20 results on '"Conley LJ"'
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2. The study to understand the natural history of HIV and AIDS in the era of effective therapy (SUN Study)
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Vellozzi C, Brooks JT, Bush TJ, Conley LJ, Henry K, Carpenter CC, Overton ET, Hammer J, Wood K, Holmberg SD, and SUN Study Investigators
- Abstract
Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with highly active combination antiretroviral therapy has increased survival and shifted the spectrum of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality from opportunistic infections toward a variety of other medical conditions. The prospective cohort Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV and AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy (SUN Study) monitors the clinical course of HIV-infected individuals treated with combination antiretroviral therapy in 4 US cities. Every 6 months, clinical assessments, medical record abstraction, audio computer-assisted self-interview, and neurocognitive measurements are completed and blood and urine specimens are banked centrally. At enrollment and periodically thereafter, additional techniques such as anal cytology, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, carotid ultrasonography, echocardiography, and abdominal and cardiac computed tomography are performed. From March 2004 through June 2006, 700 participants were enrolled; median age was 41 years, 76% were men, 58% were non-Hispanic white, 62% were men who have sex with men, 78% were taking combination antiretroviral therapy (of whom 86% had an HIV viral load of <400 copies/mL), and median CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was 459 cells/mm(3) (interquartile range: 324-660). The SUN Study provides a wealth of data that will inform and improve the clinical management of HIV-infected individuals in the modern era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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3. Cervical determinants of anal HPV infection and high-grade anal lesions in women: a collaborative pooled analysis.
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Lin C, Slama J, Gonzalez P, Goodman MT, Xia N, Kreimer AR, Wu T, Hessol NA, Shvetsov Y, Ortiz AP, Grinsztejn B, Moscicki AB, Heard I, Del Refugio González Losa M, Kojic EM, Schim van der Loeff MF, Wei F, Longatto-Filho A, Mbulawa ZA, Palefsky JM, Sohn AH, Hernandez BY, Robison K, Simpson S Jr, Conley LJ, de Pokomandy A, van der Sande MAB, Dube Mandishora RS, Volpini LPB, Pierangeli A, Romero B, Wilkin T, Franceschi S, Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Ramautarsing RA, Park IU, Tso FK, Godbole S, D'Hauwers KWM, Sehnal B, Menezes LJ, Heráclio SA, and Clifford GM
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- Anus Neoplasms virology, Female, Global Health, HIV Seropositivity, Human papillomavirus 16 isolation & purification, Humans, Papillomavirus Infections virology, Prevalence, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms virology, Anus Neoplasms diagnosis, Early Detection of Cancer, Papillomavirus Infections diagnosis, Papillomavirus Infections epidemiology, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer screening might contribute to the prevention of anal cancer in women. We aimed to investigate if routine cervical cancer screening results-namely high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cytohistopathology-predict anal HPV16 infection, anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and, hence, anal cancer., Methods: We did a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane library for studies of cervical determinants of anal HPV and HSIL published up to Aug 31, 2018. We centrally reanalysed individual-level data from 13 427 women with paired cervical and anal samples from 36 studies. We compared anal high-risk HPV prevalence by HIV status, cervical high-risk HPV, cervical cytohistopathology, age, and their combinations, using prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% CIs. Among 3255 women with anal cytohistopathology results, PRs were similarly calculated for all anal HSIL and HPV16-positive anal HSIL., Findings: Cervical and anal HPV infections were highly correlated. In HIV-negative women, anal HPV16 prevalence was 41% (447/1097) in cervical HPV16-positive versus 2% (214/8663) in cervical HPV16-negative women (PR 16·5, 95% CI 14·2-19·2, p<0·0001); these values were 46% (125/273) versus 11% (272/2588) in HIV-positive women (4·4, 3·7-5·3, p<0·0001). Anal HPV16 was also associated with cervical cytohistopathology, with a prevalence of 44% [101/228] for cervical cancer in HIV-negative women (PR vs normal cytology 14·1, 11·1-17·9, p<0·0001). Anal HSIL was associated with cervical high-risk HPV, both in HIV-negative women (from 2% [11/527] in cervical high-risk HPV-negative women up to 24% [33/138] in cervical HPV16-positive women; PR 12·9, 95% CI 6·7-24·8, p<0·0001) and HIV-positive women (from 8% [84/1094] to 17% [31/186]; 2·3, 1·6-3·4, p<0·0001). Anal HSIL was also associated with cervical cytohistopathology, both in HIV-negative women (from 1% [5/498] in normal cytology up to 22% [59/273] in cervical HSIL; PR 23·1, 9·4-57·0, p<0·0001) and HIV-positive women (from 7% [105/1421] to 25% [25/101]; 3·6, 2·5-5·3, p<0·0001). Prevalence of HPV16-positive anal HSIL was 23-25% in cervical HPV16-positive women older than 45 years (5/20 in HIV-negative women, 12/52 in HIV-positive women)., Interpretation: HPV-based cervical cancer screening programmes might help to stratify anal cancer risk, irrespective of HIV status. For targeted secondary anal cancer prevention in high-risk groups, HIV-negative women with cervical HPV16, especially those older than 45 years, have a similar anal cancer risk profile to that of HIV-positive women., Funding: International Agency for Research on Cancer., (Copyright © 2019 International Agency for Research on Cancer; licensee Elsevier. This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any use of this article, there should be no suggestion that IARC endorses any specific organisation, products or services. The use of the IARC logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.)
