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This paper presents an observer-based decentralized detection and mitigation (ODDM) scheme for interconnected power system subject to multi-area multi-channel false data injection attacks (FDIAs). In the ODDM scheme, the FDIAs on the measurement channel and control channel of power system are modeled as unknown input and unknown output, respectively, which are described by extended states of the system. A state and attack observer (SAO) is developed using local measurements for each control area of power system, so as to simultaneously estimate the system states and attack signals in the presence of model uncertainties. During the occurrence of malicious attacks, the attack estimations provided by observer can automatically detect the FDIA on each control area. Besides, the load frequency control (LFC) system is reconfigured by attack compensation based on the attack estimations of observer, thus achieving the mitigation of multi-area multi-channel FDIAs. Case studies are undertaken on a three-area interconnected power system model under the conditions of single attack, multiple attacks, and parameter variations to validate the performance of the proposed ODDM scheme.

This study investigated the dietary structure, Cadmium (Cd) contents in foods and exposure to Cd through diets of the residents in the mining-affected areas of Nandan County in summer 2013 (July to August) and winter 2014 (November to December). The weighing of foods and the chemical analysis of foods were applied to determine the dietary structure, and the concentration of trace element Cd in the diets, respectively, of the residents in the mining-affected areas (Chehe town, Dachang town, and Zhanglao town) and a control area (Liuzhai town), and subsequently the Cd exposure from the diets was estimated. In the mining-affected areas, the geometric mean of Cd in rice and rice products was the highest (0.29 μg/g) among all food types, and it exceeds the value of 0.2ug/g from the China Food Safety National Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB2762-2017). The Cd contents in rice and rice products, vegetables, and beans in the mining-affected areas were significantly higher than those in the control area. The estimated daily food intakes of Cd in the mining-affected areas were higher than the intake in the control area. The THQ in the mining-affected areas of Chehe town, Dachang town, and Zhanglao town was 3.03, 2.31, and 3.27, respectively. All of which were higher than the value of 1.44 in the control area. Thus, the high level of dietary cadmium intakes of residents in this area deserves our attention.

Ship emissions and coastal air pollution around China are expected to be alleviated with the gradual implementation of ship domestic emission control area (DECA) policies. However, a comprehensive post-assessment on the policy's effectiveness is still lacking. This study developed a series of high-spatiotemporal ship emission inventories around China from 2016 to 2019 based on an updated Ship Emission Inventory Model (SEIM v2.0) and analyzed the interannual changes in emissions under the influence of both ship activity increases and gradually promoted policies. In this model, NOx, SO2, PM and HC emissions from ships in China's inland rivers and the 200 Nm (nautical miles) coastal zone were estimated every day with a spatial resolution of 0.05∘×0.05∘ based on a combination of automatic identification system (AIS) data and the Ship Technical Specifications Database (STSD). The route restoration technology and classification of ocean-going vessels (OGVs), coastal vessels (CVs) and river vessels (RVs) has greatly improved our model in the spatial distribution of ship emissions. From 2016 to 2019, SO2 and PM emissions from ships decreased by 29.6 % and 26.4 %, respectively, while ship NOx emissions increased by 13.0 %. Although the DECA 1.0 policy was implemented in 2017, it was not until 2019 when DECA 2.0 came into effect that a significant emission reduction was achieved, e.g., a year-on-year decrease of 33.3 %, regarding SO2. Considering the potential emissions brought by the continuous growth of maritime trade, however, an even larger SO2 emission reduction effect of 39.8 % was achieved in these 4 years compared with the scenario without switching to cleaner fuel. Containers and bulk carriers are still the dominant contributors to ship emissions, and newly built, large ships and ships using clean fuel oil account for an increasingly large proportion of emission structures. A total of 4 years of consecutive daily ship emissions were presented for major ports, which reflects the influence of the step-by-step DECA policy on emissions in a timely manner and may provide useful references for port observation experiments and local policy making. In addition, the spatial distribution shows that a number of ships detoured outside the scope of DECA 2.0 in 2019, perhaps to save costs on more expensive low-sulfur oil, which would increase emissions in farther maritime areas. The multiyear ship emission inventory provides high-quality datasets for air-quality and dispersion modeling, as well as verifications for in situ observation experiments, which may also guide further ship emission control directions in China.

