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The drape behaviour of fabric is regarded as an aesthetic property, especially in the apparel and home textile industries. It has an influence on how well the appearance of a fabric in the end use. Fabric drape testing instrument developed by Cusick has been commonly used for the objective measurement of fabric drape behaviour. The device and the classic cut-and-weigh procedure is still the standard method of measuring drape. This method needs consumables and skilled operator for drawing, cutting, and weighing operations. To eliminate the disadvantages of this conventional system, image processing algorithm based on the Circular Hough Transform is developed to calculate the drape coefficient of fabrics in this study. Various woven and knitted fabrics were tested by both the conventional and the developed image processing methods. Drape results obtained from both systems represented a very strong relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. As a result, fast, accurate and robust objective fabric drape test method has been developed.

Bu çalışma konu olarak silahlı insansız hava araçlar'ın (İHA) konvansiyonel (geleneksel) savaştaki yerini ve anlık istihbarattan anlık müdahaleye geçiş aşamalarını incelemektedir. Araştırmanın amacı silahlı insansız hava araçları (SİHA) ' nın konvansiyonel (geleneksel) savaşta kullanılan standart silah ve araç gereçlere karşı ne gibi bir stratejik üstünlük yaratmakta olduğunu inceleyerek yeni nesil insansız sistemlerin insanlı savaş araçlarına karşı avantaj ve dez avantajlarını belirlemektir. Bu çalışmada veri değerlendirme tekniklerinden belgesel ve kaynak taraması tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu tekniklerin seçilmesinde saldırı ve savunma teknikleri istihbaratla birleştiğinde erken tanıma sistemlerinin öneminin kavranması yer almaktadır. İçerik analizinde özellikle raporlar bu konu hakkında büyük önem arz edecek bilgileri açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte insansız hava araçlarındaki bazı yeni, AR-GE çalışmaları insansız hava araçlarının teknik alt yapısında daha ayrıntılı bilgilere ulaşmamıza olanak sağlayacaktır. İçerikte ana konu olan silahlı insansız hava araçları (SİHA) savunma şirketleri tarafından üretilmektedir bu nedenle kaynakların bir kısmı bizzat teknolojik platform ve aviyonik (Elektronik) sistemleri üreten şirketlerin internet üzerinden oluşturdukları tanıtım sayfalarından oluşmaktadır. Kaynakların bir diğer kısmıda güvenlik uzmanlarının araştırma roparları, yüksek lisans tezleri, dergi makaleleri, kitaplar ve gazete haberlerinden oluşmaktadır. Kaynakların birçok yerden teyit edilerek bilgilerin doğuluğunun sağlanması amacı etkili olmuştur. This study examines the role of armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) (drones) in the conventional (traditional) war and the transition from instant intelligence to instant intervention. The aim of the study is to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the new generation of unmanned systems against manned war vehicles by examining what kind of strategic superiority the armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have to the standard weapons and tools used in the conventional war.In this study, documentary and literature review techniques from data evaluation methods were used. In the selection of these methods, attack and defense techniques are combined with intelligence to understand the importance of early recognition systems. In the content analysis, especially the reports clearly reveal the information that will be of great importance on this issue. However, some new R & D works on unmanned aerial vehicles will allow us to reach more detailed information in the technical infrastructure of unmanned aerial vehicles.The main subject in the content of the UAVs is produced by the defense companies, therefore, some of the sources consist of the introductory pages created by the companies which produce technological platforms and avionics (electronic) systems through the internet. Another part of the sources consists of research reports, master's theses, articles, books and newspaper reports of security experts. The purpose of ensuring the veracity of the information was effective by confirming the sources from many places. 140

