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Many species can achieve high population densities in habitats with plentiful resources. Such habitats are interesting from ecological, behavioral, and conservational perspectives. In this study, we assessed the population density of the avian predator, the Little Owl (Athene noctua) in traditional human settlements surrounded by natural grasslands in the Hortobágy region (eastern Hungary). Recorded population densities were much higher than those previously described for this species in other surveyed areas of comparable size. With a total of 176 calling males counted on 6.58 km2, population density in the three towns we surveyed (33.3, 29.4, and 22.5 calling males/km2) exceeded 2–3 times the population densities reported from southern European areas with high Little Owl population densities. Moreover, these population densities were the highest reported for any owl species in Europe. In review of population densities reported for other species of owls across the world, we note the prominent role of the Athene genus (A. cunicularia, A. brama, and A. noctua in particular), whose population densities are matched only by some tropical forest owl species. Although Little Owls have suffered drastic population declines due to agricultural intensification in many areas across central and western Europe, some traditional human settlements still seem to provide high-quality breeding and foraging habitats; Little Owls represent an example of wildlife species thriving in some urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cliffs, all over the world, are often exceptionally rich in endemic, rare and endangered plant species. Historically, cliffs have been among the least human-disturbed habitats, but they now face increasing direct and indirect pressures. Human activities, such as recreational rock climbing, can lead to habitat deterioration or species loss, while the ongoing climate warming can also alter the characteristics of cliff habitats and their inhabitants. Despite their outstanding conservation value and the growing pressures they face, there is relatively little research on cliff ecosystems. Here, we aim to contextualize previous research and showcase contributions from this Special Issue entitled "Ecology, Evolution and Conservation of Cliff Flora". Articles in this issue address a great variety of perspectives in cliff research such as: evaluating the potential loss of unique genetic diversity in endangered and rare cliff plants; understanding past, present and future distribution patterns, population dynamics, and evolutionary processes in cliffs in the context of climate change; examining abiotic and biotic feedbacks and interactions occurring in these habitats; assessing the current conservation status of cliff flora at global scale, and exploring new pathways to study and monitor the diversity of cliff habitats. Our goal was to present a variety of examples of past and current research, highlight gaps, novel approaches, and future directions for basic and applied cliff ecology. In this context, we aim to help elucidate evolutionary and functional patterns and processes in this unique ecosystem, while also promoting the conservation of cliff habitats and their hosted organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After centuries of decline and protracted bottlenecks, the peninsular Italian wolf population has naturally recovered. However, an exhaustive comprehension of the effects of such a conservation success is still limited by the reduced availability of historical data. Therefore, in this study, we morphologically and genetically analyzed historical and contemporary wolf samples, also exploiting the optimization of an innovative bone DNA extraction method, to describe the morphological variability of the subspecies and its genetic diversity during the last 30 years. We obtained high amplification and genotyping success rates for tissue, blood and also petrous bone DNA samples. Multivariate, clustering and variability analyses confirmed that the Apennine wolf population is genetically and morphologically well-distinguishable from both European wolves and dogs, with no natural immigration from other populations, while its genetic variability has remained low across the last three decades, without significant changes between historical and contemporary specimens. This study highlights the scientific value of well-maintained museum collections, demonstrates that petrous bones represent reliable DNA sources, and emphasizes the need to genetically long-term monitor the dynamics of peculiar wolf populations to ensure appropriate conservation management actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Grey Goshawk is an endangered raptor occurring at low densities throughout its Tasmanian range. Nesting ecology and conservation requirements of the species are poorly understood. Thus, knowledge of nest site selection and breeding habitat preferences is needed to inform conservation management strategies. Here, we investigate nest site selection in a modified anthropogenic landscape in south-east Tasmania, Australia based on 75 active nest sites. Our logistic regression models show that nest site selection is influenced by a range of variables at the landscape, nest stand and nest site level, which likely relate to territoriality, food availability and forest structure. We also used environmental and disturbance-related variables to deliver a management-specific model, which indicated distance to track, dwelling and drainage lines were significant predictors of nest site selection. Our results can be used to improve conservation management and planning strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct exploitation and wildlife trade pose significant threats to global biodiversity, particularly impacting reptiles, such as tortoises, which are highly vulnerable. Moreover, the releases of captive-held animals into the wild can lead to potential negative consequences, including genetic introgression, disease transmission, and parasite spread. Therefore, diagnostic assessments are essential to evaluate the impact of release practices. In this study, we analyzed the shell morphology of Testudo graeca tortoises to assess the effectiveness of morphological analysis in identifying captive-introduced tortoises and quantifying tortoise releases in SE Spain. Despite being illegal, the cultural tradition of keeping and breeding tortoises at home persists in this region. Principal component analyses identified significant morphological differences between captive and wild tortoises. Captive tortoises generally exhibited larger shell sizes and greater morphological variability compared to wild tortoises. Accordingly, linear discriminant analyses accurately identified approximately 99% of wild tortoises, but the identification of captive tortoises was only 50% accurate because some captive tortoises show shell morphologies identical to wild ones. These results likely reflect the diverse origins and growth conditions of captive tortoises. Although this is likely an underestimation, our approach classified 7% of 125 wildlife tortoises across 13 natural sites such as captive-introduced tortoises. These findings highlight the potential impact of tortoise releases in wild populations and underscore the value of morphological analyses as an initial tool for diagnosing such impacts. Furthermore, integrating genetic and isotopic methods could further enhance the precision of these assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liparis loeselii is a rare and declining orchid species restricted to rich fens in the Northern Hemisphere. Habitat destruction, eutrophication, drainage and scrub encroachment have been suggested as reasons for the decline. However, which factors are most important is not well understood. Based on vegetation and environmental properties from extant, potential and historical L. loeselii sites, we 1) developed habitat suitability models from either Ellenberg Indicator Values, which were derived from known habitat preferences of co‐occurring plant species, or field‐measured environmental properties, and 2) identified the primary reasons for the observed decline of L. loeselii. We found nutrient status to be the most important predictor for L. loeselii occurrence, followed by hydrology proxies (Ellenberg reaction and Ellenberg moisture). Vegetation height and Ellenberg light were of minor importance. Effect partitioning based on sites, from which L. loeselii has gone locally extinct, pinpointed eutrophication and drainage to be the most likely primary drivers of the species' demise. Phosphorus limitation induced by discharge of calcium‐rich groundwater seems to be crucial for L. loeselii to sustain populations in landscapes dominated by intensive agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cliffs, all over the world, are often exceptionally rich in endemic, rare and endangered plant species. Historically, cliffs have been among the least human-disturbed habitats, but they now face increasing direct and indirect pressures. Human activities, such as recreational rock climbing, can lead to habitat deterioration or species loss, while the ongoing climate warming can also alter the characteristics of cliff habitats and their inhabitants. Despite their outstanding conservation value and the growing pressures they face, there is relatively little research on cliff ecosystems. Here, we aim to contextualize previous research and showcase contributions from this Special Issue entitled “Ecology, Evolution and Conservation of Cliff Flora”. Articles in this issue address a great variety of perspectives in cliff research such as: evaluating the potential loss of unique genetic diversity in endangered and rare cliff plants; understanding past, present and future distribution patterns, population dynamics, and evolutionary processes in cliffs in the context of climate change; examining abiotic and biotic feedbacks and interactions occurring in these habitats; assessing the current conservation status of cliff flora at global scale, and exploring new pathways to study and monitor the diversity of cliff habitats. Our goal was to present a variety of examples of past and current research, highlight gaps, novel approaches, and future directions for basic and applied cliff ecology. In this context, we aim to help elucidate evolutionary and functional patterns and processes in this unique ecosystem, while also promoting the conservation of cliff habitats and their hosted organisms.

