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Hazelnut skins (HS) are usually managed as waste; however, this by-product is a source of bioactive compounds, with potential applications in feed and food sectors. Phenolic compounds can be extracted using green protocols combining enabling technologies and green solvents. This work investigates subcritical water extraction (SWE) of bioactive compounds from HS. A laboratory-scale study was performed on four different batches, with significant batch-to-batch heterogeneity. The evaluation of polyphenolic profiles and antioxidant activities afforded promising results compared to the benchmark of reflux maceration. To evaluate process effectiveness, the extraction protocol was replicated on a semi-industrial plant that processed 8 kg of matrix. Downstream processes have been optimized for scale-up, demonstrating the effectiveness of SWE in retaining product concentration and bioactivity avoiding excipients in spray-drying phase. Hazelnut extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against animal- and food-borne pathogens, supporting their potential use as sustainable feed ingredients for improved hazelnut production and animal farming practices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Hazelnuts are high-quality products with significant economic importance in many European countries. Their market price depends on their qualitative characteristics, which are driven by cultivar and geographical origin, making hazelnuts susceptible to fraud. This study systematically compared two lipidomic fingerprinting strategies for the simultaneous authentication of hazelnut cultivar and provenance, based on the analysis of the unsaponifiable fraction (UF) and triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with chemometrics. PLS-DA classification models were developed using a large sample set with high natural variability (n = 309) to discriminate hazelnuts by cultivar and origin. External validation results demonstrated the suitability of the UF fingerprint as a hazelnut authentication tool, both tested models showing a high efficiency (>94 %). The correct classification rate of the TAG fingerprinting method was lower (>80 %), but due to its faster analysis time, it is recommended as a complementary screening tool to UF fingerprinting., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: In recent years, the demand for high-quality natural extracts to be included in nutraceutical formulations has increased sharply. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) shells (HZS) are underrated agricultural by-products that could be exploited as a source of active ingredients with pro-healthy properties. In the present study, a fully green microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was established for the first time aiming to recover bioactive constituents from HZS with significant nutraceutical value. Key MAE parameters, including ethanol in water concentration, microwave power, irradiation time and solvent-to-powder ratio, were optimized through response surface methodology utilizing a Box-Behnken design to achieve the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant/antiradical activities in the final extract., Results: The optimal MAE conditions (28% v/v ethanol/water, 270 s, 670 W, and 37 mL g -1 ) yielded an extract with significant scavenging capacity against reactive oxygen species and remarkable inhibitory activity towards both α-amylase (IC 50  = 7.73 μg mL -1 ) and α-glucosidase (IC 50  = 49.44 μg mL -1 ), demonstrating stronger hypoglycaemic properties than the anti-diabetic drug acarbose. Additionally, fluorescence spectroscopy results highlighted the ability of the optimized extract from HZS (OHS-E) to counteract advanced glycation end-product formation throughout the glycation cascade in a dose-dependent manner. Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry profiling unveiled the presence of fatty acids and phenolic compounds, including lignans, flavonoids, gallic acid derivatives and diarylheptanoids. Lastly, the biocompatibility of OHS-E was attested on HT29-MTX and Caco-2 intestinal cells., Conclusion: Altogether, these findings encourage the potential application of OHS-E as an effective nutraceutical component against type 2 diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

The increasing incidence of cancer has necessitated the discovery of novel anticancer compound sources. The presence of taxanes in hazelnut cell cultures has promoted new promising pharmacotherapeutic applications. The antiproliferative properties of hazelnut (Corylus avellana cv. 'Kalınkara') cell culture extracts against different human cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, A549) with Beas-2B as control were evaluated. The cytotoxicity of C. avellana culture extract (5 µM, 10 µM, and 20 µM) on all cell lines was evaluated with xCELLigence Real Time Cell Analysis System. Mitotic activity (450-655 nm), BrdU activity (450-550 nm) and caspase 3,7 activity (490-520 nm) were analyzed with a spectrophotometer through 24, 48, and 72 hours. Based on the values obtained from the xCELLigence Cell Analysis System, a 10 µM concentration of the culture extract was assigned as the IC50 dose. Culture extracts at 10 µM enhanced the reduction in the proliferation of all cancer cells assayed. The highest decrease in mitotic (59.32%) and BrdU (53.77%) activity was observed in A549 lung cancer cells. However, caspase 3,7 activity (35.08%) was the highest in aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The culture extracts decreased the viability of A549 cells to a greater extent than that of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast, and HeLa cervical cancer cells. C. avellana cv. 'Kalınkara' cell culture extracts have potential use in the treatment of lung and, to a lesser extent, breast and cervical cancers.

The baking process has the potential to generate health-risk compounds, including products from lipid oxidation and Maillard reaction. Pre- and post-digestion levels of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), malondialdehyde (MDA), glyoxal (GO), and methylglyoxal (MGO) were studied in cakes formulated with hazelnut and sunflower oil, along with their oleogels as margarine substitutes. The concentration of HMF in oil and oleogel-formulated cakes increased after digestion compared to cakes formulated with margarine. The MDA values were between 82 and 120 μg/100 g in oil and oleogel formulated cakes before digestion and a decrease was observed after digestion. The substitution of margarine with oil and oleogels resulted in the production of high amounts of GO and MGO in cakes. However, the highest bioaccessibility as 