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Copper ions play various roles in mammalian cells. Some investigations indicated that copper correlates with liver fibrosis and changes in bone marrow cells. Here, we explored the role of bone marrow cell parameters in copper liver fibrosis development and possible underlying mechanisms. The age-related features of biochemical indicators, bone marrow cell parameters, and electrical conductivity of 3- and 20-month-old male Wistar rats treated with copper II sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4 × 5H2O) have been investigated. Based on the obtained earlier experimentally data in our laboratory, dose of 1 mg/100 g (0.58 mg/g of liver) was used. Induced liver fibrosis caused a change in the number and ratio of morphotypes of bone marrow cells, calcium and copper content, redox-system activity. These parameters depended of animals‘ age and presence of liver fibrosis. We also demonstrated that electrical conductivity can be used as integral parameter. In conclusion, the “adaptive response” modifies the emerging reactions of the organism to new external factors.

Environmentally benign layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition was used to obtain flame-retardant and antimicrobial cotton. Cotton was coated with 8, 10, and 12 phytic acid (PA) and chitosan (CH)-urea bilayers (BL) and then immersed into copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) solution. Our findings were that 12 BL of PA/CH-urea + Cu2+ were able to stop flame on cotton during vertical flammability testing (VFT) with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26%. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) data showed a reduction of peak heat release rates (pHRR) of more than 61%, while the reduction of total heat release (THR) was more than 54%, relative to untreated cotton. TG-IR analysis of 12 BL-treated cotton showed the release of water, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aldehydes, while by adding Cu2+ ions, the treated cotton produces a lower amount of methane. Treated cotton also showed no levoglucosan. The intumescent behavior of the treatment was indicated by the bubbled structure of the post-burn char. Antibacterial testing showed a 100% reduction of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, cotton was successfully functionalized with a multifunctional ecologically benign flame-retardant and antibacterial nanocoating, by means of LbL deposition.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer having unique physical and mechanical properties that widen its usefulness in a diverse range of applications. To be used as a wound dressing however, it lacks natural ability to fight against bacterial infection. To widen its usage as an active wound dressing, BC was incorporated with sodium alginate (AG), chitosan (CS), and copper sulfate (Cu), with an aim of imparting a microstatic or an antimicrobial activity. The structure and properties of the obtained BC/AG/CS-Cu composites were systematically studied. These properties include weight fraction, tensile strength, swelling ratio, and release characteristics of Cu. The obtained BC/AG/CS-Cu composites exhibited antibacterial properties against both gram-positive Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli). Moreover, an indirect cytotoxicity test was used to evaluate whether the obtained composites were safe to use in contact with living cells L929 mouse fibroblasts and human dermal fibroblasts. All the results obtained in this work showed that the obtained composites were promising materials to be used as an antimicrobial wound dressing.

© 2020 by the authors, Copper(II) sulfate-loaded chitosan microparticles were herein prepared using ionic cross-linking with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) followed by spray drying. The microencapsulation process was optimal using an inlet temperature of 180 °C, a liquid flow-rate of 290 mL/h, an aspiration rate of 90%, and an atomizing gas flow-rate of 667 nL/h. Chitosan particles containing copper(II) sulfate of approximately 4 µm with a shrunken-type morphology were efficiently attained and, thereafter, fixated on a paper substrate either via cross-linking with STPP or using a chitosan hydrogel. The latter method led to the most promising system since it was performed at milder conditions and the original paper quality was preserved. The developed cellulose substrates were reduced and then exposed to different humidity conditions and characterized using colorimetric measurements in order to ascertain their potential as irreversible indicators for moisture detection. The results showed that the papers coated with the copper(II) sulfate-containing chitosan microparticles were successfully able to detect ambient moisture shown by the color changes of the coatings from dark brown to blue, which can be easily seen with the naked eye. Furthermore, the chitosan microparticles yielded no cytotoxicity in an in vitro cell culture experiment. Therefore, the cellulose substrates herein developed hold great promise in paper packaging as on-package colorimetric indicators for monitoring moisture in real time., This research work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICI) project numbers RTI2018-097249-B-C21 and MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R.