Understanding the state of the swamp buffalo population in Calayan Island is important to strengthen the conservation and management program in the country. This study aimed to provide insights into the morphology, population structure, and health profile of the swamp buffaloes on the island. In total, 35 fresh blood samples were analyzed using 27 polymorphic microsatellite markers to determine the population structure analysis. Data were gathered for the morphological features of Calayan swamp buffaloes and served as the baseline information for the descriptive traits. Furthermore, samples were tested for surra and brucellosis using PCR and serological tests, respectively. The results showed that Calayan swamp buffaloes were morphologically bigger, except for body length, compared with other populations. A genotype analysis using microsatellite markers showed remarkable discriminatory power to distinguish distinct populations within the tested population, and could discriminate subspecies of swamp and river types plus crossbreds. The study also reports the first incidence of surra and brucellosis on the island. Overall, the new insights provided on the newly detected Philippine carabao lineage in Calayan Island would be highly recommended for the ex situ conservation and animal health control strategy. The conservation strategy would encompass collecting, cryopreserving, and storing viable germplasms from local swamp buffalo on Calayan Island.

Abstract Waterbird population and species diversity maintenance are important outcomes of wetland conservation management, but knowledge gaps regarding waterbird movements affect our ability to understand and predict waterbird responses to management at appropriate scales. Movement tracking using satellite telemetry is now allowing us to fill these knowledge gaps for highly mobile waterbirds at continental scales, including in remote areas for which data have been historically difficult to acquire. We used GPS satellite telemetry to track the movements of 122 individuals of three species of ibis and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae) in Australia from 2016 to 2023. We analysed movement distances, residency periods and areas, and foraging-site fidelity. From this we derived implications for water and wetland management for waterbird conservation. This is the first multi-year movement tracking data for ibis and spoonbills in Australia, with some individuals tracked continuously for more than five years including from natal site to first breeding attempt. Tracking revealed both inter- and intra-specific variability in movement strategies, including residency, nomadism, and migration, with individuals switching between these behaviours. During periods of residency, areas used and distances travelled to forage were highly variable and differed significantly between species. Sixty-five percent of identified residency areas were not associated with wetlands formally listed nationally or internationally as important. Tracking the movements of waterbirds provides context for coordinated allocation of management resources, such as provision of environmental water at appropriate places and times for maximum conservation benefit. This study highlights the geographic scales over which these birds function and shows how variable waterbird movements are. This illustrates the need to consider the full life cycle of these birds when making management decisions and evaluating management impacts. Increased knowledge of the spatio-temporal interactions of waterbirds with their resource needs over complete life cycles will continue to be essential for informing management aimed at increasing waterbird numbers and maintaining long-term diversity.

ABSTRACT Aim Location Methods Results Main Conclusions Effective strategies to mitigate threats are crucial to ensure the persistence of biodiversity. In contrast to the decades of research on threatened species in Australia, threatened ecological communities (TECs) have historically received less attention. In particular, there is no synthesis of the threats impacting ecological communities, limiting our ability to coordinate and prioritise management towards recovery. In this study, we aimed to: (1) compile and summarise the threats to Australian TECs to identify the most prevalent causes of decline and (2) identify common management strategies for TEC recovery.Australia.We conducted a content analysis to extract and categorise data on threats for 103 TECs to develop the first national threats database along with a standardised classification scheme. We summarised the broad and specific threats impacting TECs and translated recovery needs of TECs into threat abatement strategies.Most Australian TECs are threatened by multiple and diverse threats (an average of 14.4 threats per TEC). These spanned 49 threats (e.g., nutrient loads), categorised into eight broad‐level threats (e.g., pollution). The most prevalent broad‐level threats are ‘Invasive species and disease’ and ‘Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation’, each impacting at least 98% of TECs. Almost all TECs would benefit from threat mitigation strategies such as habitat restoration, invasive weed management and ecological fire regime management.Overall, the threats database we developed can be used to inform conservation planning and effective threat abatement strategies tailored to the recovery of TECs at local, regional and national scales. It will also facilitate integrated analyses of threats and conservation actions between TECs and threatened species to increase management efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic vulnerability is a measure of how much evolutionary change is required for a population to maintain optimal genotype‐environment associations under projected climates. Aquatic species, and in particular migratory ectotherms, are largely underrepresented in studies of genomic vulnerability. Such species might be well equipped for tracking suitable habitat and spreading diversity that could promote adaptation to future climates. We characterised range‐wide genomic diversity and genomic vulnerability in the migratory and fisheries‐important golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) from Australia's expansive Murray–Darling Basin (MDB). The MDB has a steep hydroclimatic gradient and is one of the world's most variable regions in terms of climate and streamflow. Golden perch are threatened by fragmentation and obstruction of waterways, alteration of flow regimes, and a progressively hotter and drying climate. We gathered a genomic dataset of 1049 individuals from 186 MDB localities. Despite high range‐wide gene flow, golden perch in the warmer, northern catchments had higher predicted vulnerability than those in the cooler, southern catchments. A new cross‐validation approach showed that these predictions were insensitive to the exclusion of individual catchments. The results raise concern for populations at warm range edges, which may already be close to their thermal limits. However, a population with functional variants beneficial for climate adaptation found in the most arid and hydrologically variable catchment was predicted to be less vulnerable. Native fish management plans, such as captive breeding and stocking, should consider spatial variation in genomic vulnerability to improve conservation outcomes under climate change, even for dispersive species with high connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnaby's cockatoos (Zanda latirostris) are an endangered species that has experienced major loss of habitat over the past century. Proponents seeking land clearing approval that may impact Carnaby's cockatoos need to provide detailed habitat assessment. However, the current forage species list is outdated and generally restricted to the Swan Coastal Plain rather than the Carnaby's full distribution range. This study provides an updated forage list, including the Swan Coastal Plain and much of the Carnaby's breeding and non-breeding areas outside this region. Carnaby's cockatoos were captured and satellite