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Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This paper is based on the proximity engineering project of the Baishiyi tunnel group passing under the Chongqing West Station track group. Considering the train load and the spatial relationship of the tunnel and track groups, the settlement patterns, horizontal displacement, and differential settlement of the tunnel–strata–tracks system during the excavation process are studied through theoretical calculations and numerical simulation methods. The results indicate that the tunnel vault, strata, and track settlement deformation patterns are similar. Throughout the tunnel construction process, the tracks underwent uplift, settlement, and eventually stabilized. The settlement trough formed by the excavation of the three tunnels below the track group has an impact range of 25–145 m. Between 35 and 75 m, the differential settlement of the double track gradually increases with excavation. As the tunnel face reaches 75 m, the track differential settlement gradually converges and tends to stabilize. To minimize the impact of underpass tunnel construction on track groups, it is recommended to use a combination of full-section hole grouting and surface reinforcement grouting for ground reinforcement. Additionally, optimizing the construction parameters, including the step length and primary support closure time, and strengthening the locking anchor can further reduce the impact.

This paper is based on the proximity engineering project of the Baishiyi tunnel group passing under the Chongqing West Station track group. Considering the train load and the spatial relationship of the tunnel and track groups, the settlement patterns, horizontal displacement, and differential settlement of the tunnel–strata–tracks system during the excavation process are studied through theoretical calculations and numerical simulation methods. The results indicate that the tunnel vault, strata, and track settlement deformation patterns are similar. Throughout the tunnel construction process, the tracks underwent uplift, settlement, and eventually stabilized. The settlement trough formed by the excavation of the three tunnels below the track group has an impact range of 25–145 m. Between 35 and 75 m, the differential settlement of the double track gradually increases with excavation. As the tunnel face reaches 75 m, the track differential settlement gradually converges and tends to stabilize. To minimize the impact of underpass tunnel construction on track groups, it is recommended to use a combination of full-section hole grouting and surface reinforcement grouting for ground reinforcement. Additionally, optimizing the construction parameters, including the step length and primary support closure time, and strengthening the locking anchor can further reduce the impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In one of the smelter projects at West Kalimantan, access road construction was planned to use soil embankment above the geo-membrane layer. But this method is not highly effective considering rainfall intensity is very high in the project location. Therefore, optimization needs to be done to obtain the most effective method in terms of cost and timely accomplishment of the access road. The optimization method is done by making a comparison matrix of the output results of the running simulation schedule on software. From the several methods proposed, the duration of completion, completion costs, and resource requirements are compared and scored to get the most optimized method. Other than that, carbon emissions resulting from each method are also compared. The optimization result concluded that boulder stone layer addition with optimum quantity in the embankment is the most optimal method considering the remaining time and encountering intensive rainfall. This optimized method can result in an accelerated construction duration of 140 days, cost efficiency of 11.46%, and a reduction in carbon emissions of 44% compared to the initial method. This optimization method is expected can be applied to access road embankment projects of soft soil areas in other locations, especially in the Kalimantan region.

Entanglement of the wave–particle duality of particles has attracted enormous attention as one of fundamental feature of quantum mechanics. Herein, we systematically studied the wave–particle entanglement of the particle system composed of N particles. The results indicate that the particle system has the wave–particle entanglement after the interaction, when the wave function of any one of the system can be obtained by using same basis vectors before the interaction. Moreover, a construction method of the wave–particle entanglement state is found for the particle system. Finally, the photons can show the wave–particle entanglement in the previous experimental work, which was further confirmed by the construction method. The results provide a new understanding for the entanglement of the wave–particle duality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New Building Materials / Xinxing Jianzhu Cailiao is the property of New Building Materials Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Janus metastructure (JMS) is constructed in a special way so that the electromagnetic waves (EWs) propagate in the artificially constructed metastructure from different directions, which can show different electromagnetic characteristics and present a variety of functions at the same time. Its research is of great significance for breaking through the development bottleneck of traditional single-scale and single-function devices and can serve numerous novel application scenarios. This review discusses the design and research progress of JMS from three aspects: construction method, function realization, and application scenario. Finally, we discuss the key challenges currently facing the JMS and offer a vision for future research directions. We sincerely hope that this review will not only provide new insights into the development of JMS, which is a promising and dynamic hot research area but also promote research in this area from a more diverse and comprehensive perspective.