Tetrapyrazole copper sulfate monohydrate was synthesized using solvothermal synthesis in methanol. X-ray structure analysis reveals that the asymmetric unit contains two square-pyramidal copper centres with four pyrazole ligands in the equatorial plane and one sulfate anion in the apical position. The complexes catalyzed the Chan-Evans-Lam coupling of phenylboronic acid to aniline in wet methanol or water, without addition of base at room temperature. Surprisingly high partial conversions of (35 and 36%, respectively) were also found for coupling of phenylboronic acid with 2‑aminopyridine and 2,6‑diisopropylphenol at room temperature.

The present study attempts to investigate the chloride removal from industrial soils and zinc slag in zinc production companies. The presence of chloride in factory’s samples causes some problems such as the anode erosion in electrolysis cells, negative effects on the quality of zinc sheets, and reducing the quality of product. Having said that, decreasing the amount of chloride ion will make it possible to produce zinc sheets with SHG quality. There are different methods that can be used to decrease the amount of chloride ion, and one of them has been practiced in this study. A hydrometallurgy method uses sodium metabisulfite and copper(II) sulfate in which Cl− reacts with Cu+ to form CuCl precipitate and removes the chloride content. The parameters pH, temperature, time, and the consumed ratio of copper(II) sulfate to sodium metabisulfite were investigated. Once optimal values of these parameters were calculated, the efficiency of chloride removal from NaCl solution with a value of 57% and the obtained solution from slag leach with a value of 2.6% were evaluated as inefficient.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reveal the potential use of faba bean husk as natural dye, to create a color gamut and to observe the effect of different mordants. Dyeing properties of polyamide/elastane fabric using faba been husk were investigated. The effect of alum [KAl(SO4)2], iron II sulfate Fe(SO4)7H2O, tin II chloride (SnCI22H2O), copper II sulfate (CuSO4), citric acid (C6H8O7), tartaric acid (C4H6O6), oxalic acid (H2C2O4), ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], sodium acetate (C2H3NaO2), combination of alum-iron, iron-tin and alum-tin were evaluated in terms of color yield, color coordinates and wash fastness. Design/methodology/approach Mainly, dyeings were conducted in accordance with a simultaneous mordanting method. However, pre-mordanted dyeings were also implemented with selected concentration (0.8 g/L) of metallic mordants to enrich color gamut. Control sample (without mordant) was used as a reference for examining the effect of different mordants. Dyed samples were compared mutually in the light of visual evaluation and color measurements and alternatives to metallic mordants were also assessed. Findings Significant differences occurred in color coordinates of dyed samples. The biggest color difference and completely different color shades were achieved with tin II chloride. The type of acid did not create visible color differences. As alternatives to metallic mordants; all of them may be used instead of alum (0.8 g/L). Tartaric acid and oxalic acid, instead of iron II sulfate (0.2 g/L), and ammonium sulfate (0.2 g/L) and sodium acetate (0.8 g/L), instead of alum (0.8 g/L), can be used. Sodium acetate cannot be replaced with iron. A combination of alum-iron and iron-tin can be the alternative to 0.2 and 0.8 g/L copper, respectively. All the samples provided good wash fastness (4/5) values. Originality/value Valorization of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes as novel natural dye sources is an ecological and sustainable approach. Moreover, the use of man-made fibers in natural dyeing is an issue that needs to be developed and expanded. Few literatures have been found concerning the use of husks of faba bean as a natural colorant. In this initial study, husks of faba been as a vegetable waste were utilized in natural dyeing of polyamide/elastane fabric. It is suggested that this waste can be turned into an economic value through its valorization in natural dyeing.

Among the chemical pretreatments available for pretreating biomass, the inorganic salt is considered to be a relatively new but simple reagent that offers comparable pentose (C5) sugar recoveries as the conventional dilute acid hydrolysis. This study investigated the effects of different concentrations (1.5–6.0% (v/v)) of H 2 O 2 or Na 2 S 2 O 8 in facilitating CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O pretreatment for improving pentose sugar recovery from oil palm fronds. The best result was observed when 0.2 mol/L of CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O was integrated with 4.5% (v/v) of Na 2 S 2 O 8 to recover 8.2 and 0.9 g/L of monomeric xylose and arabinose, respectively in the liquid fraction. On the other hand, an addition of 1.5% (v/v) of H 2 O 2 yielded approximately 74% lesser total pentose sugars as compared to using 4.5% (v/v) Na 2 S 2 O 8 . By using CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O alone (control), only 0.8 and 1.0 g/L xylose and arabinose, respectively could be achieved. The results mirrored the importance of using chemical additives together with the inorganic salt pretreatment of oil palm fronds. Thus, an addition of 4.5% (v/v) of Na 2 S 2 O 8 during CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O pretreatment of oil palm fronds at 120 °C and 30 min was able to attain a total pentose sugar yield up to ∼40%.

