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Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is a rare infection transmitted from a mother to her foetus, either through an infected placenta or amniotic fluid. Congenital tuberculosis was previously thought to be rare but recent changes in the epidemiology of TB, have resulted in an increased risk.1 Affected infants usually present with non specific signs and symptoms, hence a high index of suspicion is required to make a diagnosis. Fewer than 300 cases have been reported worldwide till date1 and to the knowledge of the authors, there have been only three reported cases in Nigeria. 2-4 We herein report a case of congenital tuberculosis with a review of other published cases in this high TB prevalent region of Southern Nigeria with the aim of creating awareness of its existence in this region.

Congenital tuberculosis is a rare disease that occurs during intrauterine infection transmission from a mother with an active tuberculosis process to a child. Symptoms and signs may be minimal and non-specific. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to find evidence to confirm congenital children tuberculosis. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment have a significant positive effect on the disease course and outcome. An analysis of 9 articles, published in the domestic literature, describing clinical cases of 11 patients, diagnosed with congenital tuberculosis, the criteria and validity of such a diagnosis were made and considered.

We describe a case of congenital tuberculosis in an extremely premature baby, with rapid molecular detection of a pre-extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pattern of drug resistance. The baby was treated successfully with a regimen including bedaquline and delamanid, drugs not previously described in the treatment of congenital tuberculosis (TB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of which congenital TB is a rare form even in TB-endemic countries such as India. There are very few case reports of the same in the literature. Though the incidence rate of congenital TB is low, mortality rates are very high. Here, we report a case of a 2-day-old neonate who presented to Pediatrics Accident and Emergency with complaints of fast breathing and swelling all over the body. The baby had swelling all over the body and subcutaneous edema suggestive of hydrops fetalis. She was investigated and subsequently diagnosed to have congenital TB for which appropriate treatment was started. The baby is still on regular follow-up with no active complaints.