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- 2019
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4. Incidence and Predictors of Abnormal Anal Cytology Findings Among HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Contemporary Antiretroviral Therapy.
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Conley LJ, Bush TJ, Darragh TM, Palefsky JM, Unger ER, Patel P, Steinau M, Kojic EM, Martin H, Overton ET, Cu-Uvin S, Hammer J, Henry K, Wood K, and Brooks JT
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- Adult, Female, HIV Infections complications, Homosexuality, Male, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Anal Canal cytology, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, HIV Infections drug therapy
- Abstract
Background: Anal cancer rates are higher for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults than for uninfected adults. Limited published data exist characterizing the incidence of precursor lesions detected by anal cytology., Methods: The Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy was a prospective cohort of 700 HIV-infected participants in 4 US cities. At baseline and annually thereafter, each participant completed a behavioral questionnaire, and healthcare professionals collected anorectal swabs for cytologic examination and human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and genotyping., Results: Among 243 participants with negative baseline results of anal cytology, 37% developed abnormal cytology findings (incidence rate, 13.9 cases/100 person-years of follow-up; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.3-16.9) over a median follow-up duration of 2.1 years. Rates among men having sex with men, among women, and among men having sex with women were 17.9 cases/person-years of follow-up (95% CI, 13.9-22.7), 9.4 cases/person-years of follow-up (95% CI, 5.6-14.9), and 8.9 cases/person-years of follow-up (95% CI, 4.8-15.6), respectively. In multivariable analysis, the number of persistent high-risk HPV types (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.36), persistent high-risk HPV types except 16 or 18 (aHR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.31-4.60), and persistent types 16 or 18 (aHR, 3.90; 95% CI, 1.78-8.54) remained associated with incident abnormalities., Conclusions: The incidence of abnormal anal cytology findings was high and more likely to develop among persons with persistent high-risk HPV., (Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2015. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)
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- 2016
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5. Obesity is associated with greater inflammation and monocyte activation among HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy.
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Conley LJ, Bush TJ, Rupert AW, Sereti I, Patel P, Brooks JT, and Baker JV
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- Adult, Anti-Retroviral Agents therapeutic use, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Biomarkers analysis, Female, HIV Infections drug therapy, Humans, Immunophenotyping, Male, Middle Aged, HIV Infections complications, HIV Infections pathology, Inflammation pathology, Monocytes immunology, Obesity complications
- Abstract
Objectives: Among virally suppressed HIV-infected persons, we examined the relationship between obesity and alterations in key clinical markers of immune activation and inflammation. These markers have also been associated with excess HIV-related cardiovascular disease and mortality., Methods: We evaluated data from virally suppressed participants in the Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy, including inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-6 and highly sensitive C-reactive protein), monocyte biomarkers [soluble CD163 (sCD163), sCD14], and monocyte immunophenotypes. We assessed associations with these immunologic measures and obesity, via logistic regression preadjustment and postadjustment for demographic and clinical factors, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and leptin levels., Results: Among 452 evaluable participants, median (interquartile range) age was 41 (36-48) years, CD4 cell count was 475 (308-697) cells/μl, and 21% were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m). In univariable models, obesity, smoking, and lower CD4 cell count were associated with higher measures of inflammation and monocyte activation. After adjustment, obesity remained independently associated with elevated levels (highest vs. lower two tertiles) of interleukin-6 [odds ratio (OR) 1.96; P = 0.02], highly sensitive C-reactive protein (OR 2.79; P < 0.001) and sCD163 (OR 1.94; P = 0.02), and elevated frequency of CD14CD16 (OR 1.77; P = 0.03) and CD14dimCD16 (OR 1.97; P = 0.01). Adjusting for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and leptin modestly affected associations for obesity with inflammation and monocyte activation., Conclusion: Obesity was prevalent and independently associated with greater monocyte activation and systemic inflammation. Research is needed to determine how adipose tissue excess is functionally related to persistent immunologic abnormalities among HIV-infected persons with viral suppression.