Conference of 16th IEEE SENSORS Conference, ICSENS 2017 ; Conference Date: 30 October 2017 Through 1 November 2017; Conference Code:132067; International audience; Nowadays, the safety of passengers on board is the first preoccupation for aircraft manufacturers. For this reason, next-generation helicopters are now being designed with a wide range of advanced technologies to reinforce safety. In this context, a new fire detection system based on reflectometry is proposed for monitoring the engines of helicopters. The main idea is to mesh engines by a fireproof cable that serves not only as a physical support of test signals, but also as a fire detection sensor. To do so, OMTDR technology is integrated into an electronic device analyzing in permanence the impedance variation of the sensor caused by a temperature increase. The proposed fire detection system permits not only to detect the fire as conventional systems, but also to locate it with accuracy. Moreover, the fire detection sensor becomes intelligent since it is able to self-diagnosis (i.e. hard fault, aging, etc.) thanks to OMTDR use. For feasibility proof, a demonstrator is developed and tested in laboratory. Experimental results show that the fire detection system is able to detect and locate multiple fire zones simultaneously without loss of accuracy.

Wine industry generates large volumes of wastewater originating from various processes and operations carried out during wine production. Spain is considered one of the world's largest wine-producing countries. Nevertheless, most of wineries still lack of a proper wastewater treatment system. Constructed wetland systems constitute an alternative to conventional systems due to their low cost, low energy requirement and easy operation and maintenance. The aim of this work is to assess the environmental impacts of constructed wetlands for winery wastewater treatment.

Due to the increasing demand on user data rates, future wireless communication networks require higher spectral efficiency. To reach higher spectral efficiencies, wireless network technologies collaborate and construct a seamless interconnection between multiple tiers of architectures at the cost of increased co-channel interference. To evaluate the performance of the co-channel transmission based communication, we propose a new metric for area spectral efficiency (ASE) of interference limited Ad-hoc network by assuming that the nodes are randomly distributed according to a Poisson point processes (PPP). We introduce a utility function, U = ASE/delay and derive the optimal ALOHA transmission probability p and the SIR threshold \tau that jointly maximize the ASE and minimize the local delay. Finally numerical results has been conducted to confirm that the joint optimization based on the U metric achieves a significant performance gain compared to conventional systems., Comment: Accepted for publication, IEEE Communications Letters

Organik tarım, sağlıklı yaşamı, ekolojik değerlerin ve biyoçeşitliliğin korunarak geliştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, konvansiyonel tarım alanlarında yapılan uygulamalara göre çevre konularında daha ileri duyarlılık göstermektedir. Günümüzde giderek artan çevre sorunlarında tarımsal aktiviteler de önemli paya sahiptir. Dünya ülkeleri arasında Türkiye önemli bir tarım ülkesi olarak yer almakta ve buna bağlı olarak çevre sorunları üzerinde tarımın etkisi de giderek daha fazla irdelenmektedir. Bunlardan başlıcası olan sera gazı emisyonlarında 2011 yılı verilerine göre tarım sektörü toplamda 28 mt'luk bir CO2 eşdeğerine sahiptir. Bitkisel üretimde bir ürünün yaşam döngüsü boyunca uygulanan gübreleme, toprak işleme, ilaçlama işlemlerinden kaynaklanan doğrudan veya dolaylı karbondioksit emisyonlarının neden olduğu çevre sorunları, sürdürülebilirlik anlayışını içinde barındıran organik tarım sistemi içinde daha ayrıntılı incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin önemli ihraç ürünleri arasında yer alan kuru incirin konvansiyonel ve organik olmak üzere iki tarım sistemine göre yapılan yetiştiriciliğinde bir üretim sezonundaki uygulamalar incelenmiş ve organik ve konvansiyonel güneşte kurutulmuş incirin çevresel karbon ayakizi miktarları karbondioksit eşdeğeri cinsinden ifade edilmiştir. Çalışmada karbon eşdeğerleri; kuru incir üreticileri ve işletmecilerinden doğrudan elde edilen veriler ve ikincil literatürler kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplamalar alan (hektar) ve ürün (MT) miktarı üzerinden birim veya tüm üretim bölgesi bazında yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilerek kuru incir üretiminde işletme aşamasının payının bahçe aşamasından yüksek olduğu ve yetiştiriciliğinde organik sistemin konvansiyonel tarıma göre daha az karbon salınımı sağladığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır., Organic farming aims to develop or maintain the ecological values and biodiversity. Therefore, it shows more advanced sensitivity about environmental issues compared to conventional agricultural practices. Nowadays, agricultural activies also have significant share in increasing enviromental problems. Turkey is among countries where agriculture plays an important role and consequently discussions on enviromental problems increasingly discussed in respect to their impact on agriculture. Agricultural sector releases a total of 28 metric tons of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases according to 2011 data.. The enviromental problems because of direct or indirect carbondioxide emisions that originate as a result of fertilization, tillage, spraying application during a life cycle of a crop is examined more in detail in organic farming system which bases on sustainability. Dried fig, which is important export product of Turkey, was examined during the production period in two agricultural systems, conventional and organic, and environmental carbonfoot prints of sun-dried figs were calculated and expressed as carbondioxide equivalent values. Data used in calculation of carbon footprint were obtained directly from the fig farmers and processors or from secondary literature. The calculations were made based upon area (hectar) or production (MT) either per unit area or for the total production. Results proved that the carbon emissions were higher at the processing stage compare to production at the farm level and emissions under organic management system is lower than the conventional management.