This study presents the first report of congenital tuberculosis in an 8-month-old male British Shorthair cat. The case was examined using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. The cat was referred to a private veterinary clinic with general respiratory system problems and subsequent deterioration, leading to death. The cat owner granted permission for the cat necropsy and pathological examinations at Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye. During systemic necropsy, white round foci with diameters ranging from 3.00 to 5.00 mm were observed in the lung and spleen. Tissue samples were collected from the lung, spleen, liver, heart, kidney, mediastinal lymph nodes and brain for histopathological examinations. The tissues were subjected to routine histological tissue processing and sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen. Additionally, Mycobacterium spp. antibodies were used for immunohistochemical staining. Microscopic examination revealed exudative tuberculosis lesions, areas of necrosis without a fibrous capsule and karyorrhectic cells only in the lung and spleen. Acid-resistant bacteria observed by ZN staining in the lesioned areas of the lung and spleen were identified as Mycobacterium spp. using immunohistochemical staining. No positive staining was observed in other organs using ZN and immunohistochemical methods. As a result, congenital tuberculosis was diagnosed in a cat for the first time, especially in relation to lesions in the spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital tuberculosis is a rare infectious disease with less than 500 cases documented worldwide. Mortality is significant, ranging from 34 to 53%, and death without treatment is inevitable. Patients exhibit nonspecific symptoms such as fever, cough, respiratory distress, feeding intolerance, and irritability which can make appropriate diagnosis challenging in Peng et al. (2011) Pediatr Pulmonol 46(12), 1215-1224. Tuberculosis prevalence is particularly high in developing countries where access to resources can be limited in World Health Organization (2019) Global tuberculosis report 2019, Geneva. We present a 2.4-kg premature male infant with acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to congenital tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis and tuberculosis-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome who was successfully supported with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report 2 cases of adverse pregnancy outcomes due to delayed diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis and propose a screening algorithm for patients from tuberculosis-endemic countries. Design: Case report. Setting: Academic medical center. Patient(s): Two patients with delayed diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis leading to a fetal loss and a preterm delivery of an infant with congenital tuberculosis. Intervention(s): Endometrial biopsy, acid-fast bacilli culture of urine, and endometrium. Main outcome measure(s): Pregnancy outcomes. Result(s): Fetal loss at 19 weeks and preterm delivery of an infant with congenital tuberculosis before urogenital tuberculosis treatment. Conclusion(s): Patients who are at risk of urogenital tuberculosis should be screened in advance of infertility treatment to potentially prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Here, we report a case of a 2-day-old neonate who presented to Pediatrics Accident and Emergency with complaints of fast breathing and swelling all over the body. The baby had swelling all over the body and subcutaneous edema suggestive of hydrops fetalis. She was investigated and subsequently diagnosed to have congenital TB for which appropriate treatment was started. The baby is still on regular follow-up with no active complaints. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of which congenital TB is a rare form even in TB-endemic countries such as India. There are very few case reports of the same in the literature. Though the incidence rate of congenital TB is low, mortality rates are very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of multidrug-resistant congenital tuberculosis (TB) in an infant conceived by in vitro fertilization and review 22 additional infant–mother pairs in the literature. Females evaluated for infertility should be screened for TB risk, and those at risk require a TB-specific diagnostic evaluation before receiving assisted reproductive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital tuberculosis (CTB) is relatively rare and most patients are described in case reports. To investigate the clinical characteristics of CTB in 26 children. A retrospective analysis of 26 children with CTB from January 2013 to December 2021 in Changsha Central Hospital in Central Southern China was undertaken. The median age at onset was 25 days (17–33) and within 4 weeks of age in approximately 73% of cases. Of 24 mothers (including two mothers of twins), 18 (75.0%) were asymptomatic during pregnancy, and four were diagnosed with tuberculosis prenatally. The numbers of tuberculous meningitis, tuberculous encephalitis and liver TB were 17 (65.4%), five (19.2%) and four (15.4%), respectively. The main symptoms were fever (n = 18, 69.2%) and cough (n = 16, 61.5%). Positive rates of T-SPOT.TB, acid-fast bacilli smear, culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and GeneXpert MTB/RIF test were, respectively, 84.2% (16/19), 42.3% (11/26), 43.5% (10/23) and 83.3% (5/6). Radiograph or computed tomography demonstrated typical pulmonary tuberculous lesions in all cases and the head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed marked meningeal enhancement or parenchymal lesions in seven cases (26.9%). One case had drug-resistant TB. During follow-up, nine cases had varying degrees of liver injury, and one had delayed growth and development. Eight died and 18 recovered satisfactorily. Maternal TB status during pregnancy, the epidemiological history, T-SPOT.TB and other TB-related aetiological tests and imaging are important for the early diagnosis and treatment of CTB, and are associated with a favourable outcome. AFB: acid-fast bacilli; Amk: amikacin; Cs: cycloserine; CT: computed tomography; E: ethambutol; GeneXpert MTB/RIF: GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance; H: isoniazid; IVF-ET: in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer; Lzd: linezolid; Mfx: moxifloxacin; MTB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; mNGS: next generation sequencing; MTB-DNA: Mycobacterium tuberculosis-deoxyribonucleic acid; Pto: protionamide; R: rifampicin; TB: tuberculosis; T-SPOT.TB: spot test of mycobacterium TB infection T-lymphocytes; Z: pyrazinamide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Importance Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is a rare, potentially fatal disease. There is currently a lack of detailed clinical information available regarding this disease. Objective This retrospective study investigated the clinical manifestations, treatment, and long‐term prognosis of congenital TB. Methods Patients were treated in Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University (Beijing, China) between 2009 and 2018. Their demographic data, maternal and family histories, symptoms and signs, treatment information, and follow‐up data were retrospectively collected using the hospital’s electronic information system. Results Ten infants with congenital TB were enrolled. The mean gestational age was 36.6 ± 2.2 weeks and mean birth weight was 2517 ± 487 g. All 10 patients exhibited fever, nine patients (90%) had anemia, and six patients (60%) had extrauterine growth retardation. On chest computed tomography scans, all 10 patients presented multiple pulmonary nodules and four patients (40%) had mediastinal adenopathy. Nine out of ten (90%) completed the T‐spot test, and eight of them (8/9, 89%) were positive. Anti‐TB treatment was initiated upon diagnostic confirmation. All patients (100%) received combined treatment with isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF). Eight of 10 patients (80%) received combined treatment with INH, RIF, and pyrazinamide. The survival rate was 100%. One patient was lost to follow‐up and four patients are currently continuing treatment. Three of nine patients (33%) achieved normal developmental milestones at 6 months of age. Interpretation Early diagnosis based on maternal history, typical imaging results, and timely treatment can improve outcomes in infants with congenital TB.