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- 2015
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6. Progression of carotid intima-media thickness in a contemporary human immunodeficiency virus cohort.
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Baker JV, Henry WK, Patel P, Bush TJ, Conley LJ, Mack WJ, Overton ET, Budoff M, Hammer J, Carpenter CC, Hodis HN, and Brooks JT
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- Adult, Anti-HIV Agents adverse effects, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Carotid Artery Diseases complications, Carotid Artery Diseases virology, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Cohort Studies, Disease Progression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 drug effects, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, RNA, Viral genetics, Risk Factors, United States epidemiology, Viral Load, Carotid Arteries pathology, Carotid Artery Diseases prevention & control, HIV Infections complications, HIV-1 physiology, Virus Replication physiology
- Abstract
Background: Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are at risk for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Predictors of atherosclerotic disease progression in contemporary patients have not been well described., Methods: Using data from a prospective observational cohort of adults infected with HIV (Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy), we assessed common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) at baseline and year 2 by ultrasound. We examined HIV-associated predictors of CIMT progression after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and baseline CIMT using linear regression., Results: Among 389 participants (median age at baseline, 42 years; male sex, 77%; median CD4+ cell count at baseline, 485 cells/mm³; 78% receiving antiretroviral therapy), the median 2-year CIMT change was 0.016 mm (interquartile range, -0.003 to 0.033 mm; P < .001). Lesser CIMT progression was associated with a suppressed viral load at baseline (-0.009 mm change; P = .015) and remaining virologically suppressed throughout follow-up (-0.011 mm change; P < .001). After adjusting for additional risk factors and a suppressed viral load during follow-up, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor versus protease inhibitor exposure was associated with lesser CIMT progression (-0.011 mm change; P = .02)., Conclusions: Suppressing HIV replication below clinical thresholds was associated with less progression of atherosclerosis. The proatherogenic mechanisms of HIV replication and the net CVD benefit of different antiretroviral drugs should be a focus of future research.
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- 2011
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7. Factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in the SUN study.
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Kyser M, Buchacz K, Bush TJ, Conley LJ, Hammer J, Henry K, Kojic EM, Milam J, Overton ET, Wood KC, and Brooks JT
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- Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, HIV Infections psychology, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Medication Adherence statistics & numerical data, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, HIV Infections drug therapy, Medication Adherence psychology
- Abstract
Background: Adherence of 95% or greater to highly active combination antiretroviral therapy is generally considered necessary to achieve optimal virologic suppression in HIV-infected patients. Understanding factors associated with poor adherence is essential to improve patient compliance, maximize virologic suppression, and reduce morbidity and mortality., Methods: We evaluated baseline data from 528 patients taking antiretrovirals, enrolled from March 2004 to June 2006, in a multicenter, longitudinal, prospective cohort study (the SUN study). Using multiple logistic regression, we examined independent risk factors for non-adherence, defined as reporting having missed one or more antiretroviral doses in the past three days on the baseline questionnaire., Results: Of 528 participants (22% female, 28% black, median age 41 years, and median CD4 cell count 486 cells/mm(3)), 85 (16%) were non-adherent. In the final parsimonious multivariate model, factors independently associated with non-adherence included black race (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-3.60 vs. white race), being unemployed and looking for work (aOR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.14-3.61 vs. all other employment categories), having been diagnosed with HIV ≥5 years ago (aOR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.18-3.24 vs. being HIV-diagnosed <5 years ago), drinking three or more drinks per day (aOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.02-2.91 vs. drinking <3 drinks per day), and having not engaged in any aerobic exercise in the last 30 days (aOR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.25-3.57)., Conclusion: Although the above factors may not be causally related to non-adherence, they might serve as proxies for identifying HIV-infected patients at greatest risk for non-adherence who may benefit from additional adherence support.
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- 2011
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8. The menstrual cycle does not affect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 levels in vaginal secretions.