AbstractArtificial islands are extensively utilized in urban development, ports, and tourism projects worldwide, but they also present numerous ecological and environmental challenges. This study provides a comprehensive review of the principal applications of modern artificial islands as well as their development trends. All artificial islands dating back to the eighteenth century have been compiled, encompassing their locations, construction, and purposes. The main content of this review is in three different directions: (1) artificial islands are categorized into six groups: application-based groups and arranged chronologically, providing insights into the growth patterns of each category; (2) three common island-building types: cofferdam island, reef island and floating island, and the related techniques are summarized and (3) the challenges faced by the construction of artificial islands are presented along with the suggestions and expectations. This review is intended to provide some inspiration for future research on artificial islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction method of transitioning from a small cross-section to excavating a super-large cross-section tunnel plays a crucial role in the quality of the final super-large cross-section tunnel and the safety of the tunnel structures and workers during the construction process. The Shenzhen Liantang Bifurcated Tunnel, with a maximum cross-sectional area of 428.4 m2, was the largest cross-sectional tunnel constructed in China in 2018, and there are few engineering projects that can serve as references. To enhance construction safety and achieve the transformation from a two-lane tunnel to a five-lane tunnel, this paper proposes two tunneling methods, namely, the reverse top-heading method and the advance climbing method. Moreover, numerical simulation using MIDAS GTS/NX software was adapted to compare and analyze the stress and deformation characteristics of the surrounding rock in the construction stages using the two methods. The simulation shows that the advance climbing method is more suitable for the construction of the Liantang tunnel. Through on-site monitoring and measurement, the data of peripheral rock vault subsidence, peripheral convergence, and pressure of the supporting structure were assessed. The results show that the maximum values of peripheral rock vault subsidence and peripheral convergence displacement are located in the permissible range of road tunnel vault subsidence. This further verifies the reasonableness of the advance climbing method. This paper not only provide a basis for the construction of the Liantang tunnel but also serves as a reference for construction methods and typical cases for similar super-large-section tunnel projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duration, cost, and resources are defined as project constraints. Consequently, in each project, one of these constraints is received attention compared with another. Thus, the abilities of construction project manager should include balancing these constraints in a way that all the project objectives are fulfilled. Achieving this balance is conducted by determining the best alternative for each activity, while minimizing project total cost and duration and satisfies resources constraints as well as smoothing resource histograms. For that purpose, this study aims at optimizing project schedule to provide this balance by using multi construction methods which is mainly based on multiskilling strategy. As will be discussed, to achieve this goal, a model was developed and genetic algorithm is used to preform optimization. This study contributes to the body of knowledge a model able to produce schedules with appropriate project duration, cost, and quality, also satisfy resource constraints with most leveled histograms.

