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This report describes the governance of the European HF radar network including: the landscape of the Ocean observation networks and infrastructures, the role and links between operators of observational systems and stakeholders, the role and activities of the EuroGOOS HF radar Task Team in building a sound community strategy, the roadmap of the community with current achievements and future work lines.

Il presente documento restituisce una sintesi delle attività del progetto IMPACT ed è diviso in due parti. La prima parte evidenzia gli strumenti completati durante la durata del progetto, in particolare la rete di radar costieri per il monitoraggio delle correnti marine e la piattaforma webGIS per la consultazione dei dati raccolti ed elaborati dai partner di progetto. La seconda parte capitalizza sui suddetti strumenti per fornire sia indicazioni metodologiche che di governance. Nello specifico, la rete di radar costieri viene utilizzata per creare mappe di potenziale contaminazione e indicare in che condizioni le attività portuali possano essere più sostenibili. Le misure demografiche e i calcoli di ritenzione indicano il livello d'efficacia delle dimensioni attuali delle AMP mentre le misure di contaminazione suggeriscono di considerare un numero maggiore di stazioni nell'ottica di migliorare i piani di monitoraggio esistenti. In quest'ottica, le indicazioni rappresentano il piano d'azione e le linee guida del progetto. L'ulteriore espansione della rete di radar costieri prevista nei progetti SICOMAR plus e SINAPSI è la prova che la conclusione delle attività del progetto IMPACT sia in realtà solo un importante punto di partenza.

This document is a step-by-step guide to start transferring HF radar (HFR) data from your network to the EU HFR node . The EU HFR node acts as the focal point for the European HFR data providers, implementing the HF radar data flow from the data providers to the distribution platforms ( Copernicus Marine Service , EMODnet-Phys and SeaDataNet ). Published Refereed Current 14.A Surface currents TRL 9 Actual system "mission proven" through successful mission operations (ground or space) Best Practice Standard Operating Procedure

This Product User Manual describes the INSITU_GLO_UV_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_013_048 product distributed by the Copernicus Marine Service In Situ Thematic Assembly Centre (CMEMS INS-TAC): how it is built, what is the content, what data services are available to access them, and how to use the files. This product concerns four real-time datasets dedicated to near-surface currents measurements coming from two platform categories (Lagrangian surface drifters and High Frequency radars): ● drifter: near-surface zonal and meridional raw velocities measured by drifting buoys, wind & wind stress components, quality flags and metadada. These surface observations are part of the DBCP’s Global Drifter Program (see Table 1) ● drifter_filt: near-surface zonal and meridional velocities and 3-day filtered (with a Lanczos filter) velocities measured by drifting buoys. All the platforms are gathered together and concatenated in concatenated daily files. ● radar_total: near-surface zonal and meridional raw velocities measured by High Frequency radars (HFR), standard deviation of near-surface zonal and meridional raw velocities, Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP), quality flags and metadata. These surface observations are part of the European HF radar Network (see Mader et al, 2017 and Corgnati et al., 2018) ● radar_radial: near-surface zonal and meridional components of raw radial velocities measured by HFRs, magnitude and direction of near-surface zonal and meridional components of raw radial velocities (measured in the radial directions covered by each of the HFR stations), standard deviation of near-surface zonal and meridional components of raw radial velocities, quality flags and metadata. These surface observations are part of the European HF radar Network (see Mader et al, 2017 and Corgnati et al., 2018) ● Argo: ocean currents derived from the original trajectory data from Argo GDAC (Global Data Assembly Center). Deep current is calculated from floats drift at parking depth, surface current is calculated from float surface drift. The INS-TAC aims at providing a research and operational framework to develop and deliver in situ observations and derived products based on such observations, to address progressively global (GLO) but also regional needs either for monitoring, modelling or downstream service development. Published Refereed Current 14.A Surface currents TRL 9 Actual system "mission proven" through successful mission operations (ground or space) Manual (incl. handbook, guide, cookbook etc)

