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The paper presents the synthesis and characterization of Copper metal matrix composite reinforced with silica using powder metallurgy route. The 5%wt of silica is reinforced with copper metal as matrix material. 5% wt Magnesium was added as wetting agent as copper shows poor wettability towards silica. The reinforced silica was extracted from agro waste rice husk ash under controlled conditions of sintering temperature and duration of heating from rice husk ash using alkali extraction method. Reflux method was used to extract nanosilica from silica. Silica and the composite were characterized for microstructural studies, elemental composition and surface morphologies using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The synthesized copper silica composite was studied for structural, compositional and mechanical properties. The results showed that the copper metal matrix composite reinforced with silica showed improved mechanical behavior and can be used in all such applications where light weight and better mechanical strength from copper metal are expected. As the filler material silica is extracted from green route which partially replaces the expensive metal, this work reports a non-toxic, cost effective, light weight and improved mechanical strength substitute for copper metal applications.

Frameworks containing organic copper metal are an excellent category of hybrid porous substances gaining significant interest in the past decade. The outstanding features of copper-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are distinct pore dimensions, different proportions, compatibility, variable configuration, tunable measurements, high loading capacity and upgraded bio-compatibility. These features contribute to making Cu-MOFs potential candidates for drug delivery. Cu-MOFs are a new way to distribute drugs and show how they can effectively distribute various medical substances. Furthermore, several ways that can be employed to improve encapsulation efficiency have been explored. Cu-MOFs have been frequently used as vehicles for delivering medicines to tumour cells with high efficiency. Ultimately, the problems and the prospective for the upcoming progress of copper-containing metal–organic frameworks as effective medication release mechanisms were thoroughly reviewed. As a result, the drug delivery approach based on Cu-MOFs has tremendous scientific significance. This review covers the most recent implementations in 3D Cu-MOF arrangements, from composition to their bio-related interests in fields like drug administration, imaging, sensing, and hydrogen storage. Also, various features and functionalities of modified and unmodified Cu-MOFs for use in regulated medication release applications are presented.

Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from high-temperature combustion processes under fuel-lean conditions continue to be a challenge for the energy industry. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is possible using metal oxides and zeolites. There is still a need to identify catalytic materials that are efficient in reducing NOx to environmentally benign nitrogen gas at temperatures lower than 200 °C. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a class of highly porous materials with unique physical and chemical properties. This study is motivated by the lack of systematic investigations on SCR using MOFs under industrially relevant conditions. Here, we investigate the extent of NO conversion with two commercially available MOFs, Basolite F300 (Fe-BTC) and HKUST-1 (Cu-BTC), mixed with solid urea as a source for the reductant, ammonia gas. For comparison, experiments were also conducted using cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) as a non-porous counterpart to relate its reactivity to those obtained from MOFs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to identify the gas and surface species in the temperature range of 115–180 °C. Computational analysis was performed using Monte Carlo simulations to quantify the adsorption energies of different surface species. The results show that the rate of ammonia production from the in situ solid urea decomposition was higher using CoFe2O4 than Fe-BTC and Cu-BTC and that there was very limited conversion of NO on the mixed solid urea-MOF systems due to site blocking. The main conclusions from this study are that MOFs have limited ability to convert NO under low-temperature conditions and that surface regeneration requires additional experimental steps.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the effect of copper in patients with Enterobius vermicularis infection, as well as its association with IgE and TRFC. The study was carried out with 583 suspected and thirty healthy respondents of the same age who visited the AL-Zahra maternity and pediatrics laboratory, AL-Hakeem hospital, in AL-Najaf province(Iraq) from July 2020 to June 2021. This study aimed to estimate the level of copper, IgE, and TRFC in patients suffering from enterobiasis. The concentration of three biomarkers (copper, IgE, and TRFC) in serum was determined using the ELISA technique as per the manufacturer's instructions while the concentration of copper was assessed by using the colourimetric method. Results of the study revealed that the concentrations of IgE and TRFC significantly increased (P≤0.05) in the blood sample of E. vermiculris infected patients, while the serum concentrations of copper decreased significantly (P≤0.05) compared to the control group. The results of the current study suggested that the E. vermicularis infection alters serum IgE and TRFC concentrations, which significantly impacts copper levels in the blood.