Copyright of Water Conservancy Science & Techonlogy & Economy is the property of Water Conservancy Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, China has made good progress in the construction of concrete arch bridges, which can provide development and experience for bridge engineers worldwide. Data from 313 concrete arch bridges with span lengths of no less than 100 m are studied. The investigation and analysis results indicate that both the number and the span lengths of these concrete arch bridges increased after 2007. Railway bridge applications have been increasing rapidly, while lightweight concrete arch bridges were not built anymore. The material strength of main arches has continuously improved. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a cementitious composite material composed of an optimized gradation of granular constituents, a water-to-cementitious materials ratio less than 0.25, and a high percentage of discontinuous internal fiber reinforcement. Some UHPC arch bridges with small span lengths have been built. The cantilever method continues to be the main erection method used. The innovation-involving introduction of the Concrete-Filled Steel Tube (CFST) trussed arch into the Melan method enables construction economically, and it significantly reduces the required steps in casting of the main concrete arch. This approach has been used for all arch bridges with span lengths greater than 250 m after 2007. The core concrete is generally of higher strength grade than that of the concrete encasing the CFST. Finally, two concrete arch bridges are introduced as case studies, one has the current span record and the other would have the new span record when completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the interaction and reasonable construction scheme of the close construction of roads and railways with a small clear distance, the influence of construction disturbance, construction sequence, timing of secondary lining construction and construction method on small clear distance tunnel is analyzed through numerical calculation with reference to the Yongzhou highway and railway tunnels of large intersection angle and small clear distance section, and small intersection angle and small clear distance section, and the construction scheme of small clear distance cross tunnel is determined. It is concluded that for the cross tunnel with large intersection angle and small clear distance, the plastic zone is transfixed and the initial support stress appears in the connection of the cross tunnel. The order of railway construction first followed by highway is chosen to reduce the plastic zone, the primary support force and the tension of the secondary lining, and to avoid the railway tunnel vault heave and the excessive highway tunnel arch waist convergence. The full section construction is selected to reduce the tension of the support, the bolt stress of the transverse channel and the pressure of the primary support of the railway tunnel and to avoid the stress deviation. For the cross tunnel with small intersection angle and small clear distance, the plastic zone is concentrated in the upper and lower sides of the tunnel and the intercalated rock in the cross tunnel, the horizontal deformation area of the cross tunnel is connected with a large initial deformation support in the vault of the highway tunnel. The first excavation of railway tunnel contributes to better plastic zone distribution of railway tunnel and to the optimal deformation and stress of surrounding rock and tunnel. The plastic zone around and under the arch of railway tunnel and the deformation and stress of rock and tunnel will be increased when secondary lining is applied after the excavation of highway tunnel. Therefore, the whole section construction is selected because it is optimal in bolt stress and tunnel deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visual quality and spatial distribution of architectural styles represent a city's image, influence inhabitants' living conditions, and may have positive or negative social consequences which are critical to urban sensing and designing. Conventional methods of identifying architectural styles rely on human labor and are frequently time-consuming, inefficient, and subjective in judgment. These issues significantly affect the large-scale management of urban architectural styles. Fortunately, deep learning models have robust feature expression abilities for images and have achieved highly competitive results in object detection in recent years. They provide a new approach to supporting traditional architectural style recognition. Therefore, this paper summarizes 22 architectural styles in a study area which could be used to define and describe urban architectural styles in most Chinese urban areas. Then, this paper introduced a Faster-RCNN general framework of architectural style classification with a VGG-16 backbone network, which is the first machine learning approach to identifying architectural styles in Chinese cities. Finally, this paper introduces an approach to constructing an urban architectural style dataset by mapping the identified architectural style through continuous street view imagery and vector map data from a top-down building contour map. The experimental results show that the architectural style dataset created had a precision of 57.8%, a recall rate of 80.91%, and an F1 score of 0.634. This dataset can, to a certain extent, reflect the geographical distribution characteristics of a wide variety of urban architectural styles. The proposed approach could support urban design to improve a city's image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ground Improvement is the property of Journal of Ground Improvement Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the development of western region of China and the building of the Belt and Road Initiative, the poor-graded aeolian sand filling technology is widely used to solve the issue of shortage of gobi and stone resources in engineering construction. In order to study the construction technology of aeolian sand filling, the paper compared and selected different aeolian sand filling methods based on the research of an aeolian sand trunk canal in Xinjiang. The compaction test was applied to determine the relevant construction parameters. A stability analysis was conducted in the filled trunk canal performance. The result shows that the aeolian sand needs to be filled by the wet pressing