A gelatin copper complex was synthesized with gelatin and copper (II) sulphate. The previous study had indicated that the gelatin copper complex could improve peroxide bleaching effectiveness of co...

Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) composites filled with anhydrous copper sulfate (CuSO4) particles were prepared by planetary ball mill. The ball milling process can provide CuSO4 particles of small sizes for homogeneous particle distribution in a matrix. To directly enhance the interaction between the two ingredients, a coordination reaction was generated by heat press at 180 °C. Fourier transform infrared, electron spin resonance, Ultraviolet–visible, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to investigate the coordination reaction. The results showed that a coordination reaction happened between nitrile groups (–CN) of ABS and copper ions (Cu2+) of CuSO4. The loss factor of dynamic mechanical analysis indicated the decrease of intermolecular friction due to a strong interaction between the matrix and the particles. The homogeneously dispersed, micro-sized CuSO4 particles were observed by scanning electron microscope. The interface was indistinguishable under the microscope indicating a well-bonded surface and good compatibility. In addition, dissolution behavior showed that the solvent resistance of the composites was significantly improved.

Copper(II)-sulfapyridine complex has been successfully synthesized by 1:4 mole ratio of CuSO4·5H2O and sulfapyridine in methanol as solvent. Indication of the complex formation was shown by shifting of maximum wavelength (λmax) of UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectra towards smaller than CuSO4·5H2O from 816 nm to 793 nm. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis showed the percentage of copper to be 4.93% corresponding to the theoretical value of copper content in Cu(sulfapyridine)4SO4(H2O)x (x= 3, 4, or 5). Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis showed a mass reduction of 4.3% which was equivalent to the evaporation of three molecules of lattice water. The cation and anion charge ratio of the complex was 1:1. Infrared analysis indicated the functional groups of NH2 from sulfapyridine were coordinated to center atom Cu2+. The formed complex was paramagnetic with the effective magnetic moment of 1.82 BM. The broadband peak of UV-Vis spectrum showed a at 793 nm (12610 cm-1) due to d–d [ 2B1g→2Eg−(v1)(dx−y22→dyz) ] transition. From the data, the proposed formula of the complex was [Cu(sulfapyridine)4]SO4·3H2O with square planar geometry.

This protocol is designed to be able to extract and analyze the concentration of chlorophyll within a sample on a molecular level. The procedures of this protocol require using copper II sulfate and hydrochloric acid as a means of trituration to determine the approximate level a chlorophyll within a given sample.

Protuobraštajna sredstva već dugo se koriste protiv nakupljanja morskih organizama na čvrstim podlogama te se zbog svoje potencijalne štetnosti za okoliš moraju testirati. Kao protuobraštajna sredstva testirani su bakrov(II) sulfat i dvije komercijalne boje na prihvat dagnje Mytilus galloprovincialis. Protuobraštajna aktivnost je procijenjena temeljem dva kriterija i to migracijom dagnji iz agara i prihvatom dagnji na podlogu tretiranu protuobraštajnim sredstvom. Manje koncentracije bakrovog(II) sulfata (4 i 20 μM) nisu pokazale protuobraštajnu aktivnost jer je većina dagnji migrirala iz agara i prihvatila se na podlogu. Veće koncentracije bakrovog(II) sulfata (40 i 400 μM) onemogućile su prihvat dagnji. Protuobraštajna aktivnost većih koncentracija bakrovog(II) sulfata ocijenjena je izrazito velikom. Obje komercijalne boje su također iskazale izrazito veliku protuobraštajnu aktivnost. Crna boja je onemogućila migraciju tijekom 10 sati, a prihvat je iznosio samo 8 %. Crvena boja je onemogućila migraciju 6 sati i prihvat dagnji od 25 %. Antifouling substances have long been used against the accumulation of marine organisms on solid substrates. They should be tested for their potential environmental hazards. Copper(II) sulfate and two commercial paints as antifouling substances were tested for the attachment of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The antifouling activity was evaluated by two criteria, migration of mussels from agar and their attachment on the substrate treated with antifouling substances. Low concentrations of copper(II) sulfate (4 and 20 μM) did not show antifouling activity because most mussels migrated from agar and attached to the substrate. Larger concentrations of copper(II) sulfate (40 and 400 μM) prevented mussel attachment. The antifouling activity of higher concentrations of copper(II) sulfate was estimated to be extremely high. Both commercial paints have also exhibited a remarkably large antifouling activity. Black paint did not allow migration for 10 hours and attachment was only 8 %. Red color has prevented migration for 6 hours and attachment of 25 % mussels.