Deliverable D3.4 is the second and final deliverable of Task 3.2, where a final assessment and testing of all the new developed methodologies related to HF radar data is provided. An impressive suite of new tools is presented, and their impact on the use of HF radars is discussed. HF radars are today a vital and growing part of the observing system in Europe, and Task 3,2, have greatly contributed to this growth through methodological development. The work has been performed in synergy with other WPs, in particular WP4 for testing in specific areas, and WP5 for the elaboration of interoperability standards. Scientific collaborations have included a number of international scientists and institutions also outside the original JERICO-NEXT consortium, Testing has been carried out using data from several installations in various European seas and oceans, including the German Bight, the Bay of Biscay, the West Med, the Adriatic Sea and the Swedish coasts. The developments focus on the following three main aspects, mirroring the three subtasks in Task 3.2: 1) scientific basis for quality control and interoperability standards; 2) methods to optimize installation planning; 3) methods for advanced analyses to be used in practical applications.1.The quality of current retrievals has been investigated, and methods to improve their QC have been developed and tested. A focused scientific investigation has been performed on how to quantify accuracy in the important and challenging case of high current sub-grid variability. The approach, tested in the German Bight, provides general methodological indications that can be applied to different situations. Also, scientific support has been provided to the interoperability effort carried out in the framework of WP5. Improved recommendations for European QC have been investigated thanks to an international collaboration, providing the basis for the results in the WP5 deliverable D5.14. 2) Methods to guide the design of HF radar networks have been completed. A cost benefit analysis is made available taking into account the geographical distribution of the requirements and the geographical capabilities of the existing and potential HF radar network. It allows the prioritization of potential new platforms considering their respective contribution into the overall impact of the HF Radar network. As a demonstrator, different scenarios have been assessed for the development of long-range HF Radar network in the Bay of Biscay and north-western Iberian Peninsula. An additional tool has been introduced for considering the variability of the ocean processes at the scale resolved by the targeted observing platform. 3) A number of new products have been implemented for the analyses of HF radar data and their use in practical applications. Methods for blending HF radar data with water column information from ADCP and glider data have been implemented and tested, providing guidance for important future applications toward the integration of different observing system components. Various gap filling methods have been tested and a new one implemented, in order to ensure smooth trajectory computations for transport applications. Innovative flow characterization methods for biological applications have been explored. They include Lagrangian methods to quantify flow transport and retention, and their impact on phytoplankton or larval transport and fishery management, as well as a new class of indexes of small scale divergence and vertical velocities with potential ecosystem impact. Finally, two different approaches to improve transport and flow forecasting using HF radar data have been assessed.

Il presente documento descrive la rete radar transfrontaliera implementata nell'ambito del progetto IMPACT.

Best Practice in the implementation and use of HF-radar systems

This document specifies the QC standard procedures, the standard interoperable data and metadata format and the derived CDI metadata format for historical radial and total velocity data measured by HF Radars. These standard procedures and formats are necessary for the ingestion of historical HF Radar current data into SDN catalogues. Published Refereed Current 14.A TRL 9 Actual system "mission proven" through successful mission operations (ground or space) Manual (incl. handbook, guide, cookbook etc) Standard Operating Procedure

This document specifies the QC standard procedures, the standard interoperable data and metadata format and the derived CDI metadata format for historical radial and total velocity data measured by HF Radars. These standard procedures and formats are necessary for the ingestion of historical HF Radar current data into SDN catalogues.