Fabrication of a copper Metal Matrix Surface Composite (MMSC) via Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is discussed in this research, wherein Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Alumina hybrid particles (Al2O3) ...

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are attractive materials to be used as ionophores because of the array of nurturing features for instance a significant surface area, a porous structure, and also el...

Faience beads have been excavated from the Gebusailu site in western Tibet and date back as far as the second half of the 2nd millennium BC. As the earliest faience found on the Tibetan Plateau so far, these beads provide important evidence for the cross-regional exchange in the pre-historic western Tibet. Randomly selected thirteen samples were analyzed by SR-μCT, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS. The CT slices suggested that the structure of the samples was formed on cylindrical core and glazed by cementation. The glaze recipes indicate the samples can be classified as soda-rich faience with pure copper ore, the scrap or oxidation product of the copper metal, as the possible colorant. Those beads were possibly imported from Egypt or somewhere impacted by the Egyptian faience production technology. This implies that the ethnic groups on the plateau or other regions already crossed the Himalayas and integrated into the treasure exchange network of Eurasia, making the decorative luxury commodities penetrate to the Tibetan Plateau in 3500 years ago.

In recent days, the role of the stir casting process has been increased in metal manufacturing sectors. It can be produced the components with good quality and less casting defects. The experimental work has been discussed about the effect of stir casting process parameters for synthesized Copper Metal Matrix Composite (Cu-MMC) reinforced with Titanium Carbide (TiC). The hardness, impact, and tensile strength were determined through the variation of input stir casting factors such as particle size, the weight percentage of TiC, and stirring time. The experiment was conducted as per L9 orthogonal based Taguchi design. The influential factor was measured through variance test.

Approximately all-metallic structure is manufactured from the copper metal. The application of neutral environmental condition is generally found in the heat exchange system of desalination plants where aggressive chloride ions cause pitfalls on the metal surface. This review paper precisely inspects corrosion inhibitors (CI) in hostile corrosive environments i.e., simulated sea-water (3.5 wt.% NaCl solution) for the protection of copper metal from corrosion. The emphasis has been given to nitrogen-containing synthetic heterocyclic inhibitors due to their better protection ability and effectiveness. The literature furnishes the understanding of the diverse behavior of inhibitors and their performance in a particular environment. The motive of this literature is to present the most suitable organic inhibitors with higher polarization efficiencies in the corrosive environment.

portuguesUm dos principais metais explorados no mundo e o cobre (Cu), um elemento nativo, que dificilmente e encontrado puro na natureza. A lavra e beneficiamento do cobre geram debates ambientais devido a formacao de agentes poluidores nas areas de concentracao, fundicao e refino, alem dos impactos negativos na vegetacao e topografia da area minerada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o desempenho morfometrico inicial do ipe-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sandwith) em substrato composto por rejeito de mineracao de cobre e percentuais crescentes de materia orgânica, bem como, avaliar seu potencial fitorremediador e o Indice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, onde se coletou dados morfometricos dostratamentos referentes a altura, diâmetro do caule e numero de folhas da especie vegetal que posteriormente foram submetidos a analise estatistica e ao IQD, alem dos calculos relacionados ao indice e fator de translocacao do cobre na planta e sua capacidade fitoextratora. A fitomassa compartimentalizada em raizes e parte aerea foi coletada, colocada em estufa, moida e enviada ao laboratorio para as devidas avaliacoes do metal cobre nos compartimentos da especie vegetal, alem da avaliacao quimica do substrato. Concluiu-se que o ipe-branco possui potencial fitoestabilizador do elemento cobre proveniente de rejeito de mineracao, bem como atingiu um IQD satisfatorio no tratamento composto por 90% de rejeito de mineracao e 10% de materia orgânica. EnglishOne of the main metals explored in the world is copper (Cu), a native element, which is rarely found pure in nature. The mining and processing of copper generates environmental debates due to the generation of polluting agents in the areas of concentration, smelting and refining, in addition to the negative impacts imposed on the vegetation and topography of the mined area. The study aimed to investigate the initial morphometric performance of the white ipe (Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sandwith)in a substrate composed of copper mining tailings and increasing percentages of organic matter, evaluate its phytoremediator potential and the Dickson’s Quality Index (IQD). The experimental design was the entirely randomized one. Morphometric data of the treatment were collected regarding height, stem diameter and number of leaves of the plant species where they were later submitted to statistical and IQD analysis, in addition to calculations related to the index and translocation factor of copper in the plant and its phytoextracting capacity. The phytomass compartmentalized in roots and aerial part was collected, placed in a drying oven, ground and sent to the laboratory for the proper evaluation of the copper metal in the compartments of the plant species, in addition to the chemical evaluation of the substrate. It was concluded that white ipe has the potential to phytostabilize the copper element coming from mining tailings, as well as achieving a satisfactory IQD in treatment composed of 90% of mining tailings and 10% of organic matter.

