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Victim justice sensitivity might be positively associated with envy; however, there is little understanding of the mechanism of this relationship. For the first time, we explored the effect of victim justice sensitivity on envy, and whether this effect is mediated by upward social comparison and moderated by perceived control. A sample of 1570 Chinese undergraduates was collected. The results revealed that victim justice sensitivity was positively associated with envy. Additionally, upward social comparison partially mediated the relationship between victim justice sensitivity and envy, and this mediating effect was further moderated by perceived control. A more positive correlation was found between upward social comparison and envy in individuals with lower levels of perceived control. This finding not only clarities the underlying mechanism but also suggests a potential way of alleviating envy., Author(s): Youjuan Hong [sup.1] , Rongmao Lin [sup.1] , Qiuju Wang [sup.2] , Rong Lian [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411503.2, 0000 0000 9271 2478, School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, [...]

The objective of this study was to test a multilevel model about the relationship between teacher's controlling style, the relatedness and group cohesion in students. In addition, the invariance of the hypothesized model was tested across six countries. The sample was composed of 3178 university students of both sexes, aged between 17 and 63, from six countries of the Iberian Peninsula and South America (Spain, Portugal, Mexico, Colombia, Chile and Brazil). At the group level, results of the multilevel structural equation model showed that the teacher's controlling style negatively predicts the relatedness, but does not predict the students' group cohesion significantly. At the individual level, the controlling teaching style does not predict the relatedness, but the relatedness positively predicts group cohesion. Multiple group comparison indicated that the hypothesized model could be considered invariant across six participating countries. The results extend research of this issue, and can have positive effects on the teaching-learning process in the classrooms., Author(s): Juan Antonio Moreno-Murcia [sup.1] , Elisa Huéscar Hernández [sup.1] , Gracielle Fin [sup.2] , Jaime León [sup.3] , Juan L. Núñez [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.26811.3c, 0000 0001 0586 [...]

The main aim of this study is to identify subgroups of adolescents according to levels of their parental knowledge and behavioural control and how belonging to a particular subgroup is associated with some aspects of the parent-adolescent relationship, as well as self-esteem and self-efficacy one year later. Data were collected using questionnaires within two waves. Stratified random sampling was used to include schools from all regions and city sizes. The study sample comprised of 845 early adolescents (43% males; baseline mean age 11.52). Cluster analyses idenified three subgroups based on adolescents' information on parental behavioural control and knowledge: controling parents (high levels of both parental control and knowledge; 31.5% of the sample), not controlling parents (below average level of control but above average level of knowledge, 54.3%), and uninvolved parents (low levels of both control and knowledge, 12.8%). Those with controlling parents reported the most positive parent-adolescent relationship. Secondly, cluster membership was associated with positive self-esteem and self-efficacy in the follow-up when controlling for levels at the baseline in the sense that adolescents with uninvolved parents reported lower levels of self-esteem and self-efficacy than adolescents from the other clusters. The results show that parental control can play an important positive role in the development of the self of early adolescents when accompanied by perceived parental knowledge., Author(s): Maria Bacikova-Sleskova [sup.1] , Jozef Benka [sup.1] , Olga Orosova [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.11175.33, 0000 0004 0576 0391, Department of Educational Psychology and Psychology of Health, Faculty of [...]

