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1. The Modified 5-Year-Olds' Index : testing reliability and the impact of training level

Author

Cooper, Philip J., Ireland, Tony, and Leary, Sam

Subjects
617.6, cleft, UCLP, 5-Year-Olds' Index, Modified 5-Year-Olds' Index, cleft lip and palate, unilateral cleft lip and palate, orthodontics, calibration, reliability, Index, Indices
Abstract

Aim: To test the reliability of the Modified 5-Year-Olds’ Index using assessors with a range of experience, and to determine whether calibration improves reliability. Design: Prospective reliability study. Setting: Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol. Methods: Fifty study models of non-syndromic 5-year-olds with a repaired UCLP were selected from the CCUK archives. Fifteen participants with a range of clinical experience in orthodontics were divided into three groups of equal experience. Each group was given differing amounts of information: Group 1 information sheet; Group 2 information sheet and reference models; Group 3 calibration course, information sheet and reference models. Each participant scored the 50 models using the Modified 5-Year-Olds’ Index on two occasions at least four weeks apart. ICCs calculated from a two-way random effects model were used to calculate intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability comparing assessors’ scoring to the experts’ consensus scores (gold standard). Results: Group 2 (ICC 0.80 – 0.93) and Group 3 (ICC 0.80 – 0.91) demonstrated high levels of intra-rater agreement, with lower levels shown by Group 1 (0.68 – 0.93). Inter-rater agreement was high in Group 2 (ICC 0.87 – 0.93) and Group 3 (0.82 – 0.91), with Group 1 showing the lowest levels of agreement (ICC 0.69 – 0.94). The level of training of the assessors in Group 1 appears to influence reliability scores, with high intra- and inter-rater reliability scores of the consultant and post-CCST trainee at a similar level to those of the same grade in Groups 2 and 3. Conclusions: The Modified 5-Year-Olds’ Index is a reliable method of assessing outcomes when model scoring is carried out by consultants or post-CCST trainees. Calibration in use of the Index does not improve reliability.

Published
2020

3. Attainment of World Health Organization physical activity recommendations by Ecuadorian children: Analysis of social and anthropometrics factors in two distinct populations.

Author

Molina-Cando, María José, Chis Ster, Irina, Escandón, Samuel, Sanchez, René-Vinicio, Rodriguez, Alejandro, Chico, Martha E., Vaca, Maritza, Owen, Christopher G., Van Dyck, Delfien, Cooper, Philip J., and Ochoa-Aviles, Angelica

Subjects
WAIST circumference, MIDDLE-income countries, SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors, CITIES & towns, PHYSICAL activity, ETHNICITY
Abstract

Daily adherence to WHO recommended physical activity guidelines has multiple health benefits in children and adolescents. Limited data from low and middle-income countries are available regarding adherence to WHO physical activity recommendations. This study aims to objectively measure physical activity intensities and explore associations with sociodemographic and anthropometric factors related to nonadherence to the WHO minimum physical activity recommendations. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted between 2014 and 2019 in two distinct populations of Ecuador in terms of poverty and residency (Cuenca: 66% live in urban areas, and 38.2% have unsatisfied basic needs; Quininde, 76.4% live in rural areas and 91% have unsatisfied basic needs). Waist-worn accelerometers were used to measure daily physical activity, standardized questionnaires were used to assess sociodemographic variables (age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status), and anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference) measurements were taken. Multivariable regression was used to assess the relationship between sociodemographic and anthropometric factors with physical activity in each study population. The study involved 650 participants in Cuenca, with a mean age of 9.1 years (SD 2.9), and 985 children and adolescents in Quinindé, with a mean age of 8.3 years (SD 0.4). In both settings, boys were more likely than girls (Cuenca: adj. OR 3.09, 95% CI 2.17–4.39; Quinindé adj. OR 5.63, 95% CI 4.03–7.85) to achieve the WHO physical activity guidelines. More affluent participants were much less likely to meet this recommendation than their poorer counterparts in both settings. In Cuenca, a higher waist circumference was inversely associated with meeting WHO daily physical activity recommendation (adj. OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.98), whereas in Quinindé, adherence to WHO guidelines was more likely in non-Mestizo than Mestizo children (adj. OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.02–2.07). The findings suggest that anthropometric differences and sociodemographic disparities influence the attainment of WHO physical activity recommendations in Ecuadorian children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Population genomics of ancient and modern Trichuris trichiura