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Villanueva JM, Ellerbrock TV, Lennox JL, Bush TJ, Wright TC, Pratt-Palmore M, Evans-Strickfaden T, Conley LJ, Schnell C, and Hart CE
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- Adolescent, Adult, Estradiol blood, Female, Humans, Male, Progesterone blood, RNA, Viral analysis, Viremia virology, HIV-1 isolation & purification, Menstrual Cycle, Vagina virology
- Abstract
To determine whether the menstrual cycle affects human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 levels in vaginal secretions, vaginal lavage samples were collected at 7, 14, and 21 days after initiation of menses, to compare virus levels during the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. During 33 menstrual cycles in 25 women, HIV-1 RNA levels in vaginal secretions ranged from <1000 to 5.3x10(7) copies per lavage, and weekly changes ranged from <0.5 to 2.5 log(10) copies per lavage. HIV-1 RNA levels in vaginal lavage samples from days 7, 14, and 21 were not significantly different. No discernible pattern was found in changes of vaginal virus loads (VVLs) during the menstrual cycle. VVLs were not correlated with plasma estradiol or progesterone levels (P>.05). These results suggest that hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle do not have a significant effect on HIV-1 RNA levels in vaginal secretions.
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- 2002
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9. HIV-1 infection and risk of vulvovaginal and perianal condylomata acuminata and intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective cohort study.
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Conley LJ, Ellerbrock TV, Bush TJ, Chiasson MA, Sawo D, and Wright TC
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- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections immunology, Adult, Anus Diseases diagnosis, Anus Diseases immunology, Biopsy, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Case-Control Studies, Colposcopy, Condylomata Acuminata diagnosis, Condylomata Acuminata immunology, Female, HIV Seronegativity, Humans, Incidence, Mass Screening methods, New York City epidemiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Prevalence, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications, Survival Analysis, Therapeutic Irrigation, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms diagnosis, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms immunology, Vaginal Diseases diagnosis, Vaginal Diseases immunology, Vulvar Diseases diagnosis, Vulvar Diseases immunology, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia diagnosis, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia immunology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections virology, Anus Diseases epidemiology, Anus Diseases virology, Condylomata Acuminata epidemiology, Condylomata Acuminata virology, HIV-1, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms epidemiology, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms virology, Vaginal Diseases epidemiology, Vaginal Diseases virology, Vulvar Diseases epidemiology, Vulvar Diseases virology, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia epidemiology, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia virology
- Abstract
Background: Information about vulvovaginal and perianal condylomata acuminata and intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with HIV-1 is needed to develop guidelines for clinical care. Our aim was to investigate the incidence of these lesions in HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative women and to examine risk factors for disease., Methods: In a prospective cohort study, 925 women had a gynaecological examination twice yearly-including colposcopy and tests for human papillomavirus DNA in cervicovaginal lavage-for a median follow-up of 3.2 years (IQR 0.98-4.87)., Findings: Vulvovaginal and perianal condylomata acuminata or intraepithelial neoplasia were present in 30 (6%) of 481 HIV-1-positive and four (1%) of 437 HIV-1-negative women (p<0.0001) at enrollment. Women without lesions at enrollment were included in an incidence analysis. 33 (9%) of 385 HIV-1-positive and two (1%) of 341 HIV-1-negative women developed vulvovaginal or perianal lesions, resulting in an incidence of 2.6 and 0.16 cases per 100 person-years, respectively (relative risk 16, 95% CI 12.9-20.5; p < 0.0001). Risk factors for incident lesions included HIV-1 infection (p = 0.013), human papillomavirus infection (p=0.0013), lower CD4 T lymphocyte count (p = 0.0395), and history of frequent injection of drugs (p=0.0199)., Interpretation: Our results suggest that HIV-1-positive women are at increased risk of development of invasive vulvar carcinoma. Thus, we recommend that, as part of every gynaecological examination, HIV-1-positive women should have a thorough inspection of the vulva and perianal region, and women with abnormalities-except for typical, exophytic condylomata acuminata-should undergo colposcopy and biopsy.
- Published
- 2002
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10. Cellular replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 occurs in vaginal secretions.