Coercive control-a relational dynamic rooted in one romantic partner's intentional domination and control over their partner's daily life using physical violence and nonphysical abuse tactics-has been well-documented in the adult domestic violence (DV) literature for decades. Yet, only recently has coercive control been assessed in the context of DV exposure and few studies have examined exposure to coercive control from the perspective of young adult children. It has been theorized that the inclusion of coercive control may explain inconsistent findings regarding the impact of DV exposure on adjustment domains, particularly peer relationships. Thus, the present study, using an exploratory and formative perspective, examined the relationship between DV exposure and peer relationship experiences (e.g., bullying victimization and perpetration, friendship quality) among a sample of DV-exposed young adults. Data for this study comes from phase two of the Young Adult Live and Learn (Y'ALL) Project. The sample (72.1% female; 74.1% European American) included young adults who were exposed to DV (n = 99) and young adults who were not exposed to DV (n = 48). Exposure to coercive control, controlling for physical violence exposure, was associated with higher levels of bullying victimization and better friendship quality, whereas exposure to more frequent physical violence was associated with higher levels of bullying perpetration. Findings from the present study add to the growing body of literature demonstrating the salience of measuring coercive control when studying youth DV exposure, as coercive control may better explain outcomes, such as peer relationship experiences, above and beyond assessments of physical violence exposure alone., Author(s): Kathleen Hlavaty [sup.1] , Megan L. Haselschwerdt [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) grid.252546.2, 0000 0001 2297 8753, Auburn University, , 261 Mell St., 203 Spidle Hall, 36849, Auburn, AL, USA [...]

Abstract This article attempts to rethink the emergence and subsequent development of what could be called the victim movement, or victim culture, which has crystallized in the latter half of [...]

Lower social class is associated with diminished resources and perceived subordinate rank. On the basis of this analysis, the authors predicted that social class would be closely associated with a reduced sense of personal control and that this association would explain why lower class individuals favor contextual over dispositional explanations of social events. Across 4 studies, lower social class individuals, as measured by subjective socioeconomic status (SES), endorsed contextual explanations of economic trends, broad social outcomes, and emotion. Across studies, the sense of control mediated the relation between subjective SES and contextual explanations, and this association was independent of objective SES, ethnicity, political ideology, and self-serving biases. Finally, experimentally inducing a higher sense of control attenuated the tendency for lower subjective SES individuals to make more contextual explanations (Study 4). Implications for future research on social class as well as theoretical distinctions between objective SES and subjective SES are discussed. Keywords: social class, power, sense of control, attribution, emotion DOI: 10.1037/a0016357

This 4-wave study among 309 Dutch adolescents and their parents examined changes in adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental control and their links with the development of delinquent activities. Annually, adolescents and both parents reported on adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental control, and adolescents reported on delinquent activities and parental support. Latent growth curve analyses revealed a linear decline in parental control between ages 13 and 16. Adolescent disclosure decreased gradually in adolescent reports and showed an L-shaped pattern in father reports and a V-shaped pattern in mother reports. A stronger increase in delinquent activities was related to a stronger decrease in disclosure in mother and adolescent reports and to lower levels of disclosure in lather reports. The linkages between levels of disclosure and delinquent activities were stronger in families with high parental support than in families with lower support. Furthermore, in lower parental support families, a stronger decrease in paternal control was related to a stronger increase in delinquent activities. In high parental support families, however, a stronger decrease in adolescent-reported parental control was related to a less strong increase in delinquent activities. Keywords: adolescent disclosure, parental control, parenting, adolescent delinquency, longitudinal

This article presents ethnographic data showing how recruitment consultants negotiate managerial attempts to control workforce culture, I suggest the values which senior managers encourage consultants to embody prioritize so-called 'masculine' attributes over 'feminine' ones. I attempt to demonstrate the limits of cultural control by outlining three ways in which the consultants engage with this imposed culture: defiance, parody and ritual, These activities contain gendered assumptions similar to those embedded in corporate culture, I discuss the potential such practices haw for resisting corporate culture and the gender within it, suggesting that one source of ambiguity within workplace 'control' and 'resistance' practices is that they employ overlapping cultural resources and assumptions. KEY WORDS control / corporate culture / gender / masculinity / resistance / sales work