tagged, at five breeding sites in the wheatbelt and Great Southern areas in Western Australia (between 2017 and 2022). Spatial data collected from the tags facilitated the identification of forage plants used by Carnaby's cockatoos. A total of 44 'new' native plant species were identified as Carnaby's cockatoo forage species, including five genera that have not previously been recorded. The updated forage list will inform proponents and regulators on the potential use of habitat patches by Carnaby's cockatoos, aiding the referral process and enabling the protection and conservation of important and diminishing habitat resources. This paper provides an updated forage list for the endangered Carnaby's cockatoo (Zanda latirostris). Proponents seeking land clearing approval that may impact Carnaby's cockatoos must provide detailed habitat assessment, however, the current forage species list is outdated. This updated list will inform proponents and regulators, aiding the referral process and the potential protection and conservation of important and diminishing habitat resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, hammerhead sharks have experienced severe declines owing to continued overexploitation and anthropogenic change. The smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena remains understudied compared to other members of the family Sphyrnidae. Despite its vulnerable status, a comprehensive understanding of its genetic landscape remains lacking in many regions worldwide. The present study aimed to conduct a fine‐scale genomic assessment of Sphyrna zygaena within the highly dynamic marine environment of South Africa's coastline, using thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (3RAD). A combination of differentiation‐based outlier detection methods and genotype‐environment association (GEA) analysis was employed in Sphyrna zygaena. Subsequent assessments of putatively adaptive loci revealed a distinctive south to east genetic cline. Among these, notable correlations between adaptive variation and sea‐surface dissolved oxygen and salinity were evident. Conversely, analysis of 111,243 neutral SNP markers revealed a lack of regional population differentiation, a finding that remained consistent across various analytical approaches. These results provide evidence for the presence of differential selection pressures within a limited spatial range, despite high gene flow implied by the selectively neutral dataset. This study offers notable insights regarding the potential impacts of genomic variation in response to fluctuating environmental conditions in the circumglobally distributed Sphyrna zygaena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fire‐prone regions, the occurrence of some faunal species is contingent on the presence of resources that arise through post‐fire plant succession. Through planned burning, managers can alter resource availability and aim to provide the conditions required to promote biodiversity. Understanding how species occurrence changes at different spatial and temporal scales after fire is essential to achieve this goal. However, many fire prescriptions are guided primarily by the responses of fire‐sensitive plants when setting tolerable fire intervals. This approach assumes that maintaining floristic diversity will satisfy the requirements of fauna. We surveyed bird species in two semi‐arid vegetation types across an environmental gradient in south‐eastern Australia. We conducted four surveys at each of 253 sites across a 75‐year chronosequence of time since fire and used generalized additive mixed models to examine changes in the occurrence of birds in response to time since fire. Model predictions were compared to plant‐derived fire prescriptions currently guiding fire management in the region. Time since fire was a significant predictor for 18 of 28 species modeled, in at least one vegetation type, over a gradient of 1.3° of latitude. We detected considerable variation in the responses of some species, both between vegetation types and geographically within a vegetation type. Our evaluation of plant‐derived fire prescriptions suggests that the intervals considered acceptable for maintaining floristic diversity may not be sustainable for populations of birds requiring longer unburnt vegetation, with 6 of the 12 species assessed attaining a mean occurrence probability of 20.3% by the minimum tolerable fire interval, and 57.3% by the maximum tolerable fire interval, in their respective vegetation types. Our findings highlight the potential vulnerability of fire‐responsive bird species if fire prescriptions are applied in a manner that fails to account for the slow development of habitat resources needed by some species, and the variation detected within the responses of species. This highlights the need for species‐specific data collected at an appropriate spatial scale to inform management plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Information on the population of swamp buffalo in Calayan Island is necessary for useful conservation management programs within the country. The objective of this study was to better characterize the size, structure, and health statuses of these buffaloes. In comparison to other buffalo populations, Calayan swamp buffaloes are generally larger, except in body length, as indicated by the results. Using the optimized genetic markers, the study was able to identify the population structure and to differentiate between the swamp and river subspecies, as well as their crossbreds. The current study also included the first reports of surra and brucellosis as emerging diseases on the island. The results indicate the conservation and health-management potential of these buffaloes. It would be advisable to gather and conserve genetic materials from live specimens of the swamp buffalo population on Calayan Island. Understanding the state of the swamp buffalo population in Calayan Island is important to strengthen the conservation and management program in the country. This study aimed to provide insights into the morphology, population structure, and health profile of the swamp buffaloes on the island. In total, 35 fresh blood samples were analyzed using 27 polymorphic microsatellite markers to determine the population structure analysis. Data were gathered for the morphological features of Calayan swamp buffaloes and served as the baseline information for the descriptive traits. Furthermore, samples were tested for surra and brucellosis using PCR and serological tests, respectively. The results showed that Calayan swamp buffaloes were morphologically bigger, except for body length, compared with other populations. A genotype analysis using microsatellite markers showed remarkable discriminatory power to distinguish distinct populations within the tested population, and could discriminate subspecies of swamp and river types plus crossbreds. The study also reports the first incidence of surra and brucellosis on the island. Overall, the new insights provided on the newly detected Philippine carabao lineage in Calayan Island would be highly recommended for the ex situ conservation and animal health control strategy. The conservation strategy would encompass collecting, cryopreserving, and storing viable germplasms from local swamp buffalo on Calayan Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of the nationally critical ground beetles, Holcaspis abdita and H. bidentella on the Simons Pass and Pukaki River Tekapo River Confluence Dryland Recovery Conservation Areas was confirmed and the habitat described. Pitfall trap surveys collected 63 specimens from most sites within the conservation areas, but predominantly on the Pukaki Flats where the habitat was degraded, indigenous herb field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterbird population and species diversity maintenance are important outcomes of wetland conservation management, but knowledge gaps regarding waterbird movements affect our ability to understand and predict waterbird responses to management at appropriate scales. Movement tracking using satellite