Author

Doyle, Stephen R., Søe, Martin Jensen, Nejsum, Peter, Betson, Martha, Cooper, Philip J., Peng, Lifei, Zhu, Xing-Quan, Sanchez, Ana, Matamoros, Gabriela, Sandoval, Gustavo Adolfo Fontecha, Cutillas, Cristina, Tchuenté, Louis-Albert Tchuem, Mekonnen, Zeleke, Ame, Shaali M., Namwanje, Harriet, Levecke, Bruno, Berriman, Matthew, Fredensborg, Brian Lund, and Kapel, Christian Moliin Outzen

Published
2022
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5. Zoonotic Ancylostoma ceylanicum Hookworm Infections, Ecuador

Author

Sears, William J., Cardenas, Jorge, Kubofcik, Joseph, Nutman, Thomas B., and Cooper, Philip J.

Subjects
Zoonoses -- Risk factors, Disease transmission -- Risk factors, Hookworm disease -- Risk factors, Health
Abstract

Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworms can infect humans and have been increasingly recognized as endemic among humans living or traveling to the Asia-Pacific region (1). Although A. ceylanicum hookworms are known to [...]

Published
2022
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8. Anthroponotic and Zoonotic Hookworm DNA in an Indigenous Community in Coastal Ecuador: Potential Cross-Transmission between Dogs and Humans.

Author

Calvopina, Manuel, Aguilar-Rodríguez, Dayana, DeGroot, Audrey, Cevallos, William, Lee, Gwenyth O, Lopez, Andrea, Nutman, Thomas B., Levy, Karen, Eisenberg, Joseph, Sears, William J., and Cooper, Philip J.

Subjects
INDIGENOUS peoples of South America, INDIGENOUS children, HOOKWORMS, ANCYLOSTOMA, MOLECULAR diagnosis, HOOKWORM disease
Abstract

Humans can be infected with anthroponotic (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) and with zoonotic (Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A. caninum, A. braziliense, and Uncinaria stenocephala) hookworms from dogs. Anthroponotic species are usually thought not to infect dogs. We used the internal transcribed spacer–1 (ITS1) gene in a quantitative PCR to detect anthroponotic and zoonotic hookworm species in fecal samples from 54 children and 79 dogs living in an indigenous community in tropical Northwestern Ecuador. Hookworm DNA was detected in 59.3% of children and 92.4% of dogs. Among samples from children, zoonotic hookworms were detected in 24.1% (A. ceylanicum 14.8%, A. caninum 11.1%, and A. braziliense 1.9%), whilst in dog samples, anthroponotic species were detected in 19.0% (N. americanus 12.4% and A. duodenale 6.3%). Sanger sequencing was performed successfully on 60 qPCR-positive samples (16 from children and 44 from dogs), and consensus sequences were obtained with >98% homology to GenBank references for hookworm spp. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship between anthroponotic and zoonotic Ancylostoma species and no heterogeneity between A. duodenale and A. caninum; in human samples, we found A. ceylanicum but not A. braziliense sequences and we were unable to identify N. americanus in the dog samples. No infections with U. stenocephala were detected. Our data provide evidence for high rates of hookworm infections in indigenous children and dogs in a marginalized rural setting in coastal Ecuador. We also found evidence for potential cross-transmission of hookworm spp. between humans and dogs that represent a potential domestic reservoir for zoonotic and anthroponotic hookworms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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11. Macrophage-derived human resistin is induced in multiple helminth infections and promotes inflammatory monocytes and increased parasite burden.