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Ellerbrock TV, Lennox JL, Clancy KA, Schinazi RF, Wright TC, Pratt-Palmore M, Evans-Strickfaden T, Schnell C, Pai R, Conley LJ, Parrish-Kohler EE, Bush TJ, Tatti K, and Hart CE
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- Adolescent, Adult, Cohort Studies, Drug Resistance, Microbial genetics, Female, HIV Infections metabolism, HIV Infections virology, Humans, Middle Aged, Mucus virology, Phenotype, Prospective Studies, RNA Splicing, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Viral Load, HIV-1 physiology, Vagina metabolism, Virus Replication
- Abstract
Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission worldwide is the result of exposure to infectious virus in genital secretions. However, current vaccine candidates are based on virus isolates from blood. In this study, vaginal secretions from HIV-1-infected women were examined for evidence of cellular viral replication that produced virus with properties different from that in blood. Multiply spliced HIV-1 messenger RNA, which is found only in cells replicating virus, was detected in all vaginal lavage samples tested. There was a strong correlation between the amounts of multiply spliced HIV-1 messenger RNA and of cell-free HIV-1 RNA in the lavage samples. In addition, significant genotypic differences were found in cell-free virus from matched blood plasma and vaginal secretions. Moreover, drug resistance-associated mutations appeared in plasma virus several months before appearing in vaginal virus. These findings indicate that cellular replication of HIV-1 occurs in vaginal secretions and can result in a virus population with important differences from that in blood.
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- 2001
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11. Correlation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels in blood and the female genital tract.
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Hart CE, Lennox JL, Pratt-Palmore M, Wright TC, Schinazi RF, Evans-Strickfaden T, Bush TJ, Schnell C, Conley LJ, Clancy KA, and Ellerbrock TV
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- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome drug therapy, Adolescent, Adult, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, HIV-1 drug effects, HIV-1 genetics, Humans, Middle Aged, Cervix Mucus virology, HIV-1 isolation & purification, RNA, Viral blood, Vagina virology
- Abstract
In this study, the correlations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in blood plasma, vaginal secretions, and cervical mucus of 52 HIV-1-infected women were determined. The amount of cell-free HIV-1 RNA in blood plasma was correlated with that in vaginal secretions (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r) = 0.64, P<.001). In both blood plasma and vaginal secretions, the amounts of cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 RNA were highly correlated (r=0.76, P<.01 and r=0.85, P<.01, respectively). Cell-free HIV-1 RNA levels in blood plasma and vaginal secretions were negatively correlated with CD4+ T lymphocyte count (r=-0.44, P<.01 and r=-0.40, P<.01, respectively). Similar to the effect observed in blood plasma, initiation of antiretroviral therapy significantly reduced the amount of HIV-1 RNA in vaginal secretions. These findings suggest that factors that lower blood plasma virus load may also reduce the risk of perinatal and female-to-male heterosexual transmission by lowering vaginal virus load.
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- 1999
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12. The association between cigarette smoking and selected HIV-related medical conditions.
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Conley LJ, Bush TJ, Buchbinder SP, Penley KA, Judson FN, and Holmberg SD
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- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections mortality, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome mortality, Adult, Candidiasis, Oral complications, Candidiasis, Oral etiology, Candidiasis, Oral mortality, Cross Infection complications, Cross Infection etiology, Cross Infection mortality, Disease Progression, Humans, Leukoplakia, Hairy complications, Leukoplakia, Hairy etiology, Leukoplakia, Hairy mortality, Male, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis complications, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis etiology, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis mortality, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Sarcoma, Kaposi complications, Sarcoma, Kaposi etiology, Sarcoma, Kaposi mortality, Survival Analysis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections etiology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome complications, Smoking adverse effects
- Abstract
Objective: To clarify the effect of cigarette smoking on the development of conditions associated with HIV infection., Design: Prospective and retrospective cohort study, with interview and examination twice a year since 1988., Methods: Data on 516 HIV-infected men from cohorts of homosexual and bisexual men in San Francisco, Denver and Chicago, who were repeatedly interviewed and examined between 1988 and 1992, were analysed. After excluding men who did not have well-defined dates of seroconversion and those who were classified as ex- or intermittent smokers, 232 men remained for analysis: 106 were smokers and 126 were non-smokers. Univariate and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to assess the relationship between cigarette smoking and loss of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, diagnosis of any AIDS-defining illness, and specific diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and community-acquired pneumonia., Results: By univariate analyses, cigarette smoking was not associated with clinical AIDS, loss of CD4+ cells, Kaposi's sarcoma or PCP, but was significantly associated with oral candidiasis [relative risk (RR), 1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.70], hairy leukoplakia (RR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.15-1.99), and community-acquired pneumonia (RR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.30-5.27). Dose-response effect was also evident for these three conditions (all P < 0.01). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated no association between cigarette smoking and time of progression to clinical AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), or PCP (P = 0.62, 0.54 and 0.11, respectively) but showed that cigarette smokers developed oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and pneumonia more quickly than non-smokers (P = 0.031, 0.006 and 0.009, respectively)., Conclusions: Cigarette smoking was not associated with an increased likelihood or rate of developing KS, PCP or AIDS, but was associated with developing community-acquired pneumonia, oral candidiasis, and hairy leukoplakia in these HIV-infected men.