telemetry is now allowing us to fill these knowledge gaps for highly mobile waterbirds at continental scales, including in remote areas for which data have been historically difficult to acquire. We used GPS satellite telemetry to track the movements of 122 individuals of three species of ibis and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae) in Australia from 2016 to 2023. We analysed movement distances, residency periods and areas, and foraging-site fidelity. From this we derived implications for water and wetland management for waterbird conservation. This is the first multi-year movement tracking data for ibis and spoonbills in Australia, with some individuals tracked continuously for more than five years including from natal site to first breeding attempt. Tracking revealed both inter- and intra-specific variability in movement strategies, including residency, nomadism, and migration, with individuals switching between these behaviours. During periods of residency, areas used and distances travelled to forage were highly variable and differed significantly between species. Sixty-five percent of identified residency areas were not associated with wetlands formally listed nationally or internationally as important. Tracking the movements of waterbirds provides context for coordinated allocation of management resources, such as provision of environmental water at appropriate places and times for maximum conservation benefit. This study highlights the geographic scales over which these birds function and shows how variable waterbird movements are. This illustrates the need to consider the full life cycle of these birds when making management decisions and evaluating management impacts. Increased knowledge of the spatio-temporal interactions of waterbirds with their resource needs over complete life cycles will continue to be essential for informing management aimed at increasing waterbird numbers and maintaining long-term diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this selection of papers is the linkage of habitat and population dynamics for the purpose of conservation. We thus provide a general framework for making conservation decisions, emphasizing how knowledge of habitat–population linkages fits into this framework. We begin by describing structured decision-making (SDM) as a general approach to making conservation decisions. SDM requires the development of the following elements: objectives, actions, model(s), monitoring, and decision algorithm. We then describe adaptive resource management (ARM), a specific type of SDM developed for recurrent decisions characterized by potentially resolvable uncertainty. Many different classes of actions can be used to influence animal population dynamics, and modification of habitat is one class of action that is frequently used. Habitat management requires models for predicting responses of the managed system to management actions, and these models are based on our knowledge of habitat–population linkages. Frequently, these models are decomposed into two submodels: one used to predict habitat changes expected to result from management actions and another used to predict population responses to habitat changes. This latter modeling focuses generally on the influence of habitat change on vital rates governing the dynamics of population state variables (variables such as population size or density that describe the status or health of a population). Specific recommendations depend on 1) the vital rates and state variable(s) being considered, 2) the relative spatial scales of animal movement and habitat measurement, and 3) the relative temporal scales of habitat change and vital rate estimation. Finally, we present an example of an ARM program for habitat management, highlighting the role of habitat-linked population modeling in this effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: To survive climate change and habitat loss, plants must rely on phenotypic changes in response to the environment, local adaptation, or migration. Understanding the drivers of intraspecific variation is critical to anticipate how plant species will respond to climate change and to inform conservation decisions. Here we explored the extent of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in Heteromeles arbutifolia, toyon, a species endemic to the California Floristic Province. Methods: We collected leaves from 286 individuals across toyon's range and used seeds from 37 individuals to establish experimental gardens in the northern and southern parts of toyon's range. We measured leaf functional traits of the wild‐collected leaves and functional and fitness traits of the offspring grown in the experimental gardens. We then investigated the relationships between traits and source environment. Results: Most traits we investigated responded plastically to the environment, and some traits in young seedlings were influenced by maternal effects. We found strong evidence that variation in leaf margins is a result of local adaptation to variation in temperature and temperature range. However, the source environment was not related to fitness traits or survival in the experimental gardens. Conclusions: Our findings reiterate the adaptive role of toothed leaf margins in colder and more seasonally variable environments. Additionally, we provide evidence that fitness of toyon is not dependent on where they are sourced, and thus toyon can be sourced across its range for restoration purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cliff ecosystems provide refuge to 35%–66% of the world's endemic plants. However, they face growing threats from sport climbing. Evidence suggests that unclimbed cliffs harbour approximately twice the plant richness compared with climbed cliffs, with increasing impact as climbing intensity increases. Unfortunately, it remains unknown whether the climbing impact on cliff vegetation originates from the development (opening) of climbing routes or from temporal changes resulting from subsequent climbing.We recorded cliff vascular plants and lichens at the protected natural area of El Potrero Chico (Mexico) before and after the development of new climbing routes. Subsequently, we re‐recorded the routes at sequential timepoints after 10, 20, and 30 ascents. Additionally, we examined whether the abundance of cliff vegetation influences the extent of climbing impact and whether the surroundings of the routes were also affected.We found that the opening of climbing routes exerted the strongest negative effects on cliff plants, reducing species richness by 38%, while subsequent ascents generated a minimal impact. Worryingly, route opening affected not only species richness in the route itself but also the surroundings of the routes. After 30 ascents, cliff plant abundance decreased by 60.6% within the bolted routes, whereas it decreased by 42.3% in the surroundings. However, this impact depended on the original cliff vegetation abundance. Lichen cover showed a gradual decrease, indicating that cliff‐dwelling lichens are affected not only by the opening of the route but also by subsequent ascents.Synthesis and applications: Given the almost non‐existent regulation of outdoor climbing activities in most countries, we urge the implementation of a conservation management protocol that defines clear strategies to regulate climbing activities and preserve pristine cliffs. On yet unclimbed cliffs with narrow endemic, rare, or threatened species, we propose banning the establishment of new climbing areas. On climbed cliffs lacking protected species, dynamic management actions should be implemented, such as setting a maximum number of routes that can be established and defining limits of acceptable change as climbing intensity increases. The proposed conservation management should help to halt the loss of unique cliff biodiversity and safeguard pristine cliff ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate information on species range contraction is the cornerstone of effective biodiversity conservation. The eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi) is an apex predator in Florida and, similar to many species native to Florida, is threatened by widespread habitat destruction. Environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) monitoring of this elusive snake would provide a non‐invasive approach to improve our knowledge of the species' range and distribution. We designed and tested an eDNA assay that can detect the presence of D. couperi from soil samples from their natural scrub habitat in Florida. We validated our assay in silico, in vitro, and in situ. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of temperature and humidity on the degradation rate of eDNA over time. We successfully amplified the cytochrome b gene for D. couperi at concentrations as low as 3 × 10−3 ng/μL and successfully detected the presence of D. couperi in 2 of 30 in situ field soil samples. The degradation experiment resulted in detectable DNA for 10 days. Interestingly, temperature and humidity had no effect on the degradation rate of eDNA in our experimental conditions. This study provides support for soil eDNA applications to detect the presence of a federally threatened species in their natural environment bolstering our ability to monitor the conservation and management of imperiled species. Environmental DNA provides an additional conservation tool to quickly and effectively monitor species range shifts driven by multiple anthropogenic stressors to promote the persistence of imperiled species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Nomadic waterbirds are highly mobile across a range of spatial and temporal scales, which makes it difficult to monitor, quantify, and predict their habitat use with traditional methods, especially between breeding events when individuals and flocks can move over vast areas. Objectives: This study aimed to provide accurate information on habitat use to improve strategic conservation management of these species, particularly the provisioning of environmental water. Methods: To overcome the challenges of distance and remoteness, we analysed a 7-year GPS satellite telemetry dataset from 141 individuals. We quantified habitat selection post-dispersal from breeding sites, and predicted habitat preference for two wading waterbird species of the Threskiornithidae family that frequently nest together at the same sites: straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) and royal spoonbill (Platalea regia). Results: Both long-term and short-term landscape-scale habitat associations differed between species. Royal spoonbills used fewer and more restricted habitat types than straw-necked ibis. Spoonbills displayed strong preferences for reservoirs, marshes and permanent wetlands, while ibis used both aquatic and terrestrial habitat, including areas of intensive animal production, modified pasture, and woodlands. Analysis of nocturnal versus diurnal space use showed that roosting and foraging habitat requirements for both species are distinct. Conclusions: Analysing over 1 million telemetry points revealed species-level variability in habitat use, informing resource allocation for environmental water management. Royal spoonbills are more vulnerable to habitat change due to water regime alterations, highlighting the need for focused conservation management. Differences in day and night habitat use indicate the necessity of considering roosting habitats alongside foraging habitats for effective conservation. This comprehensive understanding of waterbirds' spatiotemporal interactions with their environment is crucial for long-term management aimed at increasing waterbird numbers and maintaining diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Predation by feral cats continues to place substantial pressure on native Australian wildlife, contributing to significant population declines and localised extirpations of susceptible species. In Western Australia (WA), the registration of the poison bait Eradicat® provides a tool to help manage these introduced predators, but only in areas where the risk to non-target species is considered acceptable. The red-tailed phascogale (Phascogale calura), a small carnivorous marsupial now restricted to vegetation remnants in the highly fragmented agricultural zone of south-western WA (i.e. the Wheatbelt), is one species that may be vulnerable to lethal ingestion. Aim: To investigate the impact of repeated Eradicat® baiting, to control feral cats, on the activity levels of the red-tailed phascogale, focusing on populations in two Wheatbelt conservation reserves. Methods: We established a novel approach to monitoring red-tailed phascogales by using tree-mounted camera trap arrays in an area with feral cat management using ground-delivered Eradicat® baits, and two control zones with no feral cat management. We examined changes in activity levels (detection rate and occupancy) based on camera trap detections, before and after Eradicat® application, across two autumn and two spring baiting events. We also investigated non-target bait uptake using camera traps. Key results: Although a small number of baits (7/60) was removed by red-tailed phascogales from the field of view of a camera, our results showed no overall impact of Eradicat® on their activity levels within the study area. Tree-mounted camera traps proved to be highly effective and efficient at detecting red-tailed phascogales. To maximise camera detections, the optimal time for monitoring red-tailed phascogales is during autumn, prior to male die-off. Conclusions: Our results suggested that the risk posed to red-tailed phascogale populations from the repeated use of Eradicat® baits is likely to be low. Implications: Integrating the application of Eradicat® to control feral cats with existing fox control in conservation reserves that support populations of red-tailed phascogales is likely to pose minimal risk to the species. Predation by feral cats threatens native Australian wildlife, yet effectively mitigating this threat remains challenging. The poison bait Eradicat® provides one tool to help control feral cats, but only in areas where the risk to non-target species is considered acceptable. Our study suggests the risk posed to red-tailed phascogale populations from repeated use of Eradicat® is likely to be low, providing assurance to conservation managers intending on integrating this bait with fox control in areas where this species occurs. Image by Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (captured by camera trap). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many mountain woodlands across the globe have undergone anthropogenic degradation with negative implications for the ecological and socioeconomic systems dependent on them. Montane willows are arctic‐alpine species of high nature conservation concern within the altitudinal treeline. Scotland has been pioneering the restoration of montane willow scrub for three decades following widespread loss linked particularly to overgrazing by sheep and deer since the eighteenth century. In the 1990s, the total area of montane willows throughout the country was less than 10 ha, with most remaining populations highly fragmented, in rapid decline, and restricted to inaccessible cliffs. Subsequently, montane willow scrub restoration has been part of an overall 2659 ha area managed for the recovery of mountain woodlands in Scotland. By May 2023, 396,868 montane willows were planted in projects encompassing large‐scale habitat creation, relict population reinforcement by genetic rescue, fencing, and landscape‐scale management for low‐density deer populations. This review summarizes restoration methods and outcomes with case study examples to promote conservation evidence and research on plant growth and survival, planting sites, associated biodiversity, molecular ecology, genomics, and long‐term population sustainability. With the potential for montane scrub restoration to be widely expanded, improved connectivity to revive a treeline mosaic shaped by regeneration will tackle biodiversity loss and help mitigate climate change impacts on a national scale. However, caution must be applied