Polyaniline (PANI) and its nanocomposites (PANI\MMT and PANI\MMT-Cu) were prepared with montmorillonite nanoparticles well as the preparation of nanocomposite polyaniline with adjusted copper sulfate montmorillonite clay. As X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction technology were used to calculate nanocomposite type and crystal sizes of PANI, PANI\MMT, PANI\MMT-Cu, respectively, samples were measured. The FTIR charts revealed new absorption peaks for nanocomposites that varied from polyaniline absorption values, and this is proof of nanocomposite preparation. UV calculations were often used to calculate the overall wavelength, red, and blue shifts. To inspect the morphology of polyaniline and its nanocomposites, FESEM was also carried out.

Cotton and wool fabrics were mordant-dyed with C.I. direct red 28 (congo red) and copper (II) sulfate. The deodorization abilities of the mordant-dyed samples for ethanethiol were examined using gas detector tubes. The cotton and the wool samples indicated the deodorizing abilities of the following order, respectively: pre-mordant < post-mordant < only copper salt treatment, and pre-mordant < only copper salt treatment < post-mordant. The deodorization rate constants were obtained from the slopes of the lines for the semi-logarithmic plots of the ethanethiol concentration against time. Two rate constants were obtained from the slopes of both the cotton and wool samples for the initial and the following second phases of the deodorization process. The deodorization rates for the mordant-dyed cotton fabrics were of the fast–slow type, while for the wool fabrics they were of the slow–fast type. The deodorization behavior of the mordant-dyed fabrics depended on the type of constituting fiber material for the fabrics.

This study was conducted to determine the solubility of copper (Cu) in two sources of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) including monohydrate and pentahydrate and three sources of dicopper chloride trihydroxide (dCCTH) including alpha-form (dCCTH-alpha), beta-form (dCCTH-beta), and a mixture of alpha- and beta-form (dCCTH-alpha beta) at different pH and a 3-step in vitro digestion assay for pigs. In Exp. 1, Cu sources were incubated in water-based buffers at pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.8, and 6.8 for 4 h using a shaking incubator at 39 degrees C. The CuSO4 sources were completely dissolved within 15 min except at pH 6.8. The solubility of Cu in dCCTH-a was greater (p

C24H28CuN10O9S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 16.3499(16) Å, b = 14.0411(13) Å, c = 12.7069(13) Å, β = 104.019(2)°, V = 2830.2(5) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0472, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1165, T = 293(2) K.

The crystals of tetrahydrated bis(ethylenediamine)copper(II) sulfate, [CuII(SO4)(en)2]∙4H2O or [CuII(en)2(H2O)2][CuII(OSO3)2(en)2]∙6H2O were prepared and characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The magnetic susceptibility measurements of the aforementioned compound were also performed using a polycrystalline sample, which was found possessing maximum of susceptibility at 7 K.

The crystals of diethylenetriamine copper(II) sulfate complex (flame retardant) denoted as DETA-CuSO 4 have been obtained by direct interaction of solid copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate with diethylenetriamine – DETA (hardener of epoxy resins) and characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectra (IR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results of TGA reveal that the thermal degradation of DETA-CuSO 4 takes place at 290 °С, while the maximal temperature of combustion gaseous products amounts to 520 °С. DETA-CuSO 4 has been used as flame retardant in epoxy-amine polymers (DGEBA/DETA). The thermal behavior and combustibility of modified epoxy-amine composites (DGEBA/DETA-CuSO 4 ) have been investigated using TGA, method of “ceramic tube” (CT) as well as measurement of ignition point and self-ignition point. TGA data confirms that adding DETA-CuSO 4 to DGEBA (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) appreciably improve the thermic stability and anti-flammability of DGEBA/DETA-CuSO 4 , mainly, owing to chemically interlinking incombustible inorganic salt of copper(II) sulfate with polymeric framework of DGEBA/DETA. Results of CT measurement show that the maximal combustion temperature of gaseous products for DGEBA/DETA in comparison with DGEBA/DETA-CuSO 4 goes down from 867 °C to 640 °C and weight loss decreases from 89.0 wt% to 78.6 wt%.