In this work, the copper metal was treated using Nd:YAG laser with energy 1Joul to enhance corrosion resistance and improve surface properties. The copper metal has many applications in industry as well as water, oil and gas pipes. The same conditions, (laser power density, scan speed, distance between paths, medium gas-air) were applied in the laser surface treatment, After laser treatment, the samples microstructures were investigated using optical microscope (OM) to examine micro structural changes due to laser irradiation. Specimen surfaces were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), macro hardness, and corrosion test before and after laser treatment to examine the surface properties changes as a result of laser irradiation, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Results showed that laser irradiation enhances the corrosion resistance of the metal copper. Corrosion rates as low as 0.550 mpy for laser treated samples were obtained in comparison to 0.699 mpy obtained for the untreated samples. The corrosion protection afforded by laser treatment is attributed mainly to the grain refinement of the top surface layer. This layer is found to consist of nano-scale grains. Higher hardness and lower average roughness due to laser surface treatment.

Copper metal is slowly oxidized when it is exposed to the atmosphere for long periods of time, forming a blue-green coating called a patina. For example, the green color of the Statue of Liberty is a result of patina formation. A wide variety of Cu2+ compounds are found in patinas, and they generally take long periods of time to develop. Here, an activity is presented in which patinas are rapidly generated on the surface of copper-containing coins. The process can be carried out using very simple materials, making this activity suitable for a wide range of audiences, and also for courses offered in an online format. Because the development of the patina occurs within tens of seconds, the experiment can be presented as an in-class demonstration. Given the vast number of conditions that can be varied in this activity, it is highly amenable to exploratory learning exercises.

With the gradual decrease in the grade of copper ores being processed, copper concentrates have become more complex with higher impurity and gangue content. This trend has had a detrimental effect on smelters as they have to increase throughput to maintain copper metal production, while increasing operating costs due to processing the increased amounts of secondary products (slag, acid) and stabilizing waste streams. This paper discusses impacts from the increased complexity of resources from mine to smelters, highlighting the need for an integrated processing approach to achieve sustainable and competitive multi-metal recovery.

We examined copper production at the archaeological site of El Manchón, located in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, using archaeological, historical, ethnographic, and materials engineering data. Thirty-six AMS wood charcoal samples from El Manchón, analyzed using Bayseian statistics, date the two domestic sectors of El Manchón from cal AD 1250–1440 (Sector 1) and cal AD 1280–1680 (Sector 3). The smelting sector (Sector 2) contains copper ore and slag and dates to cal AD 1630–1825. Historical sources show that the Spanish had no experience smelting copper metal and were forced to negotiate with indigenous specialists to acquire smelted copper. These specialists provided it in return for tax exemptions and other economic privileges. The indigenous specialists requested iron tools for mining; the Spanish suggested introducing bellows to smelt copper in volume. In the smelting sector we excavated the stone foundations and a slag cake that conform to the dimensions of a hand-powered bellows-driven furnace in which the copper ore was smelted in a circular depression known as acendrada. Thus far, this furnace design has only been excavated at El Manchón. This bellows-powered furnace was likely operated by indigenous Manchón specialists, who probably initially smelted copper using the more ancient blowpipe technology. The dates for the smelting and occupation of El Manchón overlap.