to creating definitions of distinct habitats for restoration that are based on non‐natural or ecologically degraded systems. These experiences are particularly relevant to montane and circumpolar regions with strongly modified landscape histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. The protection of threatened species in fenced safe havens has become a vital component of conservation management in Australia. However, despite their success, fenced safe havens face several ecological and economic constraints. There is a need to explore additional approaches to restore species beyond the fence. Aims. To explore naturally occurring mesas as potential 'sky-island safe havens', created by natural barriers in elevation and relief, which may restrict the movement of introduced predators and other mammals. Methods. We examined species occurrences at a mesa site (Mt. Talaterang in south-east NSW, Australia) as well as a nearby lower-lying site (Little Forest Plateau). We then provide a geospatial analysis of other mesas in NSW to investigate the number of potential sky-island safe havens in the state. Key results. Species assemblages differed between the two sites, with red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), dingoes/domestic dogs (Canis dingo/familiaris), and European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) absent from the mesa site, while Antechinus spp. were not detected from the lower-lying site. Feral cats (Felis catus) occurred at significantly lower densities on the mesa site compared to the lower-lying site. In NSW, we identified 91 other mesas of =10 ha with similar topology as Mt. Talaterang. Conclusions. Although differences in species assemblages are expected between different habitats, the absence of red foxes and lower number of feral cat detections at the mesa site suggest the need to further explore the potential for mesas in conservation initiatives. Implications. Our findings introduce a supplementary conservation strategy that could augment existing fenced safe haven approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are the major pollination vectors for angiosperms, and insects native to a given habitat can play an irreplaceable ecological role in food webs and plant reproduction. With precipitous declines in insect species over the last decades, it is urgent to document insect assemblages in native plant communities to support conservation efforts. Identifying pollinators and their pollination activity is challenging; however, emerging technological methods are providing new monitoring capabilities. In this study, we compare the accuracy of two different methods of monitoring to assess the flower‐visiting insect assemblage and likely pollinators of Encinitas baccharis (Baccharis vanessae): focal observations and video recordings from camera traps. B. vanessae is a rare, endemic species found in Coastal Sage Scrub communities in San Diego County. This federally listed species is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, which may also be affecting the availability of its insect pollinators. Results indicate that B. vanessae supports and is supported by a variety of flower‐visiting insect groups. The diversity of insect visitors at male and female plants were similar across all diversity measurements. The insect vectors identified were as expected given B. vanessae pollination syndrome. This syndrome also aligns with wind as a pollination vector, providing evidence of ambophily. While focal observations underreported insect activity by approximately half, the proportions of common diurnal visitors were similar with both methods. Camera traps were unable to provide sufficient detail to discern visually similar groups, but were able to record nocturnal insect activity, which was dominated by moths (Lepidoptera, 82%). While collection protocol in this study did not record the time an insect spent interacting with a flower, we anecdotally observed moths spent notably longer periods in contact with flowers than most diurnal insects. This study has implications for effective monitoring and conservation of endangered plant species and their affiliated pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saline wetlands usually suffer degradation processes, so their exploitation requires planning to achieve the conservation of their resources. Our objective was to determine the forage capacity of a degraded saline wetland in the east central province of San Luis, Argentina, called "Bajo Las Saladas". Five different vegetation physiognomic types were recognized across three landscape units and their vegetation characteristics and aerial biomass were determined. In those areas, species with forage value were: Atriplex lampa and Atriplex undulata (Amaranthaceae), Sporobolus phleoides, Pappophorum caespitosum and Distichlis spicata (Poaceae). Other Amaranthaceae, Sarcocornia neei, was a forage of low value. Considering the total forage production, its use factor, and the foraging habits of a breeding cow, we estimated a forage offer able to sustain 11.5 breeding cows 100 ha−1. The grazing of this saline wetland, carrying out forage management taking into account the limitations of the area, could be an attractive economic alternative minimizing the present wetland deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding species' critical habitat requirements is crucial for effective conservation and management. However, such information can be challenging to obtain, particularly for highly mobile, wide-ranging species such as cetaceans. In the absence of systematic surveys, alternative economically viable methods are needed, such as the use of data collected from platforms of opportunity, and modelling techniques to predict species distribution in un-surveyed areas. The present study used data collected by ecotourism and other vessels of opportunity to investigate important habitats of a small, poorly studied population of bottlenose dolphins in Port Phillip Bay, south-eastern Australia. Using 16 years of dolphin sighting location data, an ensemble habitat suitability model was built from which physical factors influencing dolphin distribution were identified. Results indicated that important habitats were those areas close to shipping channels and coastlines with these factors primarily influencing the variation in the likelihood of dolphin presence. The relatively good performance of the ensemble model suggests that simple presence-background data may be sufficient for predicting the species distribution where sighting data are limited. However, additional data from the center of Port Phillip Bay is required to further support this contention. Important habitat features identified in the study are likely to relate to favorable foraging conditions for dolphins as they are known to provide feeding, breeding, and spawning habitat for a diverse range of fish and cephalopod prey species. The results of the present study highlight the importance of affordable community-based data collection, such as ecotourism vessels, for obtaining information critical for effective management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. The Endangered night parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) is one of the rarest birds in Australia, with fewer than 20 known to occur in Queensland and, prior to 2020, only occasional detections from a handful of sites in Western Australia (WA). Here, we provide an introduction to night parrots on the Ngururrpa Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) in WA from the perspectives of both Indigenous rangers and scientists working together to understand their ecology. Aims. We aimed to identify night parrot sites on the Ngururrpa IPA, compare habitat and likely threats with those in Queensland and identify appropriate management practices. Methods. Between 2020 and 2023, we used songmeters (a type of acoustic recorder) to survey for the presence of night parrots at 31 sites (>2 km apart). At sites where parrots were detected, we used camera-traps to survey predators and collected predator scats for dietary