The crystals of a new aqua-(diethylenetriamine-N, N′, N′′)-copper(II) sulfate monohydrate have been synthesized by direct interaction of solid copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate with diethylenetriamine (deta). The crystal structure of [Cu(deta)H2O]SO4⋅H2O (1) has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods at 100 K and characterized using X-ray powder diffraction pattern: space group P 1 ¯ , a = 7.2819(4), b = 8.4669(4), c = 8.7020(3) A, α = 83.590(3), β = 89.620(4), γ = 84.946(4)°, Z = 2. The environment of the Cu(II) atom is a distorted, elongated square pyramid which consists of three nitrogen atoms of the deta molecule and oxygen atom of the water molecule in the basal plane of the square pyramid (the average lengths of the in-plane Cu–N and Cu–O bonds are 2.00 A). The apical position of the coordination polyhedron is occupied by complementary oxygen atom of the sulfate anion (the length of the axial Cu–O bond is 2.421(1) A). The crystal packing is governed by strong hydrogen bonds of O–H⋯O and N–H⋯O types. The ab initio quantum-chemical calculations have been performed by the restricted Hartree–Fock method with a basis set 6-31∗G using the structural data of [Cu(deta)H2O]SO4⋅H2O. It has been ascertained that the degenerate d-orbitals of the Cu2+ ion split under the co-action of both the square-pyramidal coordination and the chelation. It is significant that visually observed crystals color (blue-violet) of the [Cu(deta)H2O]SO4⋅H2O complex is in good agreement with the calculated value of wavelength of visible light (λ = 5735 A) which is closely related to the energy of the absorbed photon (Δ = 2.161 eV). Furthermore, the stereo-chemical aspect of influence of the CuSO4 upon combustibility of modified epoxy-amine polymers has been scrutinized.

We report the use of a method to determine the refractive index of copper(II) serum (RICS) in milk as a tool to detect the fraudulent addition of water. This practice is highly profitable, unlawful, and difficult to deter. The method was optimized and validated and is simple, fast and robust. The optimized method yielded statistically equivalent results compared to the reference method with an accuracy of 0.4% and quadrupled analytical throughput. Trueness, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) and ruggedness are determined to be satisfactory at a 95.45% confidence level. The expanded uncertainty of the measurement was ±0.38°Zeiss at the 95.45% confidence level (k=3.30), corresponding to 1.03% of the minimum measurement expected in adequate samples (>37.00°Zeiss).

The complex of tetrakis(2-amino-3-methylpyridine) copper(II) sulfate tetrahydrate was synthesized in mol ratio of 1:6 metal to ligand in methanol. The characterization of complex was perform include copper in the complex, TG/DTA, conductivity measurement and UV-Vis spectra. Comparative study of antibacterial activity of 2-amino-3-methylpyridine ligand, metal ion (Cu2+), and the complex indicates that complex exhibited enhanced activity than free ligands and Cu(II).

This study was carried out to determine acute toxicity of two heavy metals (zinc and copper) to fingerlings Percocypris pingi by static bioassays. The experimental fish were subjected to a range of concentrations of heavy metals. At different exposure periods (24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h), the mortality rate were separately investigated. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined with Probit analysis. The LC50 values of zinc for the Percocypris pingi at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h were 3.504 mg/L, 2.933 mg/L, 2.852 mg/L and 2.852 mg/L, respectively. But the LC50 values of copper at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h were 1.730 mg/L, 1.389 mg/L, 1.340 mg/L and 1.340 mg/L, respectively. The heavy metals were ranked in order of toxicity: copper >zinc. The safe concentration of zinc and copper were 0.2852 mg/L and 0.1340 mg/L, respectively. Physicochemical parameters variables e.g. dissolve oxygen, total hardness, and ammonia nitrogen of aquaria were monitored under different concentrations of zinc (0, 1.60, 2.40, 3.20, 4.00, 4.80, 5.60) mg/L and copper (0, 0.60, 1.00, 1.40, 1.80, 2.20, 2.60) mg/L.