Using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of mothers, we specify the conditions under which the neighborhood context shapes the experience of mastery. In so doing, we extend the work of others who have shown that neighborhood perceptions influence one's sense of personal control over and above the effects of sociodemographic and objective neighborhood characteristics. Specifically, we demonstrate that the benefits to mastery generally afforded to mothers through marital status, household income, physical health, and living in a higher-income neighborhood are diluted by perceptions of neighborhood disorder. These findings suggest the importance of including measures of proximal experiences when attempting to link objective components of social structure with individual and family-level outcomes. Providing further support for the emphasis placed on these proximate mechanisms by the social structure and personality framework, our analyses indicate that failing to consider negative community perceptions suppresses the significant impact that central city residence and race have on mothers' sense of personal control

The authors used a Saudi context to verify the cross-cultural generality of findings (A. Rodrigues & K. L. Lloyd, 1998) reported for U.S. and Brazilian samples in which compliant behavior caused by reward, informational, and referent influences was perceived as more controllable and more internal than compliant behavior resulting from legitimate, expert, and coercive influences. This differential attribution led, in turn, to different affective and behavioral responses. In the present study, cognitive and affective reactions of Saudi students were measured with regard to compliant behavior (leading to a good outcome or a bad outcome) caused by each of the 6 bases of power described by B. H. Raven (1965). As expected, power bases had significant effects. However, when the outcome of the compliant behavior was bad, compliant behavior caused by a coercive influence led to the perception of more internality and controllability. Also--and not found in previous studies--the perception of less internality and controllability of compliant behavior was caused by an informational influence. Findings are discussed in the light of related research and Saudi cultural characteristics. Key words: attribution, compliance, controllability, internality, power, FRENCH AND RAVEN (1959) and Raven (1965) proposed six power bases: reference (target's respect for, identification with, or attraction to the source of influence), legitimacy (target's recognition of the source's [...]

The article presents a model which proposes that groups may establish or challenge dominance through helping. It begins by noting the centrality of inequality in helping and inter-group relations. The implications of this to affirmative action programs are noted. Following this, a model of inter-group helping relations is proposed. It suggests that when the high status group provides to the low status group dependency oriented help, it may do so in order to establish dominance. The willing receptivity of the low status group may indicate its acceptance of the inequality, and lack of receptivity for such help may be motivated by the desire to achieve social equality. Empirical findings that are relevant to this analysis are presented in studies using Israeli students as research participants.

In this article, natural resource management is conceptualized as a social dilemma, a conflict between the short-term self-interest of users and the long-term collective interest of the user community. A self-interest versus community perspective is offered to explain individuals decision making in resource dilemmas. The self-interest model assumes that users seek to maximize their personal benefits regardless of the collective implications. To foster sustainable use, it is necessary to restrict people's access to the resource either through controlling the resource centrally (centralization) or by creating a system of individual access (individualization). The alternative community model suggests that communities can foster self-restraint among users provided that they feel attached to their community. These two perspectives and their implications for natural resource management are systematically compared using findings from research on water conservation.

The article examines the ethnographic power struggle between Chinese and American engineers in a multinational company that manufactures outboard motors. The argument, concerning a new product design, centers on nationalist interpretations of value and what form value should take.

This article evaluates the means of social mobility in post-Soviet Russia; the influence of money is considered more significant than that of power or education. Early transition created the illusion of individual agency in upward mobility during the late 1980s, but the 1990s forced a reassessment of resources for material wealth and promoted the belief that social advancement was limited and controlled by only a few.

This article examines the relationship between individual members in committees, focusing on how rhetorical power is manifested in organizations. A model of language, power, and conflict in group communication is presented.

This article explores the complex interactions among gender, power, and desire in the construction of personal relationships among a group of 92 female managers. The participants inhabited senior and middle managerial or professional positions in five different work sectors. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and a written questionnaire. Experiences and perceptions of past and current personal relationships are explored and interpreted through a gender analysis. The interaction between managerial careers and relationships in the private sphere are examined, and the connection between power and social/ sexual desirability is investigated. Major conclusions drawn include that the structure of desire is resistant to change, that gendered marital expectations are still influencing the way that marital relationships are lived out, that new constructions of personal relationships are more likely to be played out in new relationships, and that the link between social/sexual desirability and power is gendered.