BackgroundCongenital tuberculosis is becoming increasingly common, but congenital tuberculosis infection in neonates following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) has been rarely reported; a diagnosis of congenital tuberculosis is often delayed due to the non-specificity of maternal IVF treatments and clinical manifestations during pregnancy—particularly in low-birth-weight preterm infants.Case presentationWe herein report a case of congenital tuberculosis. The infant was born at 27+5 weeks of gestation and was admitted to the hospital due to hypopnea after birth. Due to a poor response to treatment, we conducted pathogenic microorganism metagenomic analysis to assess the nucleotide sequences within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. After collecting sputum, the strains from the tuberculosis analysis were isolated and confirmed. From a detailed examination of the mother and in accordance with the child's congenital tuberculosis, we confirmed the diagnosis of pelvic tuberculosis.ConclusionIVF treatment and pregnancy can exacerbate latent tuberculosis, especially in women from a family with a history of tuberculosis infections. We posit that the optimal way to prevent neonatal congenital tuberculosis in IVF-ET is to procure a detailed maternal medical or family history and to identify and treat maternal tuberculosis during IVF treatment.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem worldwide, especially in tropical developing countries. Nevertheless, reports on congenital TB in humans and animals are extremely rare. In this study, abortion was reported in an 8-year-old she-camel at the 9th month of gestation. The she-camel appeared healthy in clinical examination, had a good body condition score, normal appetite, and had no signs of respiratory disease and fever. The expelled placenta was dark red-colored, thickened, and edematous with multifocal to coalescing ecchymotic hemorrhages on the allantoic surface. The striking finding was multiple, white-yellow, solid nodular lesions in the fetal lung, the pleura, and the liver. On histopathology, typical granulomatous lesions were detected in the lung and the liver characterized by caseous necrosis surrounded by lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration and concentric layers of fibrosis. The Ziehl-Neelsen staining detected scarce acid-fast bacilli in lung and liver tissues. The DNA extracted from tubercular lesions from the lung and liver showed amplification of the IS6110 region of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by PCR. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed a close association of these sequences with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The she-camel was detected positive for a single intradermal tuberculin test performed 24 h after abortion. This is the first report on congenital TB caused by M. tuberculosis in a dromedary camel fetus with a possible vertical transmission.

Congenital tuberculosis (CTB) is an uncommon yet, well-defined condition. CTB has a non-specific clinical presentation, making the diagnosis difficult. The rarity of CTB in neonates is due to the difficulty in distinguishing between congenital and postnatally acquired infection, and non-specific symptoms in the newborn, which are often misdiagnosed. Though it has a low incidence, it has significant mortality if the diagnosis is delayed. We are presenting two cases of CTB in newborns who showed signs of disease in the first few days of life. The diagnosis was suspected based on chest computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging brain, cerebrospinal fluid studies, intrauterine growth restriction, non-response to standard treatment and a maternal history of active tuberculosis. These cases highlight the significance of having a high suspicion of CTB and timely treatment for better outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in infants is important but is commonly missed because the symptoms are often non-specific. A Nepalese male infant born at 26 weeks gestation and weighing 1227 g (97th centile) was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) immediately after birth for the management of his prematurity. After extubation on Day 8, his oxygen saturation became unstable and he required nasal continuous positive airway pressure with oxygen for 3 months. On Day 104, further detailed evaluation was required because there was no improvement in his respiratory condition. A computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated scattered miliary nodules in both lung fields. Acid-fast staining for the mycobacteria and TB polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the sputum obtained directly by laryngeal aspiration confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. On Day 105, he was therefore transferred to a tertiary care hospital for further intensive care. Pathology findings suggested placental involvement with TB owing to chronic endometrial infection. In addition, a maternal abdominal CT scan demonstrated bilateral calcified lesions in the ovaries. He completed antituberculous chemotherapy and was discharged 3 months later. At 18 months of age there are no sequelae and his development is almost normal. None of the infants or medical personnel who were exposed in the NICU developed secondary TB. In neonates with persistent respiratory distress, neonatologists should consider TB infection as a differential diagnosis. CLD: chronic lung disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: computed tomography; IGRA: interferon-γ release assay; IVF-ET: in vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer; N-CPAP: nasal continuous positive airway pressure; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PROM: premature rupture of membranes; TB: tuberculosis; WBC: white blood cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This case of congenital tuberculosis (TB) emphasizes that TB should be suspected in newborns whose parents are from areas with high incidence of TB or who present with symptoms of an infection unresponsive to wide‐spectrum antibiotics.