Author

Jang, Jessica C, Chen, Gang, Wang, Spencer H, Barnes, Mark A, Chung, Josiah I, Camberis, Mali, Le Gros, Graham, Cooper, Philip J, Steel, Cathy, Nutman, Thomas B, Lazar, Mitchell A, and Nair, Meera G

Subjects
Monocytes, Macrophages, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Humans, Mice, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Nippostrongylus, Parasitemia, Helminthiasis, Strongylida Infections, Inflammation, Inflammation Mediators, Cytokines, Up-Regulation, Female, Male, Resistin, Inbred C57BL, Transgenic, Sprague-Dawley, Virology, Microbiology, Immunology, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

Parasitic helminth infections can be associated with lifelong morbidity such as immune-mediated organ failure. A better understanding of the host immune response to helminths could provide new avenues to promote parasite clearance and/or alleviate infection-associated morbidity. Murine resistin-like molecules (RELM) exhibit pleiotropic functions following helminth infection including modulating the host immune response; however, the relevance of human RELM proteins in helminth infection is unknown. To examine the function of human resistin (hResistin), we utilized transgenic mice expressing the human resistin gene (hRetnTg+). Following infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), hResistin expression was significantly upregulated in infected tissue. Compared to control hRetnTg- mice, hRetnTg+ mice suffered from exacerbated Nb-induced inflammation characterized by weight loss and increased infiltration of inflammatory monocytes in the lung, along with elevated Nb egg burdens and delayed parasite expulsion. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the infected tissue revealed that hResistin promoted expression of proinflammatory cytokines and genes downstream of toll-like receptor signaling. Moreover, hResistin preferentially bound lung monocytes, and exogenous treatment of mice with recombinant hResistin promoted monocyte recruitment and proinflammatory cytokine expression. In human studies, increased serum resistin was associated with higher parasite load in individuals infected with soil-transmitted helminths or filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti, and was positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokines. Together, these studies identify human resistin as a detrimental factor induced by multiple helminth infections, where it promotes proinflammatory cytokines and impedes parasite clearance. Targeting the resistin/proinflammatory cytokine immune axis may provide new diagnostic or treatment strategies for helminth infection and associated immune-mediated pathology.

Published
2015

12. Geographic Distribution of Human Infections with Zoonotic Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Anthropophilic Hookworms in Ecuador: A Retrospective Analysis of Archived Stool Samples

Author

Aguilar-Rodríguez, Dayana, primary, Seco-Hidalgo, Victor, additional, Lopez, Andrea, additional, Romero-Sandoval, Natalia, additional, Calvopiña, Manuel, additional, Guevara, Angel, additional, Baldeón, Lucy, additional, Rodríguez, Alejandro, additional, Mejia, Rojelio, additional, Nutman, Thomas B., additional, Sears, William J., additional, and Cooper, Philip J., additional

Published
2024
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13. Epidemiology of giardiasis and assemblages A and B and effects on diarrhea and growth trajectories during the first 8 years of life: Analysis of a birth cohort in a rural district in tropical Ecuador

Author

Sandoval-Ramírez, Tannya, primary, Seco-Hidalgo, Victor, additional, Calderon-Espinosa, Evelyn, additional, Garcia-Ramon, Diana, additional, Lopez, Andrea, additional, Calvopiña, Manuel, additional, Guadalupe, Irene, additional, Chico, Martha, additional, Mejia, Rojelio, additional, Chis Ster, Irina, additional, and Cooper, Philip J., additional

Published
2023
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21. Whipworm and roundworm infections

Author

Else, Kathryn J., Keiser, Jennifer, Holland, Celia V., Grencis, Richard K., Sattelle, David B., Fujiwara, Ricardo T., Bueno, Lilian L., Asaolu, Samuel O., Sowemimo, Oluyomi A., and Cooper, Philip J.

Published
2020
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23. List of Contributors