An exploration is provided on past and present explanations for head-hunting and its relationship to mana, or life-force or power. Discussion focuses on Simbo society between 1895 and 1901, and examines the influence of endemic warfare, cultural cosmology, familial ties and economics.

Dominance-submission in interpersonal interaction typically has been conceptualized as largely a function of either highly stable characteristics of individual actors (e.g., basic temperament, genetic heritage, fixed social roles) or highly dynamic properties of situations (e.g., relational control sequences). Too, the dominance end of the continuum frequently has been infused with negative connotations. Here it is argued that a more balanced and comprehensive perspective is achieved by conceptualizing interpersonal dominance as influenced by. a combination of person, situation, and relationship factors and as including positive qualities that also underwrite social competence. Experimental data relevant to this interactionist perspective were examined for the impacts of one trait-like actor variable (self-reported social skills), two situational factors (communication format and message goal), and one relationship factor (acquaintanceship) on dominance displays during dyadic interactions. Sender and receiver perceptions were also triangulated with observational data from trained coders. Results support an interactionist conceptualization of dominance. Key words: Dominance, Relational Control, Interpersonal Interaction, Social Skill, Family Studies

Research presented concerns the psychological factors associated with abusive men and dating violence. Topics addressed include need to control dating partner, levels of physical force in a relationship, and the effect of low self-esteem and problem-solving skills on risk for violent behavior.

In the context of reviewing the current status of research on aging and control, we put forth five propositions: (1) Striving for primary control is a human universal invariant across historical time and diverse cultural settings; (2) the expression of control striving is in part shaped by culture; (3) the field needs to move away from the study of perceived control and its correlates to the study of motivational aspects of control; (4) control should be studied in a life span context and the focus should be on key transitions that redefine opportunities for control striving; and (5) inasmuch as primary control striving is such a central element of human functioning, research on its demise at the end of life should receive high priority.

26 male and 87 female college students filled out Stets' Psychological Aggression Scale, Stets' Interpersonal Control Scale, Straus' Physical Violence Scale, and Fisch and Brainerd's Use and Approval of Jealousy-inducing Behaviors Scale. Use and approval of jealousy-inducing behaviors were good predictors of high need for interpersonal control and the use of psychological aggression. The use of jealousy-inducing behaviors but not the approval of these behaviors was a strong predictor of physical aggression in romantic relationships.

In this study, family- and center-based child care providers participated in day-long research workshops in which they first identified dimensions of an 'ideal' caregiving situation and then, using a critical incident technique, explored the meaning and experience of 'power' as caregivers. This article is devoted to examining the ways in which child care workers understand the notion of 'powerfulness' and 'powerlessness' in their work. Themes emerging from critical incidents are considered in light of feminist and caregiving literatures. The article concludes by drawing implications from the project's findings for policy, advocacy, and conceptual development.

The concept of empowerment has been used extensively in business, politics, and education in myriad ways and with multiple meanings. In this study, empowerment is conceptualized as a form of motivation (Conger & Kanungo, 1988; Thomas & Velthouse, 1990) which can exist as either a state or a trait. We believe that communication has a major influence on students' empowerment just as communication frequently impacts such conditions as state motivation (Frymier, 1994). The long range goal, for which this research is a first step, is to understand the role of communication in the process of empowerment. The immediate goals of this research are to provide a more specific conceptualization of empowerment as applied to the classroom and to develop an instrument to measure learner empowerment. Drawing heavily on the work of Thomas and Velthouse (1990), two studies were conducted to develop and refine the learner empowerment measure and to establish the construct validity of the instrument.

In a short-term longitudinal study of 314 U.S. military-dependent children (Grades 2-6) in Berlin, Germany, we examined whether children's coping strategies mediate the relations between their action-control beliefs and anxiety. The results provided only limited support for a mediational hypothesis. At both times of measurement, self-related agency beliefs related to (a) increased prosocial coping, (b) reduced antisocial coping, and (c) reduced anxiety. Prosocial coping was not uniquely related to anxiety. However, antisocial coping did partially mediate the relations between children's action-control beliefs and anxiety over time. Consistent with previous literature, boys reported using antisocial coping more than did girls, and younger children reported using primary control coping strategies more than did older children. Results are discussed in terms of lifespan differences in the development of coping strategies.