Congenital tuberculosis (CT) is rare and is transmitted to the fetus hematogenously through the umbilical vein or by fetal aspiration or ingestion of infected amniotic fluids prior to or during delivery. Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infections are defined as those infections which are acquired through transplacental entry of organism from maternal blood stream into the fetus or transmitted during passage through the birth canal. We report the case of a 4½-month-old baby presented with fever and respiratory symptoms with hepatosplenomegaly and diagnosed to be a case of CT with cCMV infection further complicated by secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and salvaged by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, antitubercular drugs, and steroids.

Importance: Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is a rare, potentially fatal disease. There is currently a lack of detailed clinical information available regarding this disease. Objective: This retrospective study investigated the clinical manifestations, treatment, and long‐term prognosis of congenital TB. Methods: Patients were treated in Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University (Beijing, China) between 2009 and 2018. Their demographic data, maternal and family histories, symptoms and signs, treatment information, and follow‐up data were retrospectively collected using the hospital's electronic information system. Results: Ten infants with congenital TB were enrolled. The mean gestational age was 36.6 ± 2.2 weeks and mean birth weight was 2517 ± 487 g. All 10 patients exhibited fever, nine patients (90%) had anemia, and six patients (60%) had extrauterine growth retardation. On chest computed tomography scans, all 10 patients presented multiple pulmonary nodules and four patients (40%) had mediastinal adenopathy. Nine out of ten (90%) completed the T‐spot test, and eight of them (8/9, 89%) were positive. Anti‐TB treatment was initiated upon diagnostic confirmation. All patients (100%) received combined treatment with isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF). Eight of 10 patients (80%) received combined treatment with INH, RIF, and pyrazinamide. The survival rate was 100%. One patient was lost to follow‐up and four patients are currently continuing treatment. Three of nine patients (33%) achieved normal developmental milestones at 6 months of age. Interpretation: Early diagnosis based on maternal history, typical imaging results, and timely treatment can improve outcomes in infants with congenital TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pregnant women and their infants are a vulnerable but neglected population in tuberculosis (TB) control efforts. Recent advances in TB prevention, diagnosis and treatment have implications for their care, despite their frequent exclusion from research. We have conducted a meta-review of current evidence and clinical guidelines for TB prevention, diagnosis and management in pregnant women and neonates, focusing on review articles published since 2010. The actual burden of TB in pregnancy is unmeasured, but has been estimated at 216,500 cases per year. Although the effect of pregnancy on TB risk is uncertain and controversial, two large whole-of-population studies found that pregnancy was associated with a two- to three-fold increase in risk of TB. Congenital TB is rare but extremely serious. Neonates exposed to TB after delivery will be at high risk of disease, and preventive therapy is recommended once disease has been ruled out. At present, there is limited evidence regarding the performance of different screening strategies for pregnant women, appropriate drug dosing for either pregnant women or neonates, and the safety of most second-line drugs in pregnancy. High quality evidence on these topics is needed, as are detailed guidelines to inform efforts by TB control programs and clinicians working with pregnant women and their infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case of congenital tuberculosis (TB) emphasizes that TB should be suspected in newborns whose parents are from areas with high incidence of TB or who present with symptoms of an infection unresponsive to wide‐spectrum antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is rare and the prognosis is poor if not detected early. The diagnosis is often delayed owing to non-specific clinical presentation, misdiagnosis and undiagnosed maternal TB during pregnancy. A 12-day-old girl presented with a 5-day history of fever, cough, poor feeding and respiratory distress. Her mother had a cough and fever at 30 weeks gestation which was managed empirically as community-acquired pneumonia without a TB workup. Immediately postpartum, her mother developed a high fever and shortness of breath and required admission to the intensive care unit. The infant was separated from her mother after delivery. The infant's chest radiograph showed bilateral miliary nodules. Thoracic and abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed multiple enlarged lymph nodes and congenital TB was suspected. Early morning gastric aspirate and sputum (obtained through a suction tube) were positive for acid-fast bacilli on smear microscopy and subsequently Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from both specimens. Lumbar puncture was performed and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was compatible with TB meningitis. TB-polymerase chain reaction (TB-PCR) was positive. Her mother was diagnosed with miliary TB on postpartum day 17. Both were given anti-TB chemotherapy. Unfortunately, despite the treatment, the infant died from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) caused by congenital TB at the age of 14 days. This case highlights the importance of screening pregnant women for TB in regions where it is highly prevalent. A high index of suspicion of maternal and congenital TB is critical to early diagnosis, especially in such regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is difficult to detect because the disease presents few or no symptoms in the fetus during pregnancy and nonspecific symptoms in neonates. We reviewed 20 cases of congenital TB reported between 2011 and 2017 and report a case of a mother and her 8 days old neonate with congenital TB. In these 21 cases (including our case), the most common clinical presentations were respiratory distress, fever, and hepatosplenomegaly. The most common chest imaging findings were pneumonia, multiple pulmonary nodules, and miliary pattern. The mortality rate of infants with TB was increased ~2.2-fold if their mothers had no symptoms. The case reported herein concerns an 8 days old neonate with the rare presentation of a 2 days history of fever, followed by abdominal distension without respiratory symptoms. Computed tomography (CT) imaging exhibited a large amount of right pleural effusion. Multiple antimicrobial therapies were administered to the neonate; however, his symptoms persisted. Repeat CT was used to identify a progressed disease with multiple nodules over the lung, spleen, and hepatic hilar region. Standard anti-TB medications were prescribed, and the patient recovered gradually. Both gastric lavage and pleural effusion cultures confirmed the diagnosis of TB. The neonate's mother denied any TB contact history and the diagnosis of any medical disease during pregnancy, but she experienced a fulminant course of miliary TB and was admitted to the intensive care unit 24 days postpartum. She died despite receiving anti-TB treatment. In TB-endemic areas, congenital TB should be taken into consideration when neonates develop fever, respond poorly to antimicrobial treatment, and when their mothers deny any TB contact history.