Author

Acosta, Anna M., primary, Acuin, Jose M., additional, Adam, Rodney D., additional, Afroze, Farzana, additional, Ahmed, Nadia, additional, Ahmed, Sabeena, additional, Ahmed, Tahmeed, additional, Ahmed, A.M. Shamsir, additional, Ali, S. Asad, additional, Ali, Ibne K., additional, Alroy, Karen A., additional, Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N., additional, Ansong, Daniel, additional, Anstead, Gregory M., additional, Appleby, Laura J., additional, Armah, George E., additional, Aronson, Naomi E., additional, Aston, Stephen J., additional, Barnett, Elizabeth D., additional, Bartelt, Luther A., additional, Bates, Imelda, additional, Bausch, Daniel G., additional, Beadling, Charles W., additional, Beeching, Nicholas J., additional, Bennish, Michael L., additional, Bern, Caryn, additional, Bernstein, Wendy B., additional, Bird, Brian H., additional, Bloom, Allyson K., additional, Bodeker, Gerard, additional, Boyer Chammard, Timothée, additional, Bradsher, Robert W., additional, Brooker, Simon J., additional, Brooks, W. Abdullah, additional, Brouqui, Philippe, additional, Brown, Michael, additional, Brown, Michael R., additional, Broyles, Laura N., additional, Bruschi, Fabrizio, additional, Bundy, Donald A.P., additional, Burton, Matthew, additional, Cabrera-Sosa, Luis, additional, Callahan, Michael V., additional, Carapetis, Jonathan R., additional, Cardemil, Cristina V., additional, Carrol, Enitan D., additional, Caswell, Rachel, additional, Caumes, Eric, additional, Cavalheiro, Ana P., additional, Chan, Abner L., additional, Charunwatthana, Prakaykaew, additional, Checkley, Anna M., additional, Chen, Lin H., additional, Chher, Tepirou, additional, Chiong, Charlotte M., additional, Chisti, M. Jobayer, additional, Christiani, David C., additional, Clark, Taryn N., additional, Connor, Bradley A., additional, Conway, Devin J., additional, Cooper, Philip J., additional, Cope, Jennifer R., additional, Coughlin, R. Richard, additional, Coulibaly, Yaya I., additional, Coyle, Christina M., additional, Crozier, Ian, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Cupido, Blanche, additional, Curren, Emily J., additional, Danta, Mark, additional, Day, Nicholas P.J., additional, Debboun, Mustapha, additional, DeFraites, Robert F., additional, Dekumyoy, Paron, additional, del Castillo, Maria, additional, den Hoed, Caroline M., additional, de Silva, Nilanthi, additional, Deye, Gregory, additional, Dillingham, Rebecca A., additional, Drancourt, Michel, additional, Durward, Callum S., additional, Eddleston, Michael, additional, El-Kamary, Samer S., additional, Elshaboury, Ramy H., additional, Endtz, Hubert P., additional, Endy, Timothy P., additional, Fang, Shona C., additional, Fawzi, Wafaie, additional, Feasey, Nicholas A., additional, Field, Vanessa K., additional, Fischer, Marc, additional, Forsyth, Kevin, additional, Fournier, Pierre-Edouard, additional, Friedlander, Arthur M., additional, Furin, Jennifer J., additional, Gandhi, Ronak G., additional, Garcia, Hector H., additional, Garcia, Lynne S., additional, Geretti, Anna Maria, additional, Gikas, Achilleas, additional, Gilman, Robert H., additional, Giri, Sidhartha, additional, Gkika, Meropi, additional, Gordon, Melita A., additional, Gosselin, Richard A., additional, Gotuzzo, Eduardo, additional, Gould, Carolyn V., additional, Graeff-Teixeira, Carlos, additional, Graham, Stephen M., additional, Grant, Alison D., additional, Graybill, John R., additional, Graz, Bertrand, additional, Green, Stephen T., additional, Griffiths, Jeffrey K., additional, Griffiths, Michael J., additional, Gryseels, Bruno, additional, Gubler, Duane J., additional, Guhadasan, Rathi, additional, Hall, Aron J., additional, Hamer, Davidson H., additional, Hand, Robert M., additional, Harley, David, additional, Harris, Jason B., additional, Hassall, Oliver, additional, Hay, Roderick J., additional, Hickey, Patrick, additional, Hill, David R., additional, Hills, Susan L., additional, Hobdell, Martin H., additional, Hochberg, Natasha S., additional, Hopkins, Donald R., additional, Hossain, M. Iqbal, additional, Hotez, Peter J., additional, Howard, Cynthia R., additional, Hu, Victor, additional, Hung, Chien-Ching, additional, Islam, Munirul, additional, Iturriza-Gómara, Miren, additional, Joekes, Elizabeth, additional, Johnston, Victoria, additional, Jose, Jo-Ann, additional, Junghanss, Thomas, additional, Kamgno, Joseph, additional, Kampondeni, Sam, additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Kazanjian, Powel, additional, Keshtkar-Jahromi, Maryam, additional, Keshtkar-Jahromi, Marzieh, additional, Keystone, Jay S., additional, Kim, Arthur Y., additional, Kim, Sung-Han, additional, King, Christopher L., additional, Kittitrakul, Chatporn, additional, Kleine, Christian, additional, Klion, Amy D., additional, Knight, Richard, additional, Koren, Michael, additional, Kottilil, Shyamasundaran, additional, Krause, Peter J., additional, Krishna, Sanjeev, additional, Kuhn, Jens