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) known as the evaluation of properties of a wide variety of materials without causing a damaged despite after inspection is done and the material still can be used. This paper aims for a designed NDT metal instrument that is conducted using eddy current testing (ECT) technique to find an applicable lift-off (LO) value in detecting imperfection. A dual sensor was designed consist of excitation coil was applied to evaluate the surface imperfections or other excitation frequencies in controlling the signal responses from the testing material, copper (Cu) with dimension of 100 mm x 100 mm installed with artificial surface imperfection (i.e., 7 mm, 14 mm and 21 mm) was main subject in this study. An established amplifier consisting of a specific op-amp was used to boost up the voltage of the alternate current (AC). The data of setting frequencies was ranged from 5.00 - 5.25 MHz was recorded varied of the LO values (i.e., 1.0 mm, 2.0 mm, 3.0 mm, 4.0 mm and 5.0 mm). Based on the frequencies applied the result for an applicable LO value acquires the promising result of reading signal was around 2 mm and the imperfection detection performance obtained a larger voltage gradient with the increase of the imperfection sizes. The study concludes that the developed non-destructive metal testing instrument of specific ECT design by using the excitation coil is appropriate in measuring the LO value and could be used to find different imperfection for metal.

In the last few decades, man has become more innovative in discovering new materials to make his life more sustainable. Copper metal matrix composite is the most promising material for many engineering applications where the higher temperature resistance and good microstructural stability is required. The sustainable development of copper metal matrix composite is based on the use of ceramics as reinforcements. The choice of reinforcement material is highly influenced by their mechanical properties such as hardness, wear resistance, cost advantage, availability in market and refractory nature. In the current scenario, copper and its alloy are gaining popularity due to their high sustainability, high conductivity and good corrosion resistance. However, the relatively low wear resistance and high temperature strength restrict the use of copper in many applications. Recent developments in metal matrix composites have provided new means to produce high sustainable copper metal matrix composite materials with high wear resistance and high strength materials. It has been found that the wear resistance and strength of materials can be improved by adding hard ceramic particles such as Al2O3, SiC, TiC and ZrO2 into the metal matrix. The aim of the present study is to summarise the research work carried out in the field of sustainable copper metal matrix composites. It also reports the various manufacturing routes along with the structural, mechanical, electrical and corrosion properties. It is found that copper metal matrix composites are preferred over the conventional composites. Sustainability issues around the globe has forced the industries to adopt the eco-friendly materials with their fabrication and machining routes, which results in less carbon emission and also has less affect to the environment. Fabrication of eco-friendly composites is an emerging research area, which has made several research scopes in production of sustainable composites. It is expected that this study can be beneficial for the researcher to decide their research direction in the field of sustainable material production.

The study is based on the investigation of mechanical properties in hybrid FRP which is fabricated with epoxy polymer, natural and glass fibres, and addition of silicon and copper powder. The natural fibres of chopped banana fibres were also reinforced for increasing the strength of composites. The E-glass fibre were added and analysed its properties. The result showed that, the mechanical properties were improved due to the silicon and copper metal powder additions. The water absorption test was also taken and found the improvement in the hybrid composites due to the added metal powders.

Single-cells coated with functional shells to protect them from external harsh condition have great potential applications in many fields such as tissue engineering, cell-based devices, cell biology, and so on. Herein, copper metal organic polyhedron (Cu-MOP) hydrogel has been applied as a soft shell for cell protection under both physical and chemical stimulations. Compared with a previous strategy, this MOP-Gel shell not only possesses more satisfied protection effect but also could be prepared and removed facilely without any damage to the encapsulated cells.