- Published
- 1996
13. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection prior to onset of Kaposi's sarcoma.
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Moore PS, Kingsley LA, Holmberg SD, Spira T, Gupta P, Hoover DR, Parry JP, Conley LJ, Jaffe HW, and Chang Y
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- Base Sequence, Case-Control Studies, DNA, Viral blood, Herpesviridae Infections complications, Humans, Leukocytes, Mononuclear virology, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Prospective Studies, Sarcoma, Kaposi complications, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections virology, Gammaherpesvirinae isolation & purification, Herpesviridae Infections virology, Sarcoma, Kaposi virology
- Abstract
Objectives: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a newly discovered human gammaherpesvirus, is found in the majority of KS lesions from patients with and without AIDS. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined for KSHV DNA to determine whether viral infection precedes onset of this neoplasm., Design: Randomized and blinded case-control study of prospectively collected PBMC samples from ongoing cohort studies., Methods: Paired PBMC drawn before and after KS onset from 21 AIDS-KS patients were compared to paired PBMC from 23 high-risk HIV-infected homo-/bisexual patients who did not develop KS and to a single PBMC sample from 19 low-risk, HIV-infected hemophiliac patients. Extracted DNA samples were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two non-overlapping nested primer sets to control for potential PCR contamination., Results: In all comparisons, patients who went on to develop KS were significantly more likely to show evidence of KSHV infection prior to onset of KS than either control group. Of PBMC samples from AIDS-KS patients drawn prior to KS, 52% were positive for KSHV DNA whereas both high- and low-risk control groups had lower rates of PBMC infection (9-13%). KSHV infection can precede KS onset by up to 21 months among AIDS-KS patients., Conclusions: AIDS-KS patients are significantly more likely to show evidence of KSHV infection in PBMC prior to KS onset than control HIV-infected patients. Because identical PBMC samples from cases and controls were examined blindly, these results are not caused by a bias in tissue sampling. Homo-/bisexual and hemophiliac AIDS patients who do not develop KS appear to have a low prevalence of infection. These findings indicate that KSHV infection is specifically associated with the subsequent development of KS in AIDS patients.
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- 1996
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14. Recent infection with human immunodeficiency virus and possible rapid loss of CD4 T lymphocytes.
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Holmberg SD, Conley LJ, Luby SP, Cohn S, Wong LC, and Vlahov D
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- CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cell Death, Cohort Studies, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Time Factors, United States, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, HIV Infections immunology, HIV-1 immunology, Lymphocyte Depletion
- Abstract
To assess a hypothesized trend that persons recently infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may have more rapid declines in absolute CD4 T-lymphocyte (CD4+ cell) counts than those who were HIV-infected in earlier years, sequential CD4+ cell counts in three groups who had definable dates of HIV seroconversion between 1978 and 1992 were reviewed. The CD4+ cell counts examined were from some of the longest extant studies in the United States: 100 homosexual and bisexual men engaged in ongoing observational cohort studies in San Francisco, Denver, and Chicago since 1978 (Group 1); 89 persons in South Carolina infected after 1986 (Group 2); and 155 injecting drug users participating in an observational cohort study in Baltimore since 1988 (Group 3). For all groups, individually and in the aggregate, mean CD4+ cell counts declined rapidly in the first year after HIV infection and then stabilized. However, there was no clear trend for lower (or higher) CD4+ cell counts by fixed time after HIV seroconversion among those seroconverting in recent compared with earlier calendar years. These data do not support a hypothesized trend for more rapid loss of CD4 T lymphocytes--and, by implication, more pathogenic strains of HIV-1--among persons acquiring HIV infection in recent years.