Wearable EEG systems for continuous brain monitoring is an emergent technology that involves significant technical challenges. Some of these are related to the fact that these systems operate in conditions that are far less controllable with respect to interference and artifacts than is the case for conventional systems. Quantitative assessment of artifacts provides a mean for optimization with respect to electrode technology, electrode location, electronic instrumentation and system design. To this end, we propose an artifact assessment method and evaluate it over an empirical study of 3 subjects and 5 different types of artifacts. The study showed consistent results across subjects and artifacts.

The use of large-scale antenna arrays has the potential to bring substantial improvements in energy efficiency and/or spectral efficiency to future wireless systems, due to the greatly improved spatial beamforming resolution. Recent asymptotic results show that by increasing the number of antennas one can achieve a large array gain and at the same time naturally decorrelate the user channels; thus, the available energy can be focused very accurately at the intended destinations without causing much inter-user interference. Since these results rely on asymptotics, it is important to investigate whether the conventional system models are still reasonable in the asymptotic regimes. This paper analyzes the fundamental limits of large-scale multiple-input single-output (MISO) communication systems using a generalized system model that accounts for transceiver hardware impairments. As opposed to the case of ideal hardware, we show that these practical impairments create finite ceilings on the estimation accuracy and capacity of large-scale MISO systems. Surprisingly, the performance is only limited by the hardware at the single-antenna user terminal, while the impact of impairments at the large-scale array vanishes asymptotically. Furthermore, we show that an arbitrarily high energy efficiency can be achieved by reducing the power while increasing the number of antennas., Comment: Published at International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP 2013), 6 pages, 5 figures

In this paper, we investigate the downlink spectral efficiency of infrastructure relay-enhanced cellular systems. In particular, we use the average achieved spectral efficiency at an arbitrary mobile receiver in presence of co-channel interference, termed as cell spectral efficiency (CSE), to quantify the benefit of relay transmission in terms of lower co-channel interference power. We derive the exact analytical expression of CSE for relay-enhanced system with different transmission strategies while taking into account the random user locations and the impact of pass loss. We show through selected numerical examples that the relay-enhanced systems have the potential to achieve much better CSE performance over the conventional systems Scopus

