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DATA FROM THE PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION PORTION OF THE CEEB ENGLISH COMPOSITION TEST (ECT) WERE CONVERTED TO THE ORIGINAL RANK-ORDER AND WERE THEN RESCORED BY THREE SYSTEMS USING SPEARMAN'S RHO TO DETERMINE WHICH METHOD YIELDED SCORES THAT CORRELATED BEST WITH TOTAL ESSAY SCORES. TWO OF THE METHODS INVESTIGATED, ONE IN WHICH THE NUMBER OF SCORES WAS MULTIPLIED BY THE RANK CORRELATION SQUARED, AND THE OTHER IN WHICH THE NUMBER OF SCORES WAS MULTIPLIED ONLY BY THE RANK CORRELATION, YIELDED CORRELATIONS SLIGHTLY BELOW THE ECT VALUE FOR THE REDUCED SAMPLE. THE THIRD METHOD, USING FISHER'S R-Z TRANSFORMATION AND COMPUTING NZ, YIELDED A CORRELATION WITH THE TOTAL ESSAY SCORE WHICH WAS SLIGHTLY HIGHER. THE IMMEDIATE CONCLUSION DRAWN WAS THAT UNDER THE BEST PREDICTIVE CONDITION, MULTIPLE REGRESSION WEIGHTINGS, THERE IS LITTLE OR NO DIFFERENCE AMONG THE SCORING PROCEDURES. USING TOTAL REARRANGEMENT SCORES TO PREDICT ESSAY SCORES, THE ORIGINAL SCORING IS SUPERIOR. IT WAS DEMONSTRATED, HOWEVER, THAT FACTORS OTHER THAN THE SCORING TECHNIQUES PER SE, INHERENT IN THE DATA AND TESTING CONDITIONS, COULD HAVE SEVERELY RESTRICTED THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THE TEST. (AUTHOR)

This article describes the combined clinical experience of a multidisciplinary group of professionals on the sleep disturbances of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) focusing on sleep hygiene interventions. Such practical and comprehensive information is not available in the literature. Severe, persistent sleep difficulties are frequently associated with this condition but few health professionals are familiar with both FASD and sleep disorders. The sleep promotion techniques used for typical children are less suitable for children with FASD who need individually designed interventions. The types, causes, and adverse effects of sleep disorders, the modification of environment, scheduling and preparation for sleep, and sleep health for their caregivers are discussed. It is our hope that parents and also researchers, who are interested in the sleep disorders of children with FASD, will benefit from this presentation and that this discussion will stimulate much needed evidence-based research.