- Published
- 1995
15. The spectrum of medical conditions and symptoms before acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in homosexual and bisexual men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
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Holmberg SD, Buchbinder SP, Conley LJ, Wong LC, Katz MH, Penley KA, Hershow RC, and Judson FN
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- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections immunology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections virology, Adult, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Chicago epidemiology, Colorado epidemiology, Health Services Needs and Demand, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, San Francisco epidemiology, Time Factors, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, Bisexuality, HIV Seropositivity complications, Homosexuality, Male
- Abstract
The full range and occurrence of medical conditions in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) before they develop illnesses that define acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have not been systematically or completely described. In a retrospective and prospective cohort study, 1,073 homosexual and bisexual men in three US cities were interviewed and examined twice per year from January 1988 to September 1992. Study participants were from San Francisco, California (273 HIV-seropositive and 432 HIV-seronegative men), Denver, Colorado (107 positive and 129 negative men), and Chicago, Illinois (54 positive and 78 negative men). A total of 305 HIV-positive men had specifiable dates of HIV seroconversion (mean of 15.3 months between the last negative and the first positive HIV antibody test). Besides much increased incidences of thrush (incidence relative risk (IRR) = 23.3) and hairy leukoplakia (IRR = 551), the following conditions also occurred significantly more frequently in HIV-positive men than in HIV-negative men: anal herpes (incidence density (ID) = 10.7/100 person-years; IRR = 7.7); sinusitis requiring antibiotics (ID = 6.2/100 person-years; IRR = 2.1); anal warts (ID = 5.8/100 person-years; IRR = 2.7); seborrhea (ID = 3.8/100 person-years; IRR = 6.6); community-acquired pneumonia (ID = 1.4/100 person-years; IRR = 2.7); skin cancers (ID = 1.0/100 person-years; IRR = 2.2); and seizures, often apparently "breaking through" prior anticonvulsant therapy (ID = 0.8/100 person-years; IRR = 5.6). First episodes of hairy leukoplakia, thrush, and skin cancer occurred at low mean CD4 counts (mean counts were less than 350 cells/microliters) and late in HIV infection (mean times were more than 8 years after HIV seroconversion). Many medical problems, some not widely appreciated, occur in HIV-infected men before they develop AIDS-defining illnesses, signifying considerable morbidity from pre-AIDS HIV infection.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Use of therapeutic and prophylactic drugs for AIDS by homosexual and bisexual men in three US cities.
- Author
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Holmberg SD, Conley LJ, Buchbinder SP, Judson FN, Bush TJ, Katz MH, Penley KA, and Hershow RC
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections prevention & control, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemiology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome prevention & control, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Bisexuality, Cohort Studies, HIV Seropositivity drug therapy, HIV Seropositivity epidemiology, Homosexuality, Humans, Male, Pentamidine pharmacology, Pentamidine therapeutic use, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis prevention & control, Prospective Studies, United States epidemiology, Zidovudine pharmacology, Zidovudine therapeutic use, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome drug therapy, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use
- Abstract
Objective: To determine the use of AIDS drugs and therapies by populations with relatively good access to health care., Design: Prospective cohort study, with interview and examination twice a year since 1988., Setting: Two public-health departments (San Francisco Department of Health and Denver Disease Control Service) and a private clinic (Howard Brown Memorial Clinic, Chicago)., Participants: HIV-seropositive homosexual and bisexual men in San Francisco (311 men), Denver (120 men) and Chicago (59 men)., Interventions: HIV counseling and testing at each visit., Main Outcome Measures: Time and duration of use of drugs used for AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) treatment and prophylaxis., Results: Zidovudine and pentamidine use increased from 1987 through 1989 in all three cities. In San Francisco in 1987, only 17 out of 110 (15%) HIV-seropositive men without AIDS reported taking zidovudine. By 1990, over 90% of AIDS patients and approximately 80% of HIV-seropositive men with low CD4+ cell counts (< 200 x 10(6)/l) had taken zidovudine; most men who by 1990 had never taken zidovudine (82%) or PCP prophylaxis (95%) had not been recommended these therapies because they did not have symptoms and their absolute CD4+ cell counts were > 200 x 10(6)/l. However, overall in the three cities, only 68% of the AIDS patients and 63% of the men with low CD4+ cell counts had taken zidovudine for more than 6 months by 1990. Most men who had stopped taking zidovudine (67%) did so because of toxicity; however, 64% of respondents gave reasons other than drug toxicity as a or the sole reason why they discontinued zidovudine., Conclusions: AIDS therapeutic and prophylactic drugs were increasingly (and appropriately) recommended to and accepted by these cohorts after 1987, but had limited consistent use because of toxicity, adverse side-effects, and several other less readily appreciated reasons. These data do not indicate that zidovudine use in San Francisco would mainly account for the observed slowing in the rate of increase of AIDS cases in homosexual and bisexual men in this city after 1987.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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17. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from a seronegative organ and tissue donor.