Fuel sulfur emissions control areas have been established in a few marine coastal regions to reduce environmental impacts from combustion of high sulfur residual fuel oil (RFO). For example, in August of 2012, the U.S. began enforcing fuel sulfur limits on certain large commercial marine vessels up to 200 nautical miles (nm) of its coasts as part of a North American Emissions Control Area (NA-ECA), and in January of 2014, the U.S. began enforcing fuel sulfur limits on these vessels within up to 50 nm of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands as part of the U.S. Caribbean Sea ECA (USCAR-ECA). This work evaluates ECA effectiveness at reducing PM2.5 from combustion of RFO by using both spatial analysis, comparing PM2.5 source apportionment at IMPROVE monitoring sites largely impacted by air from either inside or outside of an ECA, along with temporal analysis, comparing RFO combustion impacts pre and post ECA enforcement at sites largely impacted by air from inside an ECA. Source apportionment was performed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) on chemically speciated PM2.5 data from 2009 to 2018. Results for 7 coastal U.S. IMPROVE sites influenced by marine air masses within the NA-ECA showed an annual mean reduction of PM2.5 from RFO combustion of 79.0% (range, 60.2% to 91.5%) when comparing impacts from the pre-ECA (RFO average 2.7% S) period of 2009-2011 to the ECA 0.1% fuel S period of 2015-2018. In contrast, the Virgin Islands, Big Bend, and Baengnyeong Island South Korea IMPROVE sites were impacted by RFO combustion and were largely or wholly influenced by air masses from outside of an emissions control area. These sites saw a statistically significant 14.0% increase, a 21.0% decrease, or no statistically significant change, respectively, when comparing time periods pre and post ECA enforcement.Implications: This study performs source apportionment on PM2.5 monitoring data to identify 10 sites impacted by residual fuel oil combustion, mainly from marine vessel fuel use. The paper then evaluates the effects of enforcement of marine vessel fuel sulfur emissions control areas at reducing ambient impacts of this source on PM2.5. This study uses both temporal analysis of the source apportionment results, comparing source impacts before and after enforcement of marine vessel fuel sulfur emissions control areas, and spatial analysis, comparing source impacts between sites largely impacted or not impacted by airmasses originating inside of marine vessel fuel sulfur emissions control areas.

The purpose of this study was to determine possible damage created by recreational activities in Yedigoller (Seven Lakes) National Park and to recommend recreational impact management decisions in order to ensure its sustainable use. Four picnic and camping areas and one control area in the National Park were selected as sampling areas. In order to determine the ecological effects of recreational activities and the pressures on the plant life and the soil, an observation form was used. The study also addressed the stress on the Fagus orientalis trees in all recreation areas near Nazli Lake, Buyuk Lake, and Derin Lake. Findings from the soil analysis indicated that in general, intense human activities in the area had negatively affected both the physical and chemical properties of the soil. As a result of the evaluation of the observation forms, all of the sampling areas in the park were determined to be in poor condition. project titled Research on Possible Damage of Recreational Activities in Yedigoller National Park This study was supported by the project titled Research on Possible Damage of Recreational Activities in Yedigoller National Park upon the request of the Nature Conservation and National Parks 9th Regional Directorate of the Bolu National Parks Branch Directorate. We also thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hulya Torun for contributing to the measurement of the physiological parameters in the study. WOS:000674564600002 2-s2.0-85110806711

High Conservation Value Forests or botanical parks are critical forested areas that need to be appropriately managed and protected against fire, as they contain large concentrations of biodiversity-which includes endangered or threatened species–which are very sensitive to fire outbreaks. Thus, early detection and rapid responses are so important in combating and containing fire in these areas. As such, a lot of innovative methods are used for the containment and combating of fire. This paper proposes a stand-alone program called FireLocator created by LabVIEW that can detect in real-time the geolocation and behavior of fires by superposition of detection areas through state-of-the-art multispectral infrared detectors using wireless transmitters and mathematical modeling algorithms at a very early stage with maximum spatial resolution. In this context, four alternative models for the optimum positions of detectors in pilot control area are analyzed with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Experimental results demonstrated that preferred alternative model for FireLocator program has the highest percentage with 38.22% based on the AHP algorithm that validates the model used in this study. Moreover, FireLocator outperformed other fire monitoring systems and provided high spatial resolution (up to 3 m) which assisted in determining fire behavior and the geolocation of the fire in a minimum pilot area of ~ 3598.9 square meters.