Congenital tuberculosis is a rare disease, especially in non-endemic countries. We present a preterm infant who developed congenital tuberculosis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The male patient, weighing 1140 g was born by cesarean section at 26 weeks gestation. The baby's respiratory condition suddenly deteriorated at 18 days old, and he was diagnosed with congenital tuberculosis after Gram stain revealed "ghost bacilli" in his tracheal aspirate. The mother, who was born in an endemic country, had fever with unknown cause during labor and was diagnosed with miliary tuberculosis after the infant was diagnosed. Both were successfully treated for tuberculosis with a four-drug regimen. The genotyping profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identical in both mother and baby based on variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis. The lineage was considered to be East-African Indian. To prevent nosocomial infection in the NICU, 23 potentially exposed infants received isoniazid for 2 months. Two infants showed a transient liver enzyme elevation that seemed to be due to isoniazid. For 10 months after the incident, there were no infants and medical staff who developed tuberculosis. Although the incidence of tuberculosis has steadily decreased in Japan, the percentage of foreign-born individuals has increased yearly, especially those of reproductive age. The evaluation of active tuberculosis should be considered in pregnant women with unexplained fever, history of tuberculosis, or emigration from high-burden areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter outlines the methodology employed to infect the chorionic and amniotic membranes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis during pregnancy. Particularly, congenital tuberculosis, a rare and serious condition associated with cases in neonates and reactivation of latent tuberculosis in pregnant mothers, is interesting to study. Understanding the mechanisms of infection and the response of fetal membranes is crucial for developing effective treatments in these cases, which will promote better neonatal and maternal health in situations of tuberculosis during pregnancy. Establishing a standardized infection model in the chorioamniotic membranes is imperative, followed by a treatment protocol for isolating both cellular and mycobacterial RNA. This will enable the expression analysis during the maternal-fetal interface interaction with M. tuberculosis. The proposed methodology might be invaluable for qRT-PCR, microarrays, and sequencing research., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Perinatal tuberculosis (PT) refers to the infection that occurs at birth or in the neonatal period. This article reviews a patient with PT, in whom it was suspected that the infection occurred because the mother had lesions compatible with tuberculous mastitis. Case description: We present a patient of a two-month-old infant from Acapulco, Guerrero, who had a clinical picture of several weeks of evolution with fever up to 40oC, as well as adenopathies in the left cervical region and hepatomegaly. Bacilloscopy of gastric juice led to the diagnosis of tuberculosis. At the same time, his mother had a lesion in the left breast that progressively increased in size and mastitis was suspected, so breastfeeding was interrupted. Because the lesion increased, a biopsy was performed and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected by PCR. Therefore, it was considered that his son probably contracted tuberculosis by contact. Conclusions: The diagnosis of PT is a clinical challenge, given the non-specific signs and symptoms. In this patient, the association of lesions in the mother's breast helped to establish the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is rare in the United States. Recent immigration patterns to the United States have made the diagnosis of congenital TB an important public health issue.Purpose: To explore the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and prognosis for congenital TB. The implications for exposed healthcare professionals in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) setting are also explored.Methods/search Strategy: Relevant articles were accessed via PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar.Findings/results: Until 1994, fewer than 400 cases of confirmed congenital TB had been reported in the literature worldwide. An additional 18 cases were reported from 2001 to 2005. Neonatal providers need to be aware of the potential for congenital TB infection as the immigrant population in the United States continues to increase, many of whom originate from TB endemic countries.Implications For Practice: The interpretation of TB-specific tests is problematic in newborns due to decreased sensitivity and specificity. Congenital TB should be ruled out in infants with signs and symptoms of sepsis or pneumonia and in whom broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy does not improve their clinical status.Implications For Research: The interpretation of TB-specific tests is problematic in newborns due to decreased sensitivity and specificity; more research is needed regarding best practice in diagnosis. Established protocols are needed to address the healthcare of TB-exposed providers in the NICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital tuberculosis is rare, even where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic. A 14-day-old girl presented with a 3-day history of fever and respiratory distress. Her mother was diagnosed with a disseminated TB infection immediately after the delivery which was confirmed by a positive TB-polymerase chain reaction (TB-PCR) and subsequent culture from ascites and sputum. The infant was separated from her mother at birth. Her chest radiograph showed bilateral miliary nodules. Congenital TB was strongly suspected because of the symptoms, signs and maternal TB history, and was confirmed by TB-PCR and culture from the gastric lavage. Timely administration of standard anti-TB therapy resulted in a good outcome. The case highlights the importance of maternal TB history and typical miliary pattern on chest radiography for early diagnosis of congenital or neonatal TB which in turn facilitates prompt treatment and the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) remaining as one of the deadliest communicable diseases. Congenital infection by vertical transmission is rare but high neonatal mortality (up to 60%) and morbidity warrant early and accurate diagnosis of newborns suffering from TB. Intrauterine infection of tuberculosis is most commonly caused by haematogenous spread from the mother causing placental seedling. The organisms reach the fetus via the umbilical vein and the primary focus is often in the fetal liver in hematgenous spread. Another route of infection is by direct ingestion or aspiration of infected amniotic fluid if the placental caseous lesion ruptures directly into the amniotic cavity. Transplacental infection occurs late in pregnancy and aspiration from amniotic fluid occurs in the perinatal period. We report here one case of disseminated tuberculosis in a new born infant.

Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is a rare disease that is associated with high mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent, may be transmitted from the infected mother to the fetus by the transplacental route or by aspiration of infected amniotic fluid. Clinical symptoms and signs are not specific. Miliary patterns are the most common findings in the chest X-rays of many infants with congenital TB. In this case, an 18-day-old boy had jaundice on the fifth day of birth, and fever and respiratory distress appeared on the 18th day. Chest X-ray showed diffuse fine bilateral infiltration. Clinically, pneumonia or sepsis was suspected. Respiratory symptoms and chest X-ray findings worsened despite empirical antibiotic therapy. The lungs showed miliary infiltration suggestive of TB. Gastric aspirates were positive for M. tuberculosis. Respiratory distress and fever were gradually improved after anti-TB medication. Congenital TB is difficult to detect because of minimal or no symptoms during pregnancy and nonspecific symptoms in neonates. Hence, clinicians should suspect the possibility of TB infection even if neonates have non-specific symptoms. Early diagnosis and meticulous treatment are required for the survival of neonates with TB.

Tuberculosis especially tuberculous meningitis rarely accurs before 3 months of age. Though treatable, it may be fatal despite modern treatment. The diagnosis of congenital TB/TB meningitis should be considered in any neonate/infant with pneumonia –meningitis who fails to respond to conventional treatment, particularly in a child from ethnic or socioeconomic environment where tuberculosis is prevalent.

An infant of 32 weeks gestation was separated from her mother at birth for treatment of hyaline membrane disease and, on recovery, was cared for by adoptive parents. At 25 days, she was treated for pneumonia with immunoglobulins and multiple antibiotics and appeared to respond. Her symptoms recurred at 8 weeks and tuberculosis was confirmed by detection in an acid-fast bacilli smear of gastric aspirate. Her mother presented with disseminated tuberculosis with meningitis 1 month after delivery. Criteria for the diagnosis of congenital tuberculosis in the infant were confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of congenital renal tuberculosis in a 34-day-old child presenting as severe hematuria. Adequate antitubercular treatment may provide protection to fetus in subsequent pregnancies.

About 300 cases of congenital tuberculosis have been reported in the world literature, nevertheless rarely with nonspecific clinical manifestations. Here, we report the case of a premature infant with congenital tuberculosis and septicemia due to Candida krusei, who was treated successfully.

Congenital tuberculosis is rare and carries a high mortality rate. In this study, we report a case of congenital pulmonary tuberculosis in a very low birth weight of 1310g neonate born at the gestational age of 30 weeks 4 days. The mother of the patient had a fever a week before the delivery, and her symptoms improved after taking antibiotics. At the 9 th day after birth, the neonate developed a fever, there was no improvement after the administration of antibiotics. Considering the maternal history and clinical suspicion of tuberculosis, we performed a series of screening tests and congenital pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed. After anti-tuberculosis treatment, the patient improved and was discharged., (© 2023 by the Association of Clinical Scientists, Inc.)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global disease with increase in concern with growing morbidity and mortality after drug resistance and co-infection with HIV. Mother to neonatal transmission of disease is well known. Current recommendations regarding management of newborns of mothers with tuberculosis are variable in different countries and have large gaps in the knowledge and practices. We compare and summarize here current recommendations on management of infants born to mothers with tuberculosis. Congenital tuberculosis is diagnosed by Cantwell criteria and treatment includes three or four anti-tubercular drug regimen. Prophylaxis with isoniazid (3-6 months) is recommended in neonates born to mother with TB who are infectious. Breastfeeding should be continued in these neonates and isolation is recommended only till mother is infectious, has multidrug resistant tuberculosis or non adherent to treatment. BCG vaccine is recommended at birth or after completion of prophylaxis (3-6 months) in all neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We report a case of possible congenital tuberculosis in a 22+2 weeks, 460 g, vaginally delivered female infant born to a mother suffering from tuberculous endometritis, diagnosed soon after delivery. At 156 days of age, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected via PCR from the infant's gastric juice and was subsequently isolated. There was no evidence for horizontal transmission. Mother and child were treated successfully. This case illustrates the possibility of significant latency between infection and clinical manifestation in preterm infants and also emphasizes the need for urgent treatment of neonates in such situations. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital tuberculosis is a rare disease which is curable after early diagnosis. Making an early diagnosis of tuberculosis in an infant is difficult, however, because of its nonspecific clinical findings. It therefore requires a high index of suspicion. In this paper we report the case of an infant with disseminated congenital tuberculosis involving the chest, liver, spleen, abdominal lymph nodes, mesentery, and peritoneum, and which presented as chylous ascites with peritonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]