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PurposeTo perform a phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ evaluation of an H-1337 ophthalmic solution in subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT).DesignThis was a phase I/II, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, dose-response study conducted at 6 private practice sites in the United States. The study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03452033.ParticipantsEighty-seven subjects with bilateral POAG or OHT were enrolled.MethodsAfter washout of ocular hypotensive medications as required, the subjects were randomized to receive either the H-1337 ophthalmic solution at 0.06%, 0.2%, and 0.6% or its vehicle twice daily unilaterally in the study eye for the first 3 days and then twice daily in both eyes from day 4 to 28.Main outcome measuresThe primary efficacy end point was the mean change in intraocular pressure from baseline (day 0) for each group on day 28 at hour 4 compared with the vehicle.ResultsIn the primary efficacy end point, i.e., mean change from the baseline on day 28 at hour 4, the mean change from the baseline was - 4.45 ± 3.801, - 5.16 ± 3.114, - 4.93 ± 3.110, and - 0.39 ± 2.355 in the 0.06%, 0.2%, and 0.6% H-1337 and vehicle groups, respectively. The difference between each active group and the vehicle group was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 49% of subjects who received H-1337 (range, 41% [0.2% arm]-64% [0.6% arm] across the H-1337 arms) and 18% of subjects who received the vehicle. The majority of TEAEs were mild in severity; 3 subjects who received H-1337 had a TEAE of moderate intensity (instillation site erythema, blurred vision, and muscle strain).ConclusionsThe H-1337 ophthalmic solution showed clinically and statistically significant ocular hypotensive activity and was well tolerated, with a relatively low incidence of hyperemia.Financial disclosure(s)Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the corneal keratometric index in the eyes of cataract surgery patients who received zero-power intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methodology: This retrospective study analyzed postoperative equivalent spherical refraction and axial length, mean anterior curvature radius and aqueous humor refractive index to calculate the theoretical corneal keratometric index value (nk). Data was collected from 2 centers located in France and Germany. Results: Thirty-six eyes were analyzed. The results revealed a mean corneal keratometric index of 1.329 ± 0.005 for traditional axial length (AL) and 1.331 ± 0.005 for Cooke modified axial length (CMAL). Results ranged from minimum values of 1.318/1.320 to maximum values of 1.340/1.340. Conclusion: The corneal keratometric index is a crucial parameter for ophthalmic procedures and calculations, particularly for IOL power calculation. Notably, the estimated corneal keratometric index value of 1.329/1.331 in this study is lower than the commonly used 1.3375 index. These findings align with recent research demonstrating that the theoretical corneal keratometric index should be approximately 1.329 using traditional AL and 1.331 using CMAL, based on the ratio between the mean anterior and posterior corneal curvature radii (1.22). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thin lens technique was developed to determine how the effective powers of toric monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) are influenced by tilt and the refractive errors associated with the tilt. A series of steps determined the effective power of the cornea at the IOL, the IOL power, the effective power of the tilted IOL, the correction required at the front of the eye and the power of an IOL that would compensate for the tilt. The correction was determined by starting at the ideal reduced image vergence at the IOL, backwards raytracing to obtain a reduced image vergence at the cornea, and subtracting the cornea power from this reduced image vergence. Examples are presented for different situations where the IOL is either tilted about the vertical or an oblique axis. Raytracing with a thick lens verified the accuracy of the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an analysis of the charging interactivity between surrounding surface materials aboard a spacecraft at geosynchronous altitudes. In particular, bootstrap charging of a small surface may occur if is surrounded by a large negatively charged surface. Here, a negative potential barrier forms above the small surface, resulting in suppression of photo- and secondary electron emission from that surface. Additionally, the small surface experiences an enhancement of the collection of the photo- and secondary electrons emitted from the surrounding surface. This mechanism results in the charging of the small surface to higher levels than that of the patch in isolation, and in many cases the final potential will reach that of the potential of the larger surrounding surface. With this study we examine bootstrap charging behavior with model data and with data collected on orbit. We have modeled the DSCS-III B7 geosynchronous satellite with realistic geometry and spacecraft materials. Additionally, a previous study has shown that bootstrap charging has been observed on the DSCS-III B7 geosynchronous spacecraft. Both Astroquartz and Kapton cloth patches charged up to the frame potential of the satellite during periods of severe frame charging. The results of modeling bootstrap charging of a small Kapton patch floating relative to the DSCS-III frame fixed at a potential of -1,000 V show that the patch will indeed charge up negatively to match the frame potential, with the temporal increase in negative potential following an exponential time characteristic. Index Terms--Bootstrap charging, Defense Satellite Communication System (DSCS-III), differential charging, GEO satellite charging, spacecraft surface charging.

Nascap-2k is a modern spacecraft charging code, replacing the older codes NASA Charging Analyzer Program for GEosynchronous Orbit (NASCAP/GEO), NASA Charging Analyzer Program for Low-Earth Orbit (NASCAP/LEO), Potentials Of Large objects in the Auroral Region (POLAR), and Dynamic Plasma Analysis Code (DynaPAC). The code builds on the physical principles, mathematical algorithms, and user experience developed over three decades of spacecraft charging research. Capabilities include surface charging in geosynchronous and interplanetary orbits, sheath, and wake structure, and current collection in low-Earth orbits, and auroral charging. External potential structure and particle trajectories are computed using a finite element method on a nested grid structure and may be visualized within the Nascap-2k interface. Space charge can be treated either analytically, self-consistently with particle trajectories, or consistent with imported plume densities. Particle-in-cell (PIC) capabilities are available to study dynamic plasma effects. Auxiliary programs to Nascap-2k include Object Toolkit (for developing spacecraft surface models) and GridTool (for constructing nested grid structures around spacecraft models). The capabilities of the code are illustrated by way of four examples: charging of a geostationary satellite, self-consistent potentials for a negative probe in a low-Earth orbit spacecraft wake, potentials associated with thruster plumes, and PIC calculations of plasma effects on a very low frequency (about 1 to 20 kHz) antenna. Index Terms--Antenna theory, ion engines, particle tracking, plasma interactions, plasma measurement, space plasma, surface charging.

An analysis of differential charging between dielectric surface materials and the frame of a DSCS-III geosynchronous spacecraft is presented. Charging levels measured by surface potential monitors (SPMs) covered with samples of Kapton and Astroquartz have been recorded for one half of a solar cycle. Both seasonal and solar cycle effects are seen in the daily peak levels of the SPM voltages, with local maxima occurring near the equinoxes and a general trend increasing as solar max is approached. Charge neutralization by an onboard Xe plasma contactor was demonstrated to be effective throughout the mission, with a mean voltage reduction of 86% for Astroquartz and 74% for Kapton. Though a statistical analysis shows a general correlation between the fluence of charging electrons with SPM voltages, the event-specific correlation contains enough variance to cast doubt on the usefulness of an electron sensor as a differential charging alarm. We have found that a Kapton-covered SPM may be better suited than an electron sensor as a differential charging alarm. Index Terms--Geosynchronous orbit, satellite charging, space environmental effects, space weather.