework, WorldAfford. We design a novel Affordance Reasoning Chain-of-Thought Prompting to reason about affordance knowledge from LLMs more precisely and logically. Subsequently, we use SAM and CLIP to localize the objects related to the affordance knowledge in the image. We identify the affordance regions of the objects through an affordance region localization module. To benchmark this new task and validate our framework, an affordance grounding dataset, LLMaFF, is constructed. We conduct extensive experiments to verify that WorldAfford performs state-of-the-art on both the previous AGD20K and the new LLMaFF dataset. In particular, WorldAfford can localize the affordance regions of multiple objects and provide an alternative when objects in the environment cannot fully match the given instruction.

Multi-class multi-instance segmentation is the task of identifying masks for multiple object classes and multiple instances of the same class within an image. The foundational Segment Anything Model (SAM) is designed for promptable multi-class multi-instance segmentation but tends to output part or sub-part masks in the "everything" mode for various real-world applications. Whole object segmentation masks play a crucial role for indoor scene understanding, especially in robotics applications. We propose a new domain invariant Real-to-Simulation (Real-Sim) fine-tuning strategy for SAM. We use object images and ground truth data collected from Ai2Thor simulator during fine-tuning (real-to-sim). To allow our Segment Any Object Model (SAOM) to work in the "everything" mode, we propose the novel nearest neighbour assignment method, updating point embeddings for each ground-truth mask. SAOM is evaluated on our own dataset collected from Ai2Thor simulator. SAOM significantly improves on SAM, with a 28% increase in mIoU and a 25% increase in mAcc for 54 frequently-seen indoor object classes. Moreover, our Real-to-Simulation fine-tuning strategy demonstrates promising generalization performance in real environments without being trained on the real-world data (sim-to-real). The dataset and the code will be released after publication.

In this study, we explore Transformer-based diffusion models for image and video generation. Despite the dominance of Transformer architectures in various fields due to their flexibility and scalability, the visual generative domain primarily utilizes CNN-based U-Net architectures, particularly in diffusion-based models. We introduce GenTron, a family of Generative models employing Transformer-based diffusion, to address this gap. Our initial step was to adapt Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) from class to text conditioning, a process involving thorough empirical exploration of the conditioning mechanism. We then scale GenTron from approximately 900M to over 3B parameters, observing significant improvements in visual quality. Furthermore, we extend GenTron to text-to-video generation, incorporating novel motion-free guidance to enhance video quality. In human evaluations against SDXL, GenTron achieves a 51.1% win rate in visual quality (with a 19.8% draw rate), and a 42.3% win rate in text alignment (with a 42.9% draw rate). GenTron also excels in the T2I-CompBench, underscoring its strengths in compositional generation. We believe this work will provide meaningful insights and serve as a valuable reference for future research., Comment: CVPR2024 Camera Ready. Website: https://www.shoufachen.com/gentron_website/

Text-to-video editing aims to edit the visual appearance of a source video conditional on textual prompts. A major challenge in this task is to ensure that all frames in the edited video are visually consistent. Most recent works apply advanced text-to-image diffusion models to this task by inflating 2D spatial attention in the U-Net into spatio-temporal attention. Although temporal context can be added through spatio-temporal attention, it may introduce some irrelevant information for each patch and therefore cause inconsistency in the edited video. In this paper, for the first time, we introduce optical flow into the attention module in the diffusion model's U-Net to address the inconsistency issue for text-to-video editing. Our method, FLATTEN, enforces the patches on the same flow path across different frames to attend to each other in the attention module, thus improving the visual consistency in the edited videos. Additionally, our method is training-free and can be seamlessly integrated into any diffusion-based text-to-video editing methods and improve their visual consistency. Experiment results on existing text-to-video editing benchmarks show that our proposed method achieves the new state-of-the-art performance. In particular, our method excels in maintaining the visual consistency in the edited videos., Comment: Accepted by ICLR2024. Project page: https://flatten-video-editing.github.io/