H., additional, Kuipers, Ernst J., additional, LaBeaud, Angelle D., additional, Labra, Patrick John P., additional, Lalloo, David G., additional, Lambert, Saba, additional, Lanternier, Fanny, additional, LaRocque, Regina C., additional, Last, Anna, additional, Lawrenson, John, additional, Le, Thuy, additional, Lee, Keun Hwa, additional, Lewis, David A., additional, Libraty, Daniel H., additional, Lo, Nathan C., additional, Lockwood, Diana N.J., additional, Lockwood, Stephen J., additional, Lommerse, Kinke, additional, López-Vélez, Rogelio, additional, Lortholary, Olivier, additional, Mabey, David, additional, Magill, Alan J., additional, Maguiña, Ciro P., additional, Manji, Hadi, additional, Marks, Michael, additional, Maurin, Max, additional, Mayaud, Philippe, additional, Mayosi, Bongani M., additional, M'baya, Bridon, additional, McCarthy, Matthew W., additional, McCartney, Daniel, additional, McCormick, Joseph B., additional, McKew, Stephen, additional, McLellan, Susan L.F., additional, McMinn, Peter C., additional, Mertz, Gregory, additional, Milner, Danny A., additional, Molyneux, Elizabeth M., additional, Montgomery, Susan P., additional, Moonah, Shannon, additional, Moss, William J., additional, Murrell, K. Darwin, additional, Nanda, Neha, additional, Navarro, Eileen E., additional, Ndayizeye, Leonard, additional, Neafie, Ronald C., additional, Negroni, Ricardo, additional, Nelson, Ann M., additional, Newton, Paul N., additional, Nichol, Stuart T., additional, Norman, Francesca F., additional, Nunes, Marcio R.T., additional, Nutman, Thomas B., additional, Nyirenda, Tonney S., additional, Ochoa, Theresa J., additional, O'Farrell, Nigel, additional, Olayemi, Edeghonghon, additional, Oldfield, Edward C., additional, Omidian, Zahra, additional, Ordaya, Eloy E., additional, Paddock, Christopher D., additional, Paessler, Slobodan, additional, Papanikolaou, Ilias C., additional, Paris, Luc, additional, Parry, Christopher M., additional, Patel, Pragna, additional, Peacock, Sharon J., additional, Peeling, Rosanna W., additional, Persson, Hans, additional, Phillips, Jonathan J., additional, Phillips, Richard O., additional, Poovorawan, Kittiyod, additional, Powers, Ann M., additional, Qamar, Farah Naz, additional, Qureshi, Sonia, additional, Rabe, Ingrid B., additional, Rahman, Atif, additional, Rahmati, Elham, additional, Raizes, Elliot, additional, Ramalho-Ortigao, Marcelo, additional, Raoult, Didier, additional, Rein, Michael F., additional, Retik, Alan B., additional, Reynes, Jean-Marc, additional, Rhatigan, Joseph J., additional, Rickard, Jennifer, additional, Riddle, Mark S., additional, Rimoin, Anne W., additional, Riviello, Robert, additional, Robert, Leon L., additional, Rodrigues, Ema G., additional, Rodriguez, Rubens, additional, Ronald, Allan R., additional, Rosenthal, Benjamin M., additional, Rosmarin, David, additional, Ryan, Edward T., additional, Saavedra, Arturo, additional, Schiaffino, Francesca, additional, Schumacher, Sandra K., additional, Sejvar, James J., additional, Sethi, Aisha, additional, Seung, Kwonjune J., additional, Seydel, Karl B., additional, Shah, Melisa M., additional, Shakoor, Sadia, additional, Shankar, Anuraj H., additional, Sharp, Trueman W., additional, Shin, Sonya S., additional, Shirley, Debbie-Ann, additional, Silachamroon, Udomsak, additional, Smith, Catherine C., additional, Snelling, Thomas L., additional, Solomon, Tom, additional, Staat, Mary Allen, additional, Staples, J. Erin, additional, Steiger, Samantha N., additional, Stewart, Robert C., additional, Stich, August, additional, Strickman, Daniel, additional, Suh, Kathryn N., additional, Suhrbier, Andreas, additional, Sutcliffe, Catherine G., additional, Tappe, Dennis, additional, Taylor, Terrie E., additional, Thanh, Nguyen Tat, additional, Thanh, Nguyen Thi, additional, Thwaites, C. Louise, additional, Thwaites, Guy E., additional, Tiwari, Tejpratap S.P., additional, Tsenempi, Xenia A., additional, Turner, Angus W., additional, van den Broek, Nynke R., additional, van Doorn, H. Rogier, additional, Van Sickels, Nicholas J., additional, Vannier, Edouard, additional, Varda, Briony K., additional, Vasconcelos, Pedro F.C., additional, Vega-López, Francisco, additional, Vietri, Nicholas J., additional, Vinetz, Joseph M., additional, Visvesvara, Govinda S., additional, Vyas, Keyur S., additional, Walsh, Thomas J., additional, Wansbrough-Jones, Mark H., additional, Warraich, Haider J., additional, Warrell, David A., additional, Warrell, Mary J., additional, Watt, George, additional, Wattanagoon, Yupaporn, additional, Watthanakulpanich, Dorn, additional, Weaver, Scott C., additional, Weil, Ana A., additional, Weiss, Louis M., additional, White, Nicholas J., additional, Whitty, Christopher J.M., additional, Wilson, Mary E., additional, Xavier, Ramnik J., additional, Xiao, Lihua, additional, Yoon, In-Kyu, additional, Yu, Hongjie, additional, and Zaidi, Anita K.M., additional