The current study is the first report of using biomordants with prina extract as a possible substitute for environmentally unfavourable metallic mordants. As a part of sustainable and cleaner production approach,, eco-friendly natural dyeing conditions were presented in terms of cost and consumption efficiencies. A novel and renewable natural dye source prina is an essential by-product of olive oil production. This biomass was valorized in wool dyeing in conjunction with biomordants namely powder of iris germanica (I. Versicolor), valex (acorn of Quercus ithaburensis ssp.macrolepis), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) rind, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and thuja (thuja orientalis). Their color coordinates and fastness properties were compared and assessed versus metallic mordants. Prina extract itself without mordant has a fair light fastness of 3 and an excellent washing fastness of 4-5 both for color change and bleeding. Valex, pomegranate rind, iris, rosemary, and thuja leaves were proposed as promising alternatives to alum, iron II sulfate, copper II sulfate, stannous chloride, and potassium dichromate. Biomordants generated significant color yield increment and exhibited equivalent fastness properties to metallic mordants. Water, energy, dye, chemical cost, and consumption of natural and synthetic dyeings on the basis of mill conditions were also calculated and compared mutually. Total recipe cost and chemicals/auxiliary consumption of natural dyeing are on average significantly less than with synthetic dyeing. Considerable savings are possible with natural dyeing, especially one-bath, in terms of cost, time, and consumption.

Thermocells convert heat energy directly into electrical energy through charge-transfer reactions at the electrode–electrolyte interface. To perform an analytical study on the behavior of thermocells, the Onsager flux relationship was applied to thermocells, which used aqueous copper II sulfate and aqueous potassium ferri/ferrocyanide as the electrolyte. The transport coefficient matrices were calculated for each electrolyte and applied to several simulations, which were subsequently validated through experimental testing and comparison to previous literature results. The simulation is shown to correctly predict the short circuit current, maximum power output, and power conversion efficiency. Validation demonstrates that the simulation model developed, using the Onsager flux equations, works for thermocells with different electrode materials (platinum, copper, charcoal, acetylene black, and carbon nanotube), electrode spacing, and temperature differentials. The power dependence of the thermocell on concentration and electrode spacing, with respect to the Seebeck coefficient, maximum power output, and relative efficiency, is also shown.

Structures having the unusual protonated 4-arsonoanilinium species, namely in the hydrochloride salt, C6H9AsNO3 +·Cl−, (I), and the complex salts formed from the reaction of (4-aminophenyl)arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid) with copper(II) sulfate, i.e. hexaaquacopper(II) bis(4-arsonoanilinium) disulfate dihydrate, (C6H9AsNO3)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2·2H2O, (II), with copper(II) chloride, i.e. poly[bis(4-arsonoanilinium) [tetra-μ-chlorido-cuprate(II)]], {(C6H9AsNO3)2[CuCl4]} n , (III), and with cadmium chloride, i.e. poly[bis(4-arsonoanilinium) [tetra-μ-chlorido-cadmate(II)]], {(C6H9AsNO3)2[CdCl4]} n , (IV), have been determined. In (II), the two 4-arsonoanilinium cations are accompanied by [Cu(H2O)6]2+ cations with sulfate anions. In the isotypic complex salts (III) and (IV), they act as counter-cations to the {[CuCl4]2−} n or {[CdCl4]2−} n anionic polymer sheets, respectively. In (II), the [Cu(H2O)6]2+ ion sits on a crystallographic centre of symmetry and displays a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The asymmetric unit for (II) contains, in addition to half the [Cu(H2O)6]2+ ion, one 4-arsonoanilinium cation, a sulfate dianion and a solvent water molecule. Extensive O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link all the species, giving an overall three-dimensional structure. In (III), four of the chloride ligands are related by inversion [Cu—Cl = 2.2826 (8) and 2.2990 (9) Å], with the other two sites of the tetragonally distorted octahedral CuCl6 unit occupied by symmetry-generated Cl-atom donors [Cu—Cl = 2.9833 (9) Å], forming a two-dimensional coordination polymer network substructure lying parallel to (001). In the crystal, the polymer layers are linked across [001] by a number of bridging hydrogen bonds involving N—H...Cl interactions from head-to-head-linked As—O—H...O 4-arsonoanilinium cations. A three-dimensional network structure is formed. CdII compound (IV) is isotypic with CuII complex (III), but with the central CdCl6 complex repeat unit having a more regular M—Cl bond-length range [2.5232 (12)–2.6931 (10) Å] compared to that in (III). This series of compounds represents the first reported crystal structures having the protonated 4-arsonoanilinium species.