analysis. Forty years of Landsat images were examined to assess the threat of fire to roosting habitat. Key results. Night parrots were detected at 17 of the 31 sites surveyed on the Ngururrpa IPA. Positive detections were within an area that spanned 160 km from north to south and 90 km from east to west. Ten roosting areas were identified, and these occurred in habitat supporting the same species of spinifex (lanu lanu or bull spinifex, Triodia longiceps) used for roosting in Queensland. However, the surrounding landscapes differ in their vegetation types and inherent flammability, indicating that fire is likely to be a more significant threat to night parrots in the Great Sandy Desert than in Queensland. Dingoes (Canis dingo) were the predator species detected most frequently in night parrot roosting habitat and the feral cat was found to be a staple prey for dingoes at night parrot sites. Conclusions. Our surveys indicated that there could be at least 50 night parrots on the Ngururrpa IPA, which is the largest known population in the world. Fire is a key threat to roosting habitat, occurring in the surrounding sandplain country every 6–10 years. Dingoes are common in night parrot habitat and regularly eat feral cats, which are only occasionally detected in roosting habitat. Implications. We recommend management that focuses on strategic burning to reduce fuel loads in the surrounding landscape, and limiting predator control to methods that do not harm dingoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential increase in the availability of genomic data, derived from sequencing thousands of loci or whole genomes, provides exciting new insights into the diversity of life. However, it can also challenge established species concepts and existing management regimes derived from these concepts. Genomic data can help inform decisions about how to manage genetic diversity, but policies that protect identified taxonomic entities can generate conflicting recommendations that create challenges for practitioners. We outline three dimensions of management concern that arise when facing new and potentially conflicting interpretations of genomic data: defining conservation entities, deciding how to manage diversity, and evaluating the risks and benefits of management actions. We highlight the often-underappreciated role of values in influencing management choices made by individuals, scientists, practitioners, the public, and other stakeholders. Such values influence choices through mechanisms such as the Rashomon effect, whereby management decisions are complicated by conflicting perceptions of the causes and consequences of the conservation problem. To illustrate how this might operate, we offer a hypothetical example of this effect for the interpretation of genomic data and its implications for conservation management. Such value-based decisions can be challenged by the rigidity of existing management regimes, making it difficult to achieve the necessary flexibility to match the changing biological understanding. We finish by recommending that both conservation geneticists and practitioners reflect on their respective values, responsibilities, and roles in building a more robust system of species management. This includes embracing the inclusion of stakeholders in decision-making because, as in many cases, there are not objectively defensible right or wrong decisions.

Abstract Despite their relevance for anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity, synergistic effects are rarely considered in conservation science or management. However, the implementation of single agri‐environment measures may limit their potential benefits for biodiversity since species often require a multitude of complementary key resources, particularly in homogeneous and structurally poor landscapes. To advance conservation management, we studied whether hedgerows promote benefits of sown wildflower fields for insectivorous bats in temperate agro‐ecosystems. At 12 study sites, we simultaneously monitored bat activity and insect abundances from early to late summer at paired locations, that is, the ecotone of a sown wildflower field bordering a hedgerow and an open boundary of the same wildflower field. Particularly in early and mid‐summer, we found distinct preferences of bats for the ecotone of wildflower field and hedgerow. Yet, independent of the season, neither insects nor specifically moths showed a significant preference for the ecotone. Finally, both bat activity as well as insect abundances shifted towards the ecotone when distance to the nearest forest patch was high. We showed that synergies of hedgerows and wildflower fields promote benefits of the latter for both edge‐ and open‐space foraging bats, particularly in homogeneous and structurally poor agricultural landscapes. Therefore, successful conservation management should take advantage of synergies between complementary conservation measures at the local patch scale and at the same time, account for landscape composition and configuration.

Coastal wetlands in San Diego County have experienced a significant decline in their extent over the past century due to erosion, sea-level rise, and development. Understanding the historical and current conditions of these wetlands is essential for effective management and restoration efforts. Furthermore, assessing the economic value of the ecosystem services provided by these wetlands is crucial for making informed decisions regarding their conservation and restoration. This paper presents a detailed valuation of two ecosystem services provided by San Diego County wetlands: nursery habitats for California halibut and carbon sequestration through blue carbon ecosystems. The valuation is based on existing scientific literature and government reports, and a Monte Carlo simulation is employed to account for the uncertainties associated with the complex and dynamic nature of coastal wetlands. The results indicate that these wetlands provide substantial economic benefits to the California halibut commercial fishery, valued at almost $998 thousand annually. The net present value analysis suggests that these wetlands could generate over $30.7 million in net benefits to the commercial fishery through the end of the century, assuming the habitats remain intact. Additionally, the wetlands contribute almost $5 million annually in natural capital through the production of juvenile California halibut. Utilizing a social cost of carbon value of $120/metric ton of CO2, local eelgrass beds, salt marshes, and mudflats are valued at over $1.6 million annually, with over 50% coming from eelgrass beds. The net present value analysis suggests that these wetlands could generate over $50 million in net benefits via carbon sequestration through the end of the century, assuming the habitats remain intact. This detailed valuation approach provides valuable information for policymakers and the public, facilitating better decision-making and increased awareness of the importance of protecting and restoring coastal wetland ecosystems for their ecological and economic contributions.See full project here: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d3456f12100047b2a979df40a59c8357