Background. Implementing the measures to protect the control area (CA) population is ensured by Emergency Planning and Response System of “NNEGC” Energoatom” in case of accidents and emergencies at NPPs of Ukraine (EPR) as a part of the Unified State Civil Protection System (USCPS). Purpose. Specifying the features of interaction between different management structures in the domain of radiation protection of the control area population in case of emergencies at nuclear power plants. Materials and methods. The expert evaluation method was utilized in the research process. Five main groups of experts, responsible for the state of radiation protection of various population groups of South-Ukrainian NPP (SUNPP) control area and qualified according to the key criteria, have been formed. Semi-closed-ended and open-ended questions were used in the expert evaluations, a 5-point scale was used in closed-ended ones, and nominal ones were used for others. When processing, statistical methods designed to analyze non-numerical information were applied. Results and discussion. In case of emergency at SUNPP, the system of alerting municipal authority executives of cities and rural settlements of the control area is “more or less” effective and can be achieved within 30 minutes. The control area population is provided with stable iodine agents, the population of Yuzhnoukrainsk is provided with individual protective gear in the best way; Voznesensk and rural settlements have a little lower levels of supply. The rural areas are characterized by the lowest level of first aid kits, protective clothing and respirators supplies. Implementing the measures to limit the consumption of food contaminated with radionuclides and to provide “clean” one, as well as to restrict the consumption of drinking water contaminated with radionuclides, and to provide “clean” one is about 3.0 points (“approximately 50% of what is needed”). Conclusion. The analysis of expert evaluation data shows that the NPP and the State Emergency Service conduct regular training in case of emergency at NPP forming stereotypes of behavior of managing civil servants. The level of readiness to put protective measures in action in case of emergency at SUNPP varies, depending on the state service and institution as well the location of those ones in the control area. The level of readiness in the edge city is the highest; it is lower in cities and the lowest in the rural areas. The level of being equipped with key facilities is extremely low in civil protection services and primary healthcare units., Актуальність. Реалізацію заходів захисту населення зони спосте- реження (ЗС) забезпечує «Система аварійної готовності та реагування ДП «НАЕК «Енергоатом» на аварії та надзвичайні ситуації на АЕС України» (САР) у складі єдиної державної системи цивільного захисту. Мета роботи – визначення особливостей взаємодії різних управлінських структур з питань радіаційного захисту населення в зонах спостереження на випадок надзвичайної ситуації (НС) на АЕС. Матеріали та методи. У процесі дослідження був застосований метод експертного оцінювання. Сформовані п’ять груп експертів, які несуть відповідальність за стан радіаційного захисту різних груп населення зони спостереження (ЗС) Южноукраїнської АЕС (ЮУАЕС) та є компетентними за основними критеріями. При експертних оцінках були використані напівзакриті та відкриті питання, в закритих застосовувалась порядкова 5-бальна шкала, а для інших – номінальні. При їх обробці застосовувалися статистичні методи, які призначені для аналізу нечислової інформації. Результати та їх обговорення. На випадок НС на ЮУАЕС система опо- віщення керівників органів місцевої влади міст і сільських населених пунк- тів (СНП) ЗС є «більш-менш» ефективною і може бути реалізована протягом 30 хвилин. Населення ЗС забезпечене препаратами стабільного йоду, засобами індивідуального захисту найкраще забезпечене населення м. Юж- ноукраїнськ, дещо нижче – м. Вознесенськ та СНП. Найнижчий рівень за- безпеченості аптечками, захисним одягом і респіраторами – на сільських територіях. Реалізація заходів щодо обмеження споживання продуктів хар- чування, забруднених радіонуклідами і забезпечення «чистими», а також обмеження споживання питної води, забрудненої радіонуклідами, та забез- печення «чистою» складає близько 3,0 балів («близько 50% від необхідного»). Висновки. Аналіз даних експертних оцінок свідчить, що службами АЕС і ДСНС проводяться періодичні навчання на випадок НС на АЕС, що формує стереотипи поведінки управлінців державних служб і установ. Рівень готовності реалізації захисних заходів на випадок НС на ЮУАЕС різний, залежно від державної служби і установи та їх розміщення в зоні спостереження. Рівень готовності в місті-супутнику найвищий, нижчий в містах і найнижчий на сільських територіях. Рівень оснащення служб цивільного захисту (ЦЗ) і МСЧ дуже низький.

One year ago, the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus began spreading around the world. Vaccines have now been developed by a variety companies from different countries. Vaccines must be stored in good condition within cold boxes designed to keep vaccines within acceptable temperature ranges. This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm based on a chemical reaction called Hybrid Artificial Chemical Reaction Optimization Algorithm (HACROA) which has been used to design a vaccine cold chain network in northern Thailand. The scope of this research is to focus on the Office of Disease Prevention and Control Area 1 (Chiang Mai, Thailand). The objective of this research is to rearrange routes to minimize total travel distances. Experiments were conducted to compare the efficiency of the hybrid algorithm with other algorithms in term of the distance. The optimal parameters of the algorithm employed a statistical experiment theory namely full factorial design. Experiment design and analysis were adopted to investigate the factors that affect the performance of this algorithm. HACROA was able to rearrange routes and found a better solution than the other algorithms.

Procedural recommendations are made for a radiation safety assessment of the environment as well as the results of their approval based on monitoring of the radiation situation for nuclear facilities are presented. Changes in the radioecological situation are identified and assessed in relation to the existing radiation background and the biota irradiation dose rate and control levels of radionuclides in the natural environment, determined on the basis of environmental criteria, are given. An integral assessment of the radioecological situation is performed using a generalized metric that takes into account the spatial scale, duration, and intensity of the radiation exposure. The proposed metrics can be considered as basic for making assessments of the environmental radiation risk of nuclear facilities and standardizing the quality of the environment based on the level of the activity of radionuclides.