method. The anti-seepage layer should be laid inside to ensure the stability of the main channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional urban river landscape construction is easy to be divorced from water conservancy projects, and often exists as a supplement to water conservancy projects. This study took Jialu River as an example, through the combination of scientific research and practical innovation, discussed a series of technical issues on how to construct urban river ecological landscape efficiently and accurately, and created a set of “mountain-water-forest-tourism-management” urban river ecological landscape construction technology system with wide adaptability and had proven by practice. Five key technical methods were developed and proposed, including three-dimensional dynamic terrain modeling method and rainwater construction of multi-dimensional and efficient management method, ecological saving plant intelligent configuration method, four in one landscape layout method and intelligent management platform of water conservancy and garden integration. This had greatly improved the efficiency and quality of urban river ecological landscape construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an innovative top-down construction method using a sequential peripheral wall (SPW) approach. The top-down method is a safe approach to deep excavation in an urban area. The conventional top-down approach begins with construction of an integrated peripheral wall before excavation to the final depth. The wall then is stabilized as the main structure is gradually built. In the SPW top-down approach, the peripheral wall is built gradually and sequentially from top to bottom. This changes the geotechnical behavior of the structure in performance and execution. The present article introduces and explains the SPW top-down approach and presents a case study of a project in Tehran. The behavior of the structure is studied from the geotechnical and structural perspectives by three-dimensional numerical modeling. The SPW top-down approach can be used for favorable geotechnical conditions in which considerable arching stress is mobilized during excavation. Geotechnical prerequisites are required for the use of the SPW approach, such as data on the groundwater table and stand-up time of the soil. Also, during the construction phase, it is recommended to combine the observational method with comprehensive construction monitoring. In many cases, the SPW approach can reduce material consumption as well as the time and cost of the projects, which can lead to a sustainable project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Building an independent, healthy, and sustainable open source ecosystem is a key link in the development and application of ubiquitous operating system. Aiming at the Internet of Everything, combined with the new characteristics of ubiquitous operating system, this study summarizes the constituent elements and system model of ubiquitous operating system open source ecosystem, and puts forward the construction method of ubiquitous operating system open source ecosystem. This study provides new ideas to promote the iterative innovation of ubiquitous operating system, integrate the isolated island of ubiquitous operating system open source ecosystem, and promote the preliminary practice and collaborative development of ubiquitous operating system open source ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duration, cost, and resources are defined as constraints in projects. Consequently, Construction manager needs to balance between theses constraints to ensure that project objectives are met. Choosing the best alternative of each activity is one of the most significant problems in construction management to minimize project duration, project cost and also satisfies resources constraints as well as smoothing resources. Advanced computer technologies could empower construction engineers and project managers to make right, fast and applicable decisions based on accurate data that can be studied, optimized, and quantified with great accuracy. This article strives to find the recent improvements of resource-scheduling problems and time-cost trade off and the interacting between them which can be used in innovating new approaches in construction management. To achieve this goal, a state-of-the-art review, is conducted as a literature sample including articles implying three areas of research; time-cost trade off, constrained resources and unconstrained resources. A content analysis is made to clarify contributions and gaps of knowledge to help suggesting and specifying opportunities for future research.

Copyright of Transportation Science & Technolgy is the property of Transportation Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The construction method of transitioning from a small cross-section to excavating a super-large cross-section tunnel plays a crucial role in the quality of the final super-large cross-section tunnel and the safety of the tunnel structures and workers during the construction process. The Shenzhen Liantang Bifurcated Tunnel, with a maximum cross-sectional area of 428.4 m2, was the largest cross-sectional tunnel constructed in China in 2018, and there are few engineering projects that can serve as references. To enhance construction safety and achieve the transformation from a two-lane tunnel to a five-lane tunnel, this paper proposes two tunneling methods, namely, the reverse top-heading method and the advance climbing method. Moreover, numerical simulation using MIDAS GTS/NX software was adapted to compare and analyze the stress and deformation characteristics of the surrounding rock in the construction stages using the two methods. The simulation shows that the advance climbing method is more suitable for the construction of the Liantang tunnel. Through on-site monitoring and measurement, the data of peripheral rock vault subsidence, peripheral convergence, and pressure of the supporting structure were assessed. The results show that the maximum values of peripheral rock vault subsidence and peripheral convergence displacement are located in the permissible range of road tunnel vault subsidence. This further verifies the reasonableness of the advance climbing method. This paper not only provide a basis for the construction of the Liantang tunnel but also serves as a reference for construction methods and typical cases for similar super-large-section tunnel projects.