A special class of fixed-wing micro-air-vehicle (MAV) is currently being designed to fly and hover to provide range superiority as well as being able to hover through a flight maneuver known as prop-hanging to accomplish a variety of surveillance missions. The hover maneuver requires roll control of the wing through differential aileron deflection but a conventional system contributes significantly to the gross weight and complexity of a MAV. Therefore, it is advantageous to use smart structure approaches with active materials to design a lightweight, robust wing for the MAV. The proposed smart wing consists of an active trailing edge flap integrated with bimorph actuators with piezoceramic fibers. Actuation is enhanced by preloading the bimorph actuators with a compressive axial load. The preload is exerted on the actuators through a passive latex or electroactive polymer (EAP) skin that wraps around the airfoil. An EAP skin would further enhance the actuation by providing an electrostatic effect of the dielectric polymer to increase the deflection. Analytical modeling as well as finite element analysis show that the proposed concept could achieve the target bi-directional deflection of 30° in typical flight conditions. Several bimorph actuators were manufactured and an experimental setup was designed to measure the static and dynamic deflections. The experimental results validated the analytical technique and finite element models, which have been further used to predict the performance of the smart wing design for a MAV. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Türkiye'deki mevcut termik santrallerin ve rüzgar santrallerinin çevresel etkileri tartışılmış, ülkenin takip ettiği enerji politikaları nedeniyle gelecekte karşı karşıya kalması muhtemel risklerin bugün görülen belirtilerine dikkat çekilmiştir. Enerji kaynaklarını çeşitlendirmenin ve enerjide güvenliğin arttırılması konularının ortaya konulması çalışmanın ana amacını oluşturmaktadır. Environmental impacts of existing wind farms and thermal plants has been debated, and the potential risks of future has been pointed because of the energy policies followed. Chief object of this study is taking into consideration the objective of protecting nature when electing the energy resources. Thereby, the country?s energy potential should be used at the utmost degree by utilization of renewable energy resources together with the usage of domestic fossil resources. 162