Although power-seeking and controlling behaviors on the part of physicians have been well documented, the source of these behaviors on the individual psychological level has not yet been identified. This study examined whether the individual personality characteristic of power motivation, one indicator of desires for power and control, increases during medical school and whether this process varies by race or sex. Transcripts of interviews with a diverse group of medical students at two time points were coded for power motivation. The results showed that White students' power motivation decreased, whereas minority students' levels remained the same, suggesting race-linked differences in the medical socialization experience.

The present study related terminal core values measured by the List of Values and perceived control with reasons for an exercise program. Data (N = 531) were derived from a national sample of treadmill owners. Principal components analysis confirmed Veroff, Douvan, and Kulka's five categories for the nine values; however, the hierarchy of needs previously postulated in the list was not substantiated. For this sample, self-fulfillment appears to be a type of self-gratification. These social cognitions, i.e., values, and perceived control appear to capture different domains and both are linked to reasons for choice.

A model is developed to predict job-related burnout among nurses. The model uses levels of assertiveness and participation exhibited by nurses as key predictors of commitment, intent to remain, and emotional exhaustion. Personal control is used as the primary moderating variable in this model. The model is tested on a group of nurses working in a large hospital; findings are supportive of the model.

French and Raven (1959) inferred how the existence of social power bases influences a subordinate's perception and a leader's use of other powers. Based on their propositions, we tested a model using meta-analytic correlations as input to structural equations analysis. We also used recent literature to test a revised model, which fit the data better. Additionally, the meta-analytic effects of the social bases of power on satisfaction with supervision, job satisfaction, and performance were examined.

Family members' beliefs about their ability to influence one another were investigated in 51 2-parent, 2-child families. Three reliable dimensions were identified: (a) effectance - a feeling of personal control in the relationship, (b) acquiescence - the belief that one is controlled by the partner, and (c) fate - the belief that relationship outcomes are due to fate, chance, or unknown factors. The existence of interdependence in these control dimensions was investigated using the Social Relations Model. The results demonstrate that the interpersonal sense of control is virtually never a function of the perceiver alone but depends also on characteristics of the partner and the relationship. The findings underscore the importance of basing theory on well-described data.

Autonomic and affective responses to children were assessed as a function of adult perceptions of interpersonal control. Women (N = 160) interacted with and provided feedback to computer-simulated children who 'behaved' responsively or unresponsively on a computer game. Women were categorized as low in perceived control (PC) if they attributed high control to children but low control to self over negative events on the Parent Attribution Test. As predicted, low-PC women were maximally reactive to child characteristics, manifesting peak levels of defensive arousal (increased level of heart rate and electrodermal activity) and negative effect with unresponsive children and minimal levels of arousal and negative effect with responsive children. Intermediate response levels were shown by high-PC Ss. We interpreted results as suggesting mediating factors that may operate in dysfunctional interaction patterns previously found for low-PC caregivers.

Comparison of locus of control or the extent of belief that the outcomes of their action are determined by their behavior rather than events beyond their control, among American and Swedish students showed cultural differences. Results show that Swedish women have a more external locus of control than Swedish men and Americans of both sexes, with Swedish men not significantly differing from the Americans. Differences in locus of control were related to perception of government versus individual locus of responsibility but not to sex-role attitude.

Advances in medical technology in recent decades have produced an array of life-sustaining technologies which can delay the moment of death for almost everyone, making the timing and circumstances of death more a matter of deliberate choice than ever before in human history. Continuing proliferation of such technologies, their escalating social and economic costs, a growing population of older people, and the feminization of old age make right-to-die concerns ever more compelling. This paper points out how such issues are particularly salient for aged women as consumers of long-term care, both in the formal and informal sectors. The dual dilemmas of 'premature' versus 'delayed' death are also explored in each context. Finally, the implications of social change are interpreted in light of feminist health care goals.