We investigated whether residents who lived closer to the core of one of the largest industrial zone in Europe (Fos-sur-Mer, France) had higher serum levels of organochlorine indicators (NDL-PCBs, DL-PCBs and PCDD/Fs) than people who lived out of the industrial core zone (Saint-Martin-de-Crau, France). The INDEX cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2016. We collected blood samples from 138 people (80 in the exposed area and 58 in the control area), which were included using a stratified random sampling method and selected with strict criteria (e.g., 30–65 years old, living in the area for at least 3 years, not working in the industrial sector, non-smoker). Biomonitoring indicators were calculated using multivariate linear regression models, adjusting for personal physiological, social, dietary, housing characteristics and free-time activities. We also measured these pollutants in samples of lichens (Xanthoria parietina) and atmospheric particles (PM2.5). We found that behaviours that involved environmental exposures (such as gardening, dietary history of consumption of vegetables, eggs, poultry, and local seafood) were significantly associated with an increase in organochlorine serum levels amongst residents of the industrial port zone compared to the residents of the control area. We also observed spatial and temporal variations of the pollutants across the territory. Our observations provided clues in understanding the presence of organochlorine compounds in the human body and links to environmental exposures in the context of one of the largest industrial zone in Europe.

Sebangau dan Katingan sebagian alirannya menjadi batas terluar dari kawasan konservasi Taman Nasional Sebangau (TNS) Kalimantan Tengah. Kedua sungai mendapat pengaruh langsung dari hutan rawa gambut dan menghasilkan karakteristik perairan hitam. Sungai memiliki sumberdaya ikan yang dimanfaatkan melalui kegiatan perikanan tangkap oleh masyarakat sungai, yakni nelayan. Kegiatan penangkapan berlangsung di wilayah induk dan anak sungai sebagai wilayah komunal dan terkontrol. Wilayah penangkapan mempengaruhi kondisi perikanan tangkap, hal ini menjadi permasalahan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguraikan pelaku usaha perikanan, identitas penangkapan, hasil tangkapan, dan wilayah penangkapan. Lokasi penelitian bertempat di induk dan anak Sungai Sebangau dan Katingan, berlangsung dari bulan Oktober hingga Desember 2019. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif melalui pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data primer yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, data sekunder melalui studi dokumen dari berbagi sumber. Tahapan analisis data terdiri atas tiga tahap yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian yang dapat adalah usaha perikanan tangkap dilakukan oleh nelayan dengan alat tangkap tradisional. Nelayan memiliki hasil tangkapan berupa ikan konsumsi air tawar yang terdiri dari delapan jenis famili ikan per sungai. Nelayan melakukan penangkapan di bagian induk dan anak sungai. Wilayah penangkapan terdiri atas dua wilayah, yakni wilayah komunal menempati induk Sungai Sebangau dan seluruh wilayah Sungai Katingan dan wilayah terkontrol berlokasi di anak Sungai Sebangau. Wilayah komunal bersifat terbuka sedangkan wilayah terkontrol bersifat tertutup, hal ini mempengaruhi kondisi perikanan yang berlangsung di setiap wilayah.

The control of air pollution remains a challenge to the planning of cities and fossil fuel burning is the main cause of air degradation. Particulate matter (PM) is the contaminant commonly used as an indicator of pollution, but environmental agencies may face difficulties in operating surveillance networks due to the lack of resources and infrastructure. As an alternative to conventional networks, scientific studies have pointed out that nature itself can contribute to the diagnosis and reduction of air pollution. Nature-based solutions (NbS) are proposals that use natural processes and structures to meet different environmental challenges. In this study, biomonitoring with Tillandsia usneoides was applied as a NbS tool to evaluate air quality in an important port urban area in the city of Guarujá, Brazil, affected by industrial and vehicular emissions. It was observed that cadmium mass fractions were at least forty times higher than the control area with one-month exposition.

A thermo-hygrometric analysis was carried out at 9, 12 and 16 hrs, under six groups of urban tree species with different levels of shading, plus a lawn as control area, on a hot and humid day of November 2018 in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro. Air temperature and relative humidity data were converted into apparent temperature heat indexes (HI). The results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and, if significant, a regression analysis was performed. Shading indexes were calculated using five fisheye photos taken under each group of tree species, in order to obtain a mean sky view factor (SVF) for each location. Values of SVF and HI of each different evaluation time were subjected to Pearson’s correlation analysis. There was a significant difference within the groups of trees at the three evaluation times. The maximum HI (43.91°C) was recorded at midday. On the lawn area, there was a significant positive correlation between the SVF and the HI at different evaluation times, and it was higher at noon. Increased sunlight exposure, due to decreased sky blockage, causes a significant increase in HI.