l presente documento illustra la strategia che verrà adottata nel progetto IMPACT per rendere interoperabili i dati acquisiti con tecnologia radar HF relativamente alla misura delle correnti marine superficiali, e per integrare i dataset prodotti nell'arco della durata del progetto dai partner coinvolti in questa attività e che possiedono e gestiscono reti di radar HF, ovvero ISMAR-CNR, Consorzio LaMMA e Università di Tolone. La descrizione della rete radar transfrontaliera che dà origine ai dati in oggetto e alcuni cenni sulla tecnologia radar HF sono riportati nel prodotto 2.1.1 di IMPACT. Il tipo di dato è una mappa di vettori 2- dimensionale (vettori "totali") su griglia rettangolare con risoluzione spaziale tipica che varia tra 1,5 e 3 km e risoluzione temporale tipica di 1h. I dati rilevati da High Frequency Radar (HFR), unica tecnologia di telerilevamento da costa che consente la mappatura di campi di correnti marine su ampie aree con un'elevata risoluzione spaziale e temporale, sono applicati in molti settori come la ricerca oceanografica e sull'ambiente marino, la sicurezza, la gestione costiera, la pesca, la navigazione e l'energia rinnovabile (Paduane Washburn, 2013, Rubio et al., 2017, Corgnati et al., 2018, Sciascia et al., 2019). Tali dati inoltre, essendo stati identificati come una tecnologia emergente nell'ambito del Global Ocean Observation System, saranno sistematicamente assimilati dai modelli numerici marini per la valutazione e la validazione delle previsioni.

Recommendation Report 2 on improved common procedures for HFR QC analysis, including recommended common metadata and data model for HFR current data for HFR data implementation in European marine data infrastructures

Recommendation Report 1 for HFR data implementation in European marine data infrastructures, including recommended common metadata and data model for HFR

Report on first methodological improvements on retrieval algorithms and HF radar network design. Results obtained to date in Subtasks 3.2.1-3.2.2 will provide first recommendations on the implementation of improved techniques for HF radar systems (M24)

The inventory of the different HF radar systems operating in Europe has been gathered thanks to the survey launched by the EuroGOOS HFR Task Team, in the framework of INCREASE and JERICO-NEXT projects. This publication summarizes the main results of the European HF radar survey. EuroGOOS HFR Task Team will keep it as living document to be updated each time new information concerning existing or future systems is made available.

Rapporto tecnico della campagna oceanografica PREPARED 2014 nell'ambito del progetto EU-H2020 EuroFleets 2

Coastal radars provide information on the environmental state of oceans, namely maps of surface currents at time intervals of the order of one hour with spatial coverage of the order of several km, depending on the transmission frequency. The observations are of crucial importance for monitoring ports and ship tracks close to the coast, providing support for safe navigation in densely operated areas and fast response in case of accidents at sea, such as oil spill or search and rescue. Besides these applications, coastal radar observations provide fundamental support in MPAs surveillance, connectivity and marine population circulation. In the framework of the Italian RITMARE flagship project coordinated by CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), a coastal radar network has been designed and implemented with a number of innovative characteristics. The network includes both HF and X-band radars, allowing coverage of wide areas with different spatial and temporal resolutions. HF radars cover up to 80 km with a spatial resolution ranging between 1 and 5 km, while X-band radars provide 5 km coverage with a spatial resolution of 10 m. Joining these two capabilities, the RITMARE coastal radar network enables both a highly effective coverage of wide coastal areas and integrated monitoring of different phenomena, thus allowing the collection of current and wave parameters and detection of bathymetries of both open sea and coastal areas. A dedicated action to foster interoperability among data providers has been undertaken within RITMARE; an IT framework is under development to provide software tools for data collection and data sharing. It suggests standard, data format definitions, Quality Control strategies, data management and dissemination policies. In particular, the implementation of tools exploits both standards of OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) and web services offered to manage, access and deliver geospatial data. Radar data produced in RITMARE by the coastal radar network represent a challenge to the nowadays definition of OGC web services: the network will suggest and test solutions.

The SINDBAD- Leisure and Boating Safety Navigation - project goal is the development of an advanced operational service to support navigation in a specific area. The first prototype covers the Ligurian Sea (a very busy touristic area in the North Mediterranean Sea) It develops an ICT Service Infrastructure to provide innovative intelligent automation functions and to develop customized services, accessible by your mobile device, for conducting a boat and avoiding any kind of risk ensuring the best degree of comfort.