Experimental data of the density, refractive index, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and pH of a copper (II) sulfate + poly(ethylene glycol) 4000 + water system were obtained at (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K over a wide composition range. Othmer’s rule was used to correlate the experimental data of the density, refractive index, and viscosity. The electrical conductivity data were transformed to an equivalent conductance and were correlated by group, according to the percentage of poly(ethylene glycol). The pH data were also correlated as functions of the poly(ethylene glycol) and copper sulfate concentrations. In all cases, an acceptable agreement between experimental and correlated values was obtained.

A simple, efficient, and environmentally benign method has been developed for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazole using one pot reaction of o-phenylenediamine with substituted aldehydes in good to excellent yields under mild conditions using low catalyst loading (CuSO4 as the selective catalyst) and atmospheric air as an oxidant. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti bacterial activity against six microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 11632), Streptococcus feacalis (clinically isolated), Bacillus cerus (MTCC 7350), Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Salmonella typhi (ATCC15499), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 23564). It was observed that all compounds exhibited good to moderate activity as compared to standard drug. The easy setup and purification procedure of this sustainable method and biological importance makes it appealing for bulk industry applications.

The production and partial characterization of Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) crude extract and its in vitro larvicidal action against trichostrongylid infective larvae from sheep were studied. D. flagrans was grown in liquid medium with glucose, casein, bibasic potassium phosphate (K2HPO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), and copper sulfate (CuSO4). The proteolytic activity was measured within varied pHs and temperatures. To determine the thermostability, the crude extract was incubated at 28°C for 72 h. To study the effect of different chemical compounds on the activity of the crude extract, the samples were incubated in solutions containing (10 mM): calcium chloride (CaCl2), copper II sulfate (CuSO4), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and 0.5% SDS. Results showed that the highest activity obtained (79.23 U/mL) was at pH 9.0, while the optimum temperature was 60°C (119.6 U/mL). The thermostab...

Reactions of (N-1-methylglucosaminocarbonothioyl)-4-bromobenzamide with copper(II) sulfate in the ratios 1:1 and 2:1 affords the corresponding chelate complexes of the metal. Their structure was proved by high resolution mass spectrometry. The complex of (N-1-methylglucosaminocarbonothioyl)-4-bromobenzamide with copper(II) sulfate (ratio 1:1) exhibits pronounced antibacterial activity.

A reusable CuSO4 · 5H2O/cationic 2,2′-bipyridyl system catalyzed the homocoupling reaction of terminal alkynes in water using I2 as the additive in the presence or absence of tetrabutylammonium bromide, giving the 1,3-diynes in good to high yields. After reaction, the residual aqueous solution could be reused several times. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Tris­(ethyl­enediamine)­zinc(II) sulfate, [Zn(C2H8N2)3]SO4, (I), undergoes a reversible solid–solid phase transition during cooling, accompanied by a lowering of the symmetry from high-trigonal P\overline{3}1c to low-trigonal P\overline{3} and by merohedral twinning. The mol­ecular symmetries of the cation and anion change from 32 (D3) to 3 (C3). This lower symmetry allows an ordered sulfate anion and generates in the complex cation two independent N atoms with significantly different geometries. The twinning is the same as in the corresponding Ni complex [Jameson et al. (1982). Acta Cryst. B38, 3016–3020]. The low-temperature phase of tris­(ethyl­enediamine)­copper(II) sulfate, [Cu(C2H8N2)3]SO4, (II), has only triclinic symmetry and the unit-cell volume is doubled with respect to the room-temperature structure in P\overline{3}1c. (II) was refined as a non­merohedral twin with five twin domains. The asymmetric unit contains two independent formula units, and all cations and anions are located on general positions with 1 (C1) symmetry. Both mol­ecules of the Cu complex are in elongated octa­hedral geometries because of the Jahn–Teller effect. This is in contrast to an earlier publication, which describes the complex as a compressed octa­hedron [Bertini et al. (1979). J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. pp. 1409–1414].

Four new Cu(II) Complexes viz. [Cu(II)(1-amidino-O-methylurea)2]SO4·2H2O (1), [Cu(II)(1-amidino-O-ethylurea)2](SO4)2·2H2O (2), [Cu(II)(1-amidino-O-n-propylurea)2] SO4·2H2O (3), [Cu(II)(1-amidino-O-n-butylurea)2]2(SO4)2·2H2O (4) have been synthesized and characterized. EPR spectrum of complex 4 at RT consisted of fine-structure transitions (ΔMs = ±1) with zero-field splitting (ZFS) of 0.0485 cm−1 and a half-field signal (ΔMs = ±2) at ca. 1600 G, revealed formation of binuclear complex (S = 1). Whereas EPR spectrum of complex 2 in DMSO showed a mixture of mononuclear and binuclear complex in the ratio 0.75:1.0 with ZFS of 0.0385 cm−1. From the temperature dependence of the EPR signal intensity, the isotropic exchange-interaction constant J was evaluated.