Orientador: Mara de Andrade Marinho Weill Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola Resumo: A erosão acelerada do solo constitui um processo importante de degradação da qualidade das terras agrícolas e do ambiente circundante. A avaliação dos efeitos da erosão em sistemas de produção agrícola, com ênfase nos aspectos econômicos da produção, representa uma valiosa ferramenta de análise para obtenção de subsídios ao planejamento do uso agrícola em bases sustentáveis. Este trabalho teve por objetivo valorar do ponto de vista econômico a erosão do solo agrícola a partir de diferentes sistemas de cultivo de milho em parcelas experimentais. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Campo Experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola da UNICAMP (SP), na área correspondente às parcelas experimentais, conduzidas com diferentes sistemas de manejo em duas fases designadas por Ensaio Anterior (1990 a 1996) e Ensaio Atual (2003 a 2005). Foram avaliados dados de produtividade das culturas, de perdas de terra e de nutrientes por erosão e calculados os custos de reposição dos nutrientes. Para o Ensaio Anterior, os resultados em termos de produtividade de milho pipoca, indicam o melhor tratamento como tendo sido T1¿ Grade Aradora e o pior T8¿ Enxada Rotativa, sendo o rendimento do primeiro 54% superior em relação ao segundo. Para perda de terra, os resultados revelam que houve significância estatística entre tratamentos sendo que as perdas médias foram menores para os tratamentos conservacionistas, com destaque para o tratamento T4- Plantio Direto. As perdas de nutrientes também diferiram significativamente entre tratamentos, qualificando-as como um importante parâmetro na avaliação econômica do efeito da erosão sobre a qualidade do solo. Com relação ao custo reposição dos nutrientes, as parcelas sob tratamento convencional apresentaram, como esperado, os maiores custos em função das maiores perdas. Para o Ensaio Atual, na safra 2003/04, a produtividade média de grãos das parcelas manejadas sob sistema plantio direto foi de 9.053,33 kg ha-1, contra 8.062,03 kg ha-1 das parcelas sob sistema convencional e na safra 2004/05, os valores foram respectivamente de 8.440,00 kg ha-1 e 7.346,25 kg ha-1. Embora, não tenha sido caracterizada significância estatística entre tratamentos, produtividades superiores em 12% e em 15%, obtidas nas parcelas manejadas sob sistema plantio direto nas duas safras, representam um ganho significativo de receita para o produtor. Em termos absolutos, as perdas de terra por erosão e as perdas de nutrientes foram maiores para o plantio convencional (PC) em relação ao sistema plantio direto (SPD), mas não foi caracterizada significância estatística em função dos elevados coeficientes de variação. Em termos médios, os resultados do custo reposição indicam valores mais baixos nas duas safras para as parcelas sob SPD. A valoração econômica da degradação do solo pela erosão acelerada, utilizando o método de custo reposição dos nutrientes perdidos devido aos processos erosivos, demonstrou ser uma alternativa promissora para avaliação da sustentabilidade de sistemas agrícolas. Embora no presente trabalho apenas parte do custo de degradação por erosão tenha sido valorada, pôde-se observar uma tendência de superioridade em termos dos sistemas agrícolas mais conservacionistas em relação aos sistemas convencionais, no que refere ao controle da erosão e, por conseguinte, à diminuição dos custos de reposição de nutrientes. No presente trabalho, não foi possível comprovar a ocorrência de degradação temporal do solo por erosão, que poderia ser medida pela variação da produtividade da terra, tendo em vista se tratar de um solo resiliente, de baixa erodibilidade, cujo manejo com nutrientes por meio de adubação compensa os efeitos da erosão, mantendo a produtividade do sistema no período analisado Abstract: Soil erosion is an important process of land and environment degradation. The evaluation of the erosion effects on agricultural production systems, with emphasis in economical aspects of production process, constitutes a valuable tool to acquire useful subsidies to the agricultural use planning in a sustainable basis. The main objective of this work was to apply an economic valuation method, as a manner of including part of the costs due to erosion in the agricultural production process. The study was conducted in the Experimental Area of the Agricultural Engineering College of UNICAMP (SP), in plots used with different management systems. The work was performed in two stages, referred by Previous Essay (1990 to 1996) and Present Essay (2003 to 2005). They were analyzed data of corn yield, soil and nutrients losses. In economic evaluation, the replacement cost approach was used. For Previous Essay (1990 to 1996), the obtained results showed that the biggest value of corn productivity occurred in T1- Heavy harrow treatment and the minor value in T8- Rotary tiller treatment. The yield of the first treatment was 54% larger than that of the second. In relation to soil losses, the differences between treatments were significant. The soil losses were smaller in conservationist treatments, especially in the T4- Direct drilling treatment. Soil nutrient losses were also significantly different between treatments, qualifying them as an important parameter for economic evaluation of the erosion effect on soil quality. The plots under conventional treatments presented the biggest nutrients replacement costs, probably due the major soil losses occurred in these plots. For Present Essay, in the first year (2003/04), the corn average yield from plots under Direct-drilling system was 9,053.33 kg ha-1, against 8,062.03 kg ha-1 obtained from plots under Heavy harrow system. In the second year (2004/05), the values were respectively of 8,440.00 kg ha-1 and 7,346.25 kg ha-1. Although significant differences between treatments were not characterized, gains of 12% and 15% on corn yields from plots under Direct-drilling system represent important increases of income to the producer. The soil and nutrients losses were larger in plots managed under conventional system (heavy harrow); however, significant differences were not characterized in this case, probably due to the high coefficients of variation. The nutrients replacement costs were smaller for the plots under Direct-drilling system. The valuation of soil degradation by erosion using the replacement cost approach is a promising alternative to the economic sustainability evaluation of agricultural systems. Even though in present work only part of the cost of soil degradation due to erosion had been studied, a tendency of advantage of the conservationist systems comparing with the conventional systems could be observed in relation to erosion control and, consequently, to diminishing of nutrients replacement costs. It was not possible to prove the occurrence of temporal soil degradation by erosion, once the soil of experimental plots is productive and has a low erodibility. In this case, the nutrient management with fertilizers is able to mask the erosion effects, maintaining crop productivity Mestrado Água e Solo Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