For large-span spatial structures, we have been committed to exploring new effective construction methods to avoid the drawbacks of traditional construction methods. This study proposes an efficient and cost-effective construction method for large-span arched latticed shell structures. The method relies on a progressive approach working from a rotating hinge at the initial end of the latticed frame. Further segments of the lattice are connected at ground level and progressively jacked into position until the span is complete. Once complete, the span is fixed at the opposite end to the hinge. During assembly stability is provided by cables to manage the dead load thrust. In this study, the application of the new construction method in a large-span structure for coal storage is described in detail, and the structural forces and deformations in various construction steps are analyzed and discussed. Compared with traditional methods, the method requires much less scaffolding and less working at height, which could save about 70% of the construction cost and shorten the construction period by 25%. This study enriches the types of construction methods for large-span arched latticed shells, provides a new option for high-efficiency, low-cost construction of this kind of structure, and also gives a reference for future research on the innovation of construction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • Signal amplification strategies applied in phage sensors are overviewed. • Merits and demerits of various construction methods on phage sensors are discussed. • Application of phage electrochemical sensors for bacteria detection are summarized. • Merits, problems and future direction of phage electrochemical sensor are proposed. Phages are a class of viruses that specifically infect host bacteria. Compared to other recognition elements, phages offer several advantages such as high specificity, easy to obtain and good environmental tolerance, etc. These advantages underscore the potential of phages as recognition elements in the construction of biosensors. Therefore, the phage-based biosensors are currently garnering widespread attention for detecting pathogens in recent years. However, the test performance such as detection limit, sensitivity and stability of exicting phage-based biosensors require enhancement. In the design of sensors, the selection of various materials and construction methods significantly influences the test performance of the sensor, and employing appropriate signal amplification strategies and construction methods to devise biosensors based on different principles is an effective strategy to enhance sensor performance. The manuscript primarily focuses on the signal amplification strategies and construction methods employed in phage-based biosensors recent ten years, and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different signal amplification strategies and construction methods. Meanwhile, the manuscript discusses the relationship between sensor performance and various materials and construction methods, and reviews the application progress of phage-based electrochemical biosensors in the detection of foodborne bacteria. Furthermore, the manuscript points out the present limitations and the future research direction for the field of phage-based biosensors, so as to provide the reference for developing high-performance phage-based biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visual quality and spatial distribution of architectural styles represent a city’s image, influence inhabitants’ living conditions, and may have positive or negative social consequences which are critical to urban sensing and designing. Conventional methods of identifying architectural styles rely on human labor and are frequently time-consuming, inefficient, and subjective in judgment. These issues significantly affect the large-scale management of urban architectural styles. Fortunately, deep learning models have robust feature expression abilities for images and have achieved highly competitive results in object detection in recent years. They provide a new approach to supporting traditional architectural style recognition. Therefore, this paper summarizes 22 architectural styles in a study area which could be used to define and describe urban architectural styles in most Chinese urban areas. Then, this paper introduced a Faster-RCNN general framework of architectural style classification with a VGG-16 backbone network, which is the first machine learning approach to identifying architectural styles in Chinese cities. Finally, this paper introduces an approach to constructing an urban architectural style dataset by mapping the identified architectural style through continuous street view imagery and vector map data from a top-down building contour map. The experimental results show that the architectural style dataset created had a precision of 57.8%, a recall rate of 80.91%, and an F1 score of 0.634. This dataset can, to a certain extent, reflect the geographical distribution characteristics of a wide variety of urban architectural styles. The proposed approach could support urban design to improve a city’s image.