The Mediterranean Sea is a prominent climate-change hot spot, with many socioeconomically vital coastal areas being the most vulnerable targets for maritime safety, diverse met-ocean hazards and marine pollution. Providing an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution at wide coastal areas, high-frequency radars (HFRs) have been steadily gaining recognition as an effective land-based remote sensing technology for continuous monitoring of the surface circulation, increasingly waves and occasionally winds. HFR measurements have boosted the thorough scientific knowledge of coastal processes, also fostering a broad range of applications, which has promoted their integration in coastal ocean observing systems worldwide, with more than half of the European sites located in the Mediterranean coastal areas. In this work, we present a review of existing HFR data multidisciplinary science-based applications in the Mediterranean Sea, primarily focused on meeting end-user and science-driven requirements, addressing regional challenges in three main topics: (i) maritime safety, (ii) extreme hazards and (iii) environmental transport process. Additionally, the HFR observing and monitoring regional capabilities in the Mediterranean coastal areas required to underpin the underlying science and the further development of applications are also analyzed. The outcome of this assessment has allowed us to provide a set of recommendations for future improvement prospects to maximize the contribution to extending science-based HFR products into societally relevant downstream services to support blue growth in the Mediterranean coastal areas, helping to meet the UN's Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and the EU's Green Deal goals., peer-reviewed

Due to the semi-enclosed nature of the Mediterranean Sea, natural disasters and anthropogenic activities impose stronger pressures on its coastal ecosystems than in any other sea of the world. With the aim of responding adequately to science priorities and societal challenges, littoral waters must be effectively monitored with high-frequency radar (HFR) systems. This land-based remote sensing technology can provide, in near-real time, fine-resolution maps of the surface circulation over broad coastal areas, along with reliable directional wave and wind information. The main goal of this work is to showcase the current status of the Mediterranean HFR network and the future roadmap for orchestrated actions. Ongoing collaborative efforts and recent progress of this regional alliance are not only described but also connected with other European initiatives and global frameworks, highlighting the advantages of this cost-effective instrument for the multi-parameter monitoring of the sea state. Coordinated endeavors between HFR operators from different multi-disciplinary institutions are mandatory to reach a mature stage at both national and regional levels, striving to do the following: (i) harmonize deployment and maintenance practices; (ii) standardize data, metadata, and quality control procedures; (iii) centralize data management, visualization, and access platforms; and (iv) develop practical applications of societal benefit that can be used for strategic planning and informed decision-making in the Mediterranean marine environment. Such fit-for-purpose applications can serve for search and rescue operations, safe vessel navigation, tracking of marine pollutants, the monitoring of extreme events, the investigation of transport processes, and the connectivity between offshore waters and coastal ecosystems. Finally, future prospects within the Mediterranean framework are discussed along with a wealth of socioeconomic, technical, and scientific challenges to be faced during the implementation of this integrated HFR regional network., This study has been partially developed in the framework of the Interreg MED Strategic Project SHAREMED, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund under the funding program Interreg MED 2014–2020. Website: https://sharemed.interreg-med.eu/ (last access: 31 March 2022). We are also grateful for the partial support of the (i) the project PO FEAMP 2014/2020 (Misura 2.51) funded by Regione Campania (Italy), (ii) the 2017 PRIN project EMME (Exploring the fate of Mediterranean microplastic: from distribution pathways to biological effects) funded by the Italian Ministry for Research (grant agreement no. 2017WERYZP), and (iii) the CMEMS-INSTAC phase II, which provides the context of the activities for HFR data harmonization, standardization, and distribution. Collaborative discussion on data management harmonization at the European level has also been carried out thanks to the contribution of the projects INCREASE (CMEMS Service Evolution Call for Tenders 21-SE-CALL1) and SeaDataCloud (EU-H2020 GA no. 730960).

Editors: Karina von Schuckmann; Pierre-Yves Le Traon.-- Review Editors: Neville Smith (Chair); Ananda Pascual; Samuel Djavidnia; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Marilaure Grégoire; Glenn Nolan., The authors would like to thank the Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya (ICGC) for providing data. Thanks are due to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019), through national funds., Chapter 1: Introduction and the European Environment policy framework.-- CMEMS OSR4, Chapter 2: State, variability and change in the ocean.-- CMEMS OSR4, Chapter 3: Case studies.-- CMEMS OSR4, Chapter 4: Specific events 2018.