Steroid hormones, especially glucocorticoids (GCs), are widely used to assess physiological responses to stressors. As steroid hormones are heavily metabolised prior to excretion, it is essential to validate enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs). Although problems with unvalidated assays have been raised repeatedly, their use persists widely.Lea et al. (2017) used an unvalidated corticosterone assay (CJM006) to relate fGCM concentrations to habitat quality, demography and population performance in the Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra). Here, we revisit their findings and evaluate the validity of their conclusions using a validated EIA. First, we evaluate the biological sensitivity of six EIAs (three group‐specific metabolite assays and three corticosterone assays, including CJM006) through a biological validation experiment (translocation) for two sub‐species of mountain zebra, Cape mountain and Hartmann's mountain zebra (E. z. hartmannae). Second, we reanalyse the faecal extracts from Lea et al. (2017) using a validated EIA.fGCM concentrations consistently increased following translocation, when using two 11‐oxoaetiocholanolone (lab codes: 72T and 72a) and an 11ß‐hydroxyaetiocholanolone (69a) EIA, but did not with three different corticosterone EIAs. All corticosterone EIAs (including CJM006) failed to detect an increase in fGCMs within the critical 48–72‐h period post translocation. Therefore, the CJM006 EIA utilised in Lea et al. (2017) does not sensitively measure hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity in CMZ faeces.Using a validated assay (72T), fGCM concentrations were no longer associated with adult sex ratio or habitat quality (measured by grassiness) and these variables were dropped from predictive models. fGCM concentrations now varied between seasons and were negatively associated with female fecundity (foal:mare ratio). Consequently, we can conclude that the results of the previous study are unreliable.We introduce the terms "insensitive" and "sub‐optimal" to categorise assays that are tested but fail validation, and assays that are comparatively poor at detecting relevant hormone changes, respectively. We discuss how both "insensitive" and "sub‐optimal" assays could lead to incorrect inferences about population stressors and counterproductive conservation recommendations. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swahili coastal forests, spanning the Kenyan and Tanzanian coastlines and the Zanzibar Archipelago, are integral to the biodiverse Eastern Arc and Coastal Forest region. These forest ecosystems face considerable anthropogenic threats. This study contributes to the available knowledge on the floral composition and plant community assemblages of Mnemba Island, a small sandy cay in the Zanzibar Archipelago, which helps to establish baseline data for conservation purposes. Two main coastal forest plant communities were identified: (1) the Casuarina cunninghamiana–Suriana maritima open to closed sandy dry coastal forest, and (2) the Eugenia capensis–Mimusops obtusifolia coastal forest. A total of 91 different plant species belonging to 54 plant families were identified for the island. Community 2, an indigenous forest, supports diverse bird breeding colonies and is a crucial habitat for the threatened Aders' duiker. Understory development is limited due to the historical Suni antelope overpopulation. Environmental factors like salt spray, allelochemicals, herbivore browsing, and climate fluctuations influence the vegetation abundance and composition. The study underscores differences in species diversity and composition between the planted Casuarina community and the natural atoll vegetation. The natural vegetation shows affinities with the Zanzibar–Inhambane edaphic coral-rag scrub forest and the transitional rainforest. Several species characteristic of Indian Ocean atolls were identified, providing insights into invasion ecology and conservation strategies. The study contributes conceptually to our understanding of vegetation dynamics in island ecosystems by highlighting the interplay between plant communities, environmental processes, and human activities. The fragile yet resilient nature of Mnemba's unique ecosystem is emphasised, offering insights for conservation management, long-term monitoring, and adaptive approaches tailored to island environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The interaction between visitors and captive birds is complex, with a potential impact on bird's behavior and welfare. Understanding this interaction is essential for effective conservation and management. Methods: We conducted a study at the University of Haripur's pheasantry in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to investigate the effects of visitor numbers, duration of visitor presence, and climatic factors on the behavior of female pheasants. We observed the state and events of feeding, hiding, and moving behaviors of 16 randomly selected individuals from five species. Results: The mixed-effects modeling results show that visitors (VT), visitors' presence duration (VPD), and temperature (TP), significantly influence feeding events (p < 0.001), feeding duration (p < 0.001), hiding events (p < 0.001) and hiding duration of female pheasants (p < 0.001). The moving events of pheasants were also significantly affected by both VT and VPD (VT: p = 0.002, VPD: p < 0.001). Moreover, under high visitor conditions, the impact of VPD on the behavior of female pheasants was more pronounced (p < 0.001). Additionally, our result reveals that different species of pheasants exhibit varying sensitivities to human factors and climatic factors. For instance, the two species of female pheasants with the highest feeding and hiding events were the Green pheasant (Phasianus versicolor) and the Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). While hiding duration of female Green pheasants, female Golden pheasants (Chrysolophus pictus), and female Silver pheasants (Lophura nycthemera) was longer than those of others. The mean number of moving events was highest in females of Ring-necked, followed by Golden pheasants. The female Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) and female Silver pheasants were the birds with the longest moving duration. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the necessity for customized management strategies, to lessen the effects of human disturbances in pheasantries. For a thorough understanding of these interactions, more studies involving larger sample sizes and a wider variety of species are advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warning: This article may contain images, names of or references to deceased Aboriginal people. The Nyangumarta people are the Traditional Owners of more than 33,000 km2 of land and sea in north-western Australia, encompassing Pirra Country (The Great Sandy Desert) and nearby coastal areas. They are also the custodians and managers of the Nyangumarta Warrarn Indigenous Protected Area (IPA). The wartaji (or dingo) holds immense cultural significance for the Nyangumarta people and is a vital part of a healthy Country. This inspired the community and rangers to focus on the wartaji as a key part of the management objectives of the IPA. We detail the development of the resulting collaborative research project between the IPA rangers and university-based scientists. The project not only presented an opportunity for the Nyangumarta community to deepen their understanding of wartaji residing on their Country, but also upskilled the Nyangumarta rangers in wartaji monitoring and management. This project is a testament to the importance of First Nations groups developing and addressing their research priorities. IPA-managed lands and associated ranger programs offer the perfect opportunity, funding and support to make these conservation-related decisions and implement actions. The collaboration with academic and non-academic researchers promises to enhance this conservation effort through mutual learning. Warning: This article may contain images, names of or references to deceased Aboriginal people. The Nyangumarta people consider the wartaji (dingo) to be culturally significant and essential for maintaining a healthy Country. Nyangumarta Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) rangers and university-based researchers collaborated in a project designed to address the community's desire to learn more about the wartaji and to build the capacities of the rangers for ongoing wartaji monitoring and management. The wartaji project highlighted the importance of First Nation groups developing and addressing their research priorities. It also underscores the ability of IPA-managed lands to facilitate these conservation-related decisions and actions. Photograph by Jessica Bolton. This article belongs to the Collection Indigenous and cross-cultural wildlife research in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]