Published
2020
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28. Understanding and controlling asthma in Latin America: A review of recent research informed by the SCAALA programme

Author

Cooper, Philip J., primary, Figueiredo, Camila A., additional, Rodriguez, Alejandro, additional, dos Santos, Leticia Marques, additional, Ribeiro‐Silva, Rita C., additional, Carneiro, Valdirene Leao, additional, Costa, Gustavo, additional, Magalhães, Thiago, additional, dos Santos de Jesus, Talita, additional, Rios, Raimon, additional, da Silva, Hugo Bernardino F., additional, Costa, Ryan, additional, Chico, Martha E., additional, Vaca, Maritza, additional, Alcantara‐Neves, Neuza, additional, Rodrigues, Laura C, additional, Cruz, Alvaro A., additional, and Barreto, Mauricio L., additional

Published
2023
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31. Birth cohorts in asthma and allergic diseases: Report of a NIAID/NHLBI/MeDALL joint workshop

Author

Bousquet, Jean, Gern, James E., Martinez, Fernando D., Anto, Josep M., Johnson, Christine C., Holt, Patrick G., Lemanske, Robert F., Jr., Le Souëf, Peter N., Tepper, Robert S., von Mutius, Erika R.M., Arshad, S. Hasan, Bacharier, Leonard B., Becker, Allan, Belanger, Kathleen, Bergström, Anna, Bernstein, David I., Cabana, Michael D., Carroll, Kecia N., Castro, Mario, Cooper, Philip J., Gillman, Matthew W., Gold, Diane R., Henderson, John, Heinrich, Joachim, Hong, Soo-Jong, Jackson, Daniel J., Keil, Thomas, Kozyrskyj, Anita L., Lødrup Carlsen, Karin C., Miller, Rachel L., Momas, Isabelle, Morgan, Wayne J., Noel, Patricia, Ownby, Dennis R., Pinart, Mariona, Ryan, Patrick H., Schwaninger, Julie M., Sears, Malcolm R., Simpson, Angela, Smit, Henriette A., Stern, Debra A., Subbarao, Padmaja, Valenta, Rudolf, Wang, Xiaobin, Weiss, Scott T., Wood, Robert, Wright, Anne L., Wright, Rosalind J., Togias, Alkis, and Gergen, Peter J.