ÖZET Günümüzde teknoloji her dakika gelişmekte ve bu gelişmelerde çeşitli sistemlerde kontrol mekanizması olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu kontrol mekanizmalarıda bir çok alanda ya otomasyon için, ya da konfor için kullanılmıştır. Modern iş dünyasında bu yüksek teknoloji sayesinde bilgi akışı 24 saat sürmekte çalışma sınırları klasik mesai saatlerinin dışına taşmıştır. Binaların klima sistemlerindeki tek bir noktadan kontrol yerine bireysel kontrolün sağlanabilmesi için yapılan çalışmalar olmuş ve hala devam etmektedir. 1970'li yıllardan sonra ortaya çıkan petrol krizinden sonra yakıt ekonomisi ve enerji maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi yönündeki çalışmalar günümüze kadar devam etmiş ve 2005 yılma kadar devam etmesi öngörülen enerji tasarrufundaki bu çalışmalar işletme maliyeti ucuz olan cihazlar için bir başlangıç noktası oluşturmuştur. Bu gelişmenin en son hali olan V.R.V (Değişken Soğutucu Akışkan Debili Klima Sistemi = D.S.A.D.K.S )klima sistemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada klima sistemlerinin içerisindeki bilgilerin daha rahat anlaşılması için kavramlar ve kanal dizayn yöntemleri hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Bütün kanallı ve sulu sistemler ile ilgili Sistem Özellikleri, Sistem Tanımlaması, Borulama Dizaynı, Kanal Dizaynı, Kontrol sistemi ile ilgili bilgiler sunulmuş ve V.R.V. ile ilgili olarak da çalışma prensibi, ekonomikliği, kısımları ve özelliklerinden bahsedilmişitir. ABSTRACT In today's modern world, technology is developing day by day and these technological developments help us in every aspect. As the years go by the requirements of the people also for the comfort get more and more. Fore example the technological developments, which are also seen in the air-conditioning, systems bringing up many advantages increasing the quality standards of these systems. The recently made improvements in the air-conditioning systems cover basically the control mechanisms of the air conditioning systems. Else then this there are studies on trying to control a central airconditioning system from a central control point instead of several control points in an application. These systems are very much used in big hotels, business centres and shopping centres. The studies on trying to decrease the energy consumption coasts have started after the oil crises on 1970 and continued until today in a program aiming to reach to a predicted value until to the year 2005. One of the results of the energy consumption decreasement program applied in the air-conditioning field is the V.R.V. system. In this study definitions about the terms which are used in the air conditioning systems have been explained and detailed information about the design methods of air-conditioning systems have been given. Additional to this distribution of the air-conditioned air with the ducted systems and V.R.V. systems has been explained. T.C. YÜKSEKÖ?RETİM KURULU DOKÜMANTASYON MERKEZİ xı 126

Nowadays, hydrogen is the most viable energy carrier useful for further applications and in particular for fuel cells. Furthermore, from an environmentally-friendly point of view, hydrogen production from ethanol, mainly producible from biomass, is considered as a new opportunity for exploiting renewable sources. The present paper reviews the current state of the art about hydrogen production from ethanol reforming processes performed through membrane reactors technology. In particular, inorganic membrane reactors are described because they are useful to perform reactions limited by the equilibrium conversion owing to the hydrogen separation capability of an inorganic membrane. The benefits and the main drawbacks of inorganic membrane reactors are examined and the performances in terms of hydrogen yield, hydrogen recovery, conversion and so on are qualitatively compared to those of conventional systems. In addition, an overview on the most relevant scientific results on ethanol reforming processes carried out in inorganic membrane reactors is also reported and discussed. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.