A cable strut structure uses a tension cable net as the main load-bearing system, which can allow full play of the high-strength material characteristics of the cables, greatly reduce the burden on the lower supporting system, and increase the span in an economic and effective manner. The annular cable supported grid structure is a new type of cable strut structure, which uses rigid grids to replace the flexible cables at the top chord of the spoke cable truss to meet the requirements of laying a heavy rigid roof. In this paper, first the structural mechanical characteristics of the annular cable supported grid structure are introduced, showing that the structural characteristics derived from the cable truss are the basis of non-bracket construction, while the presence of the upper grid results in difficulties with structure installation configuration control. Second, considering the characteristics of the cable supported grid structure and the difficulties in construction, the non-bracket construction method for annular cable supported grid structure with the commonly used nonlinear dynamic finite element method (NDFEM) in construction simulations is proposed. Finally, a numerical example is given and analyzed to verify the accuracy and feasibility of this method. The results indicate that the non-bracket construction technology proposed in this paper is suitable for the construction of a cable supported grid structure, and has the advantages of convenient prestress flow control, no need for brackets, simple and economical construction equipment, flexible arrangement of construction period, safe and reliable construction, and high construction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of shrinkage and cracking of the acrylic milk mortar protective surface in the reinforcement of the Yellow River culvert and sluice, based on the reinforcement project of the Jindi River main stream treatment project (Shandong section), the mixing ratio and construction and maintenance conditions (maintenance temperature, humidity and time) were studied. ) influence on its crack resistance. The results show that the increase of the acrylic acid content and the reduction of the water-cement ratio can significantly improve the crack resistance of the acrylic acid mortar. The 14% and 31% acetonitrile mortar respectively can be used for the reinforcement of Dongchi sluice face protection. The increase of curing humidity and curing temperature can significantly improve the anti-drying performance of acrylic mortar, while the initial curing time has no obvious effect. Under the curing conditions, the dry shrinkage rate of the acrylic mortar increased rapidly in the age of 0-14d, and basically reached a stable state at the age of 28d. Based on the test results, the construction sequence, process and maintenance parameter range of the surface protection are improved, so that the cracking problem of the acrylic milk mortar surface protection has been effectively solved, and good social and economic benefits have been achieved, which will provide the future construction of the culvert gate acrylic milk mortar surface protection. Reference data and reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life cycle assessment for buildings through the ages Building today is characterised by a multitude of requirements, verifications and duties. While until recently static and physical requirements were set for buildings, requirements for limiting CO2 emissions or reducing embodied energy are more and more frequently being imposed, which play an increasingly important role in climate policy. With the introduction of the 1st Guideline for Sustainable Building in 2001, sustainable building became a royal discipline and was able to increase the value of a sustainable property through corresponding certificates for sustainability. Today, sustainability of buildings is increasingly regarded as a standard and will be demanded as such in the future through laws and/or regulations. This article will discuss in detail how the status of sustainable and above all ecological construction, how the quality of LCA data for building products as well as the assessment and balancing methodology for LCA have changed over the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A look at the challenges of building the 5th lock chamber in Brunsbüttel The new construction of the 5th lock chamber in Brunsbüttel is currently the largest hydraulic construction site in Europe and is necessary in order to be able to subsequently repair the existing large lock chambers. A benefit‐cost analysis showed the highest benefit value for the new construction between the existing large and small locks, i. e. on the lock island. The location of the construction site results in special requirements for construction operations. In general, a large number of crafts have to be coordinated, which are necessary e. g. for the concrete and steel construction of the heads, the chamber for seagoing vessels and the outer harbours. Furthermore, it has to be taken into account, that the construction site is located at the estuary of the Elbe and thus has to be prepared for storm surges. These special boundary conditions of the construction project and selected construction methods are discussed by way of example. A special focus of the article is also on the extensive concrete technology considerations for achieving durable concrete structures. In addition to minimising crack widths in massive concrete elements, other aspects such as resistance against frost and chloride attack had to be considered for developing the concrete composition. The temporarily limited availability of fly ash made this task even more complex. In order to further improve durability, controlled permeability formwork liners were used in parts of the structure with sever exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Investigation & Surveying is the property of Railway Investigation & Surveying Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)