Synthesis of inorganic oxide composites with the use of postgalvanic waste solutions of copper(II) sulfate The study was undertaken to obtain an oxide composite (inorganic colourful pigment) in the method based on the use of postgalvanic waste solution of copper(II) sulfate. The conditions of the process of precipitation of synthetic CuOSiO2 were optimised by checking the effect of the concentration and the volume ratio of the reagents and the temperature on the physico-chemical parameters of the final product. The oxide composite obtained in the optimum conditions was characterised by high refinement of particles and large specific surface area BET of 326 m2/g.

The structure of known copper(II) complex with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide has been corrected on the basis of a new X-ray analysis. It has been found, that the sulfate(VI) ion is bonded in apical position of Cu(II) coordination pyramid having two organic ligands at the base. Two water molecules are not coordinated as has been postulated before, but stabilizes the sulfate(VI) group orientation and link the layers of complex molecules by strong hydrogen bonds. The detailed interpretation of the measured IR and Raman spectra has been performed with aid of both: quantum calculations as well as H/D and 63Cu–65Cu isotope substitution.

This study examined how to produce new methods of copper (II) sulfate crystallization by using a small-scale chemistry tool such as small-scale reaction surface and petri dish. The making of copper(II) sulfate is included in the 5th grade elementary science textbooks. Various copper(II) compounds were reacted with a 2 M sulfuric acid solution. The result of this study is as follows: Seven small amounts of copper(II) compounds were reacted with a few drops of 2 M sulfuric acid solution at room temperature to make a copper(II) sulfate crystal of triclinic shape. Using the petri dish method, a copper(II) sulfate crystal could be identified within one hour of reacting copper(II) hydroxide, copper(II) carbonate, copper(II) nitrate, copper(II) perchlorate, cupric(II) formate from a few drops of 2 M sulfuric acid solution at room temperature. When using the lap top method for copper(II) perchlorate, cupric formate, a proper crystal could be identified within one hour as well. SSC methods were used for the first time to make a copper sulfate crystal via chemical reaction. We can make a copper(II) sulfate crystal using a simple method which is easier, safer and saves time in class. And since a small quantity of chemicals are being used in SSC chemical methods, waste is greatly reduced. This lessens the amount of environmental problems caused by the experiment. This can be helpful in preserving nature. In addition the cost of chemical and laboratory equipment is greatly reduced because it uses material that we find in our daily lives. There will be continued study of small-scale methods such as improvement of new programs, study and training of teachers, and securing SSC tools. I would like to suggest such as SSC methods are applicable in elementary School Science. I would like it to become a wide spread program.

A wide range of methods exist for the on-plate detection of lipids resolved by thin layer chromatography. Fluorescence generally offers improvements in sensitivity over methods that use colorimetric or simple densitometric detection. In this paper, we report that a classic cupric sulfate charring protocol produces a fluorescent signal that sensitively and quantitatively detects a wide range of phospholipids, neutral lipids, and sterols after automated, multi-development high performance thin layer chromatography. The measured lower limits of detection and quantification, respectively, were, on average, 80 and 210 pmol for phospholipids and 43 fmol and 8.7 pmol for sterols. The simple, inexpensive, and highly sensitive approach described here was used to quantitatively analyze the lipid and sterol composition of sea urchin cortical vesicles, a stage-specific model system used to study the mechanism of regulated membrane fusion.

The solvent-free potassium permanganate (KMnO4)–promoted oxidation of alcohols into the corresponding carbonyl derivatives has been examined in detail with respect to the importance of supporting materials and supporting irradiation. Secondary alcohols are oxidized very efficiently to the corresponding ketones at ambient temperature by KMnO4 absorbed on a fourfold molar amount of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. The reaction is accelerated considerably by ultrasonic irradiation and drastically by microwave irradiation. Under the latter conditions, also hydroquinone can be converted 100% into p-benzoquinone within 4.5 min. Benzylic alcohols are oxidized most efficiently to the corresponding benzaldehydes under heterogeneous reaction conditions.