Funding Information: The authors acknowledge the use of the Circular Raw MatTERS Finland Infrastructure (RAMI) at Aalto University. The authors at RUB and Paderborn University thank the SFB‐TR‐87 project for financial support. M.W. thanks COST‐Action HERALD for funding his research stay at Aalto University. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Advanced Engineering Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH High-quality copper metal thin films are demanded for a number of advanced technologies. Herein, a facile ALD (atomic layer deposition) process for the fabrication of Cu metal films directly from two solid readily usable precursors, copper acetylacetonate as the source of copper and hydroquinone as the reductant is reported. This process yields highly crystalline, dense, specularly reflecting, and electrically conductive Cu films with an appreciably high growth rate of 1.8 Å/cycle at deposition temperatures as low as 160 to 240 °C.

A mesoporous silica bearing uniformly distributed copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO@mesoporous SiO2) was prepared through silica nanocasting copper metal organic frameworks (MOFs) followed by calcination. The nanocasting filled the micropores of MOFs with silica and then, the calcination removed the organic linker in MOFs and converted copper metal ions into CuO particles, resulting in the CuO@mesoporous SiO2 architecture. The characterization results indicated that the final product basically maintained the original MOF morphology and the mesoporous silica effectively prevented the aggregation of nanoparticles. In addition, the CuO@mesoporous SiO2 exhibited a superior activity for catalyzing the oxidation of styrene, which could be attributed to the fact that the dispersed CuO particles in mesoporous silica provided more accessible catalytic sites and better stability. This work provides a new strategy to prepare nanoparticles@mesoporous silica with adjustable morphology structure, which has a promising potential in the field of heterogeneous catalysis.

Although core–shell copper metal nanoclusters are important emerging materials for practical applications and fundamental scientific research, their synthesis lags behind that of gold and silver na...

New compositional and metallographic data are presented for the fourth to eighth century CE copper coins from the Northwest Quarter of Gerasa/Jerash, Jordan. The majority of the coins are small copper and copper alloy nummi minimi from the Late Roman and Byzantine periods. Also represented are pre-reform and post-reform fulūs minted under the Umayyad dynasty. Seventy-one coins (55 Roman, 4 Byzantine, 3 pre-reform and 9 post-reform) were characterised using optical microscopy and micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) spectroscopy. Lead (Pb) isotopes were measured for a subset of coins. We find that all coins were cast as flans before striking and that there is a discernible increase in alloying and debasement of copper during the fifth century CE and end of the seventh century CE. The Pb isotope results suggest the use of copper metal from the Aegean and the Arabah, and lead metal from Western Europe. The temporal changes in the alloy composition suggest periods of optimisation in the use of raw materials whilst maintaining a continuity in the technology used in minting coinage, perhaps related to broader economic and monetary issues associated with the fifth century CE and the coin reform of ‘Abd al-Malik.

Minerals are one of the most abundant elements in nature, and they have a strong and distinctive presence and influence in human civilization, as they have contributed, with their multiple capabilities, to achieving many achievements, starting from simple metal tools to powerful compounds. The discovery of minerals is a revolution in the history of the development of human thought, as it moved from the era of stone use to the era of metal use and the subsequent discovery of its strength and uniqueness, and one of the most important minerals that had a great impact on industrial development is copper metal, which was used in the past in the manufacture of weapons and tools.

The supply of copper underpins global economic growth and human development. Forecasts predict a market deficit of 600 kilotones of copper metal by 2021. Accessing new and undeveloped copper orebodies is critical to meeting projected demand. The mining industry has historically addressed supply challenges by capitalising on rising metal prices. We test the assumption that a price rise will ‘unlock’ previously uneconomic orebodies. It is argued that reacting to a simple price rise is instead likely to ‘unleash’ an unacceptable suite of environmental and social impacts. This paper examines 308 of the world's largest undeveloped copper orebodies and provides a current, comprehensive, multi-factor risk profile of the world's future copper supply. Our analysis reveals that a significant proportion of future copper supply involves factors that are not immediately price-sensitive, and that a rapid unlocking of these ore bodies could have negative ramifications for economic growth, human development, and the transition to a low carbon future.