- Author
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Simonds RJ, Holmberg SD, Hurwitz RL, Coleman TR, Bottenfield S, Conley LJ, Kohlenberg SH, Castro KG, Dahan BA, and Schable CA
- Subjects
- Adult, Bone Transplantation adverse effects, Cells, Cultured, Corneal Transplantation adverse effects, HIV Antibodies analysis, Heart Transplantation adverse effects, Humans, Kidney Transplantation adverse effects, Liver Transplantation adverse effects, Lymphocytes microbiology, Male, United States, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome transmission, HIV Seropositivity, HIV-1 isolation & purification, Organ Transplantation adverse effects, Tissue Banks standards, Tissue Donors
- Abstract
Background: Since 1985, donors of organs or tissues for transplantation in the United States have been screened for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and more than 60,000 organs and 1 million tissues have been transplanted. We describe a case of transmission of HIV-1 by transplantation of organs and tissues procured between the time the donor became infected and the appearance of antibodies. The donor was a 22-year-old man who died 32 hours after a gunshot wound; he had no known risk factors for HIV-1 infection and was seronegative., Methods: We reviewed the processing and distribution of all the transplanted organs and tissues, reviewed the medical histories of the donor and HIV-1-infected recipients, tested stored donor lymphocytes for HIV-1 by viral culture and the polymerase chain reaction, and tested stored serum samples from four organ recipients for HIV-1 antigen and antibody., Results: HIV-1 was detected in cultured lymphocytes from the donor. Of 58 tissues and organs obtained from the donor, 52 could be accounted for by the hospitals that received them. Of the 48 identified recipients, 41 were tested for HIV-1 antibody. All four recipients of organs and all three recipients of unprocessed fresh-frozen bone were infected with HIV-1. However, 34 recipients of other tissues--2 receiving corneas, 3 receiving lyophilized soft tissue, 25 receiving ethanol-treated bone, 3 receiving dura mater treated with gamma radiation, and 1 receiving marrow-evacuated, fresh-frozen bone--tested negative for HIV-1 antibody. Despite immunosuppressive chemotherapy, HIV-1 antibody appeared between 26 and 54 days after transplantation in the three organ recipients who survived more than four weeks., Conclusions: Although rare, transmission of HIV-1 by seronegative organ and tissue donors can occur. Improvements in the methods used to screen donors for HIV-1, advances in techniques of virus inactivation, prompt reporting of HIV infection in recipients, and accurate accounting of distributed allografts would help to reduce further this already exceedingly low risk.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Health care workers with AIDS. National surveillance update.
- Author
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Chamberland ME, Conley LJ, Bush TJ, Ciesielski CA, Hammett TA, and Jaffe HW
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome transmission, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, United States epidemiology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemiology, Health Personnel statistics & numerical data, Occupational Exposure statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: To characterize health care workers with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States and to evaluate the role of occupational transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)., Data Source: National AIDS surveillance data., Methods: Health care workers with AIDS are reported to the Centers for Disease Control by state and local health departments. Health care workers who do not report a nonoccupational risk for HIV infection are termed undetermined risk cases and are investigated by health departments using a standard protocol., Results: Through June 30, 1990, there were 5425 cases of AIDS in health care workers reported in the United States. Three of these workers developed AIDS following well-documented occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood. Of the 539 health care workers initially reported without a nonoccupational risk, follow-up investigations were completed for 303. Nonoccupational risk factors were established for 237 (78.2%) of the 303 investigated health care workers; 66 workers (21.8%) remained in the undetermined category. Follow-up information was incomplete for 236 health care workers who also remained in the undetermined category, resulting in 5120 health care workers (94.4%) with AIDS with nonoccupational risks for HIV infection. Overall, health care workers were more likely than non-health care workers with AIDS to have an undetermined risk for HIV infection (5.6% vs 2.8%; P less than .001). While many of the 66 investigated health care workers had jobs involving contact with patients and/or potential contact with blood, none reported percutaneous, mucous membrane, or cutaneous exposures to blood or body fluids known to be infected with HIV., Conclusion: Surveillance data suggest that most health care workers with AIDS acquired their HIV infection through a nonoccupational route.
- Published
- 1991
19. Childbearing and childrearing practices in Mormonism.
- Author
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Conley LJ
- Subjects
- Abortion, Legal, Attitude, Child, Contraception, Cultural Characteristics, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Marriage ethnology, Nursing Care, Pregnancy, Sexual Behavior, Child Rearing ethnology, Christianity, Labor, Obstetric ethnology
- Published
- 1990
20. Illness vs. wellness--a choice.
- Author
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Conley LJ Jr
- Subjects
- Child, Curriculum, Humans, School Health Services, United States, Health Education
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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