Published
2014
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38. Sporulation capability and amylosome conservation among diverse human colonic and rumen isolates of the keystone starch‐degrader Ruminococcus bromii

Author

Mukhopadhya, Indrani, Moraïs, Sarah, Laverde‐Gomez, Jenny, Sheridan, Paul O., Walker, Alan W., Kelly, William, Klieve, Athol V., Ouwerkerk, Diane, Duncan, Sylvia H., Louis, Petra, Koropatkin, Nicole, Cockburn, Darrell, Kibler, Ryan, Cooper, Philip J., Sandoval, Carlos, Crost, Emmanuelle, Juge, Nathalie, Bayer, Edward A., and Flint, Harry J.

Published
2018
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42. Population genomics of ancient and modern Trichuris trichiura

Author

Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), Wellcome Trust, Shanxi Agricultural University, Doyle, Stephen R., Søe, Martin Jensen, Nejsum, Peter, Betson, Martha, Cooper, Philip J., Peng, Lifei, Cutillas Barrios, Cristina, Kapel, Christian Moliin Outzen, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), Wellcome Trust, Shanxi Agricultural University, Doyle, Stephen R., Søe, Martin Jensen, Nejsum, Peter, Betson, Martha, Cooper, Philip J., Peng, Lifei, Cutillas Barrios, Cristina, and Kapel, Christian Moliin Outzen

Abstract

The neglected tropical disease trichuriasis is caused by the whipworm Trichuris trichiura, a soil-transmitted helminth that has infected humans for millennia. Today, T. trichiura infects as many as 500 million people, predominantly in communities with poor sanitary infrastructure enabling sustained faecal-oral transmission. Using whole-genome sequencing of geographically distributed worms collected from human and other primate hosts, together with ancient samples preserved in archaeologically-defined latrines and deposits dated up to one thousand years old, we present the first population genomics study of T. trichiura. We describe the continent-scale genetic structure between whipworms infecting humans and baboons relative to those infecting other primates. Admixture and population demographic analyses support a stepwise distribution of genetic variation that is highest in Uganda, consistent with an African origin and subsequent translocation with human migration. Finally, genome-wide analyses between human samples and between human and non-human primate samples reveal local regions of genetic differentiation between geographically distinct populations. These data provide insight into zoonotic reservoirs of human-infective T. trichiura and will support future efforts toward the implementation of genomic epidemiology of this globally important helminth.

Published
2022

49. Caregivers’ and healthcare professionals’ perspective of barriers and facilitators to health service access for asthmatic children: a qualitative study

Author

Ardura-Garcia, Cristina, Blakey, John D, Cooper, Philip J, and Romero-Sandoval, Natalia

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Lung Disease, Attitude of Health Personnel, Health Personnel, education, 610 Medicine & health, paediatric asthma, Asthma, asthma in primary care, Caregivers, 360 Social problems & social services, Humans, Child, Qualitative Research
Abstract

BackgroundThere is a high burden of asthma morbidity and mortality in Latin America. It has been proposed that this relates to limited access to diagnostic tests, asthma medications and specialised doctors. However, little is known of what caregivers of asthmatic children and healthcare professionals (HCPs) perceive as barriers and facilitators to adequate care. We aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators to asthma care access from caregivers’ and HCP’s perspective in an Ecuadorian low-resource setting.MethodsIn 2017, we conducted 5 focus group discussions (FGD) with 20 caregivers of asthmatic children and 12 in-depth interviews with 3 paediatricians, 6 general doctors and 3 respiratory therapists in Esmeraldas city, Ecuador. FGDs and interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, open-coded in QDA Miner, categorised using an interpretative phenomenological approach and analysed thematically. Barriers and facilitators were classified into availability, accessibility, acceptability and contact of healthcare services, based on Tanahashi model of health service access.ResultsLimited resources, use of alternative medicines, fear of medication side-effects and lack of specific training for doctors and knowledge in families were common barriers for both caregivers and HCPs. Caregivers and HCPs proposed the implementation of public health asthma-focused programmes that would include close community-based follow-up of people with asthma, educational sessions for their families and public engagement activities. HCPs also suggested implementing training programmes on asthma management for general doctors.ConclusionMultiple barriers identified by caregivers and HCPs referred to economic and health service organisational issues, fear of side effects of medication or ineffective self-management. Increasing caregivers and HCPs’ asthma knowledge, as well as HCPs’ communication skills to establish a patient-centred approach with a shared decision-making process could improve asthma care in this setting.

Published
2021
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