Learning similarity between scene graphs and images aims to estimate a similarity score given a scene graph and an image. There is currently no research dedicated to this task, although it is critical for scene graph generation and downstream applications. Scene graph generation is conventionally evaluated by Recall$@K$ and mean Recall$@K$, which measure the ratio of predicted triplets that appear in the human-labeled triplet set. However, such triplet-oriented metrics fail to demonstrate the overall semantic difference between a scene graph and an image and are sensitive to annotation bias and noise. Using generated scene graphs in the downstream applications is therefore limited. To address this issue, for the first time, we propose a Scene graPh-imAge coNtrastive learning framework, SPAN, that can measure the similarity between scene graphs and images. Our novel framework consists of a graph Transformer and an image Transformer to align scene graphs and their corresponding images in the shared latent space. We introduce a novel graph serialization technique that transforms a scene graph into a sequence with structural encodings. Based on our framework, we propose R-Precision measuring image retrieval accuracy as a new evaluation metric for scene graph generation. We establish new benchmarks on the Visual Genome and Open Images datasets. Extensive experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of SPAN, which shows great potential as a scene graph encoder.

Despite the recent impressive breakthroughs in text-to-image generation, generative models have difficulty in capturing the data distribution of underrepresented attribute compositions while over-memorizing overrepresented attribute compositions, which raises public concerns about their robustness and fairness. To tackle this challenge, we propose ACTIG, an attribute-centric compositional text-to-image generation framework. We present an attribute-centric feature augmentation and a novel image-free training scheme, which greatly improves model's ability to generate images with underrepresented attributes. We further propose an attribute-centric contrastive loss to avoid overfitting to overrepresented attribute compositions. We validate our framework on the CelebA-HQ and CUB datasets. Extensive experiments show that the compositional generalization of ACTIG is outstanding, and our framework outperforms previous works in terms of image quality and text-image consistency.

As a natural extension of the image synthesis task, video synthesis has attracted a lot of interest recently. Many image synthesis works utilize class labels or text as guidance. However, neither labels nor text can provide explicit temporal guidance, such as when an action starts or ends. To overcome this limitation, we introduce semantic video scene graphs as input for video synthesis, as they represent the spatial and temporal relationships between objects in the scene. Since video scene graphs are usually temporally discrete annotations, we propose a video scene graph (VSG) encoder that not only encodes the existing video scene graphs but also predicts the graph representations for unlabeled frames. The VSG encoder is pre-trained with different contrastive multi-modal losses. A semantic scene graph-to-video synthesis framework (SSGVS), based on the pre-trained VSG encoder, VQ-VAE, and auto-regressive Transformer, is proposed to synthesize a video given an initial scene image and a non-fixed number of semantic scene graphs. We evaluate SSGVS and other state-of-the-art video synthesis models on the Action Genome dataset and demonstrate the positive significance of video scene graphs in video synthesis. The source code will be released.

Different objects in the same scene are more or less related to each other, but only a limited number of these relationships are noteworthy. Inspired by DETR, which excels in object detection, we view scene graph generation as a set prediction problem and propose an end-to-end scene graph generation model RelTR which has an encoder-decoder architecture. The encoder reasons about the visual feature context while the decoder infers a fixed-size set of triplets subject-predicate-object using different types of attention mechanisms with coupled subject and object queries. We design a set prediction loss performing the matching between the ground truth and predicted triplets for the end-to-end training. In contrast to most existing scene graph generation methods, RelTR is a one-stage method that predicts a set of relationships directly only using visual appearance without combining entities and labeling all possible predicates. Extensive experiments on the Visual Genome and Open Images V6 datasets demonstrate the superior performance and fast inference of our model., Comment: accepted by IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

Dynamic scene graph generation aims at generating a scene graph of the given video. Compared to the task of scene graph generation from images, it is more challenging because of the dynamic relationships between objects and the temporal dependencies between frames allowing for a richer semantic interpretation. In this paper, we propose Spatial-temporal Transformer (STTran), a neural network that consists of two core modules: (1) a spatial encoder that takes an input frame to extract spatial context and reason about the visual relationships within a frame, and (2) a temporal decoder which takes the output of the spatial encoder as input in order to capture the temporal dependencies between frames and infer the dynamic relationships. Furthermore, STTran is flexible to take varying lengths of videos as input without clipping, which is especially important for long videos. Our method is validated on the benchmark dataset Action Genome (AG). The experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of our method in terms of dynamic scene graphs. Moreover, a set of ablative studies is conducted and the effect of each proposed module is justified. Code available at: https://github.com/yrcong/STTran., Comment: accepted by ICCV 2021