Recent theory and research on social exchange neglects a central concern of early exchange theorists: the satisfaction of actors with their relations. I apply the framework of contemporary exchange theory to the analysis of satisfaction using data from a series of experiments on power in exchange networks. I investigate four main questions: (1) how the base of power (reward or punishment) affects the relation between outcomes and satisfaction; (2) how within- and between-relation outcome comparisons affect satisfaction in negatively-connected exchange networks; (3) how dynamic exchange processes, net of exchange outcomes, affect satisfaction; and (4) how actors' positions of power affect each of these relations. Based on a theoetical analysis of how the structure, process, and outcomes of exchange should affect actors' expectations, I test predictions of their effects on satisfaction. The results provide substantial support for the hypotheses.

Interdisciplinary teams may provide increased opportunities for unwarranted control of clients in human service organizations. In organizations that provide community services for the mentally handicapped, for instance, interdisciplinary team members may pool control mechanisms so that the main goals of the organization are compromised. Therefore, administrators should develop ways of monitoring the decisions made by teams. Interdisciplinary teamwork is a good idea in theory, but it may be adopted without considering its application to tasks. The pooling of control mechanisms may be the result of an ineffective organizational design, in which planners failed to consider the sociotechnical aspects of the organization, or the conflict between technical and social needs.

Data from rural villagers in India suggested that the perception of control was related to physical health but that household density (persons per room) had few effects. In a second study, separate interviews were conducted with the husband and wife in each of 167 households, which varied greatly in terms of number of household members and number of rooms. Results indicated that, once socio-economic status and demographic factors were statistically held constant, household density had no effects. However, the density of the household in which respondents were raised did significantly affect several measures, with people who were raised in more crowded homes generally experiencing more negative outcomes in their present homes. Although number of persons in the household had few effects on respondents, the number of children in the home had several negative outcomes, particularly for women. Results also showed that, even when other variables were held constant, the perception of control over the environment was a significant predictor for both men and women on almost all dependent measures and that other perceived ways of dealing with problems (control over self and acceptance of things as they are) were much less important. At the bivariate level, the greater the difference between husbands and wives' reactions and experiences. However, when all other variables were held constant, this difference added no significant explanatory power for women but did explain some measures for men, with men suffering more mental distress and reacting more negatively to their home the greater their relative power.

This article examines the use of empowerment as a central component of counseling and as a criterion for evaluating counseling interventions. Definitions of empowerment across several perspectives are discussed and a definition of empowerment in the context of counseling is proposed. Based on this definition, potentially empowering and disempowering aspects of counseling are presented. Measurement and research issues and recommendations related to empowerment are highlighted.

A teacher describes what she learned about the complex social interactions of children when she videotaped the activities of a bullying girl in her primary classroom.

This study compared a sample of spouses of workaholics and spouses of nonworkaholics on ratings of marital estrangement, positive feelings toward husband, and locus of control. A random national sample of 326 participants drawn from the membership list of the American Counseling Association was surveyed. Spouses of workaholics reported greater marital estrangement and less positive affect towards husbands and higher external locus of control than spouses of nonworkaholics. These findings were the first empirical results to corroborate clinical and case study reports. Clinical implications of these findings are also presented.

The end of the Cold War saw a proliferation of deadly conflicts between ethnic and other so-called identity groups around the world. Building on the tension between the purely 'cultural' and politically deployable 'ethnic' dimensions of identity, this paper examines the emergence of these conflicts in terms of the disintegration of major power systems -- postcolonial, postimperial, postrevolutionary, and postillusionary -- that had hitherto operated to constrain conflict. The emergence of the refugee as a new cultural, as well as political, type is discussed as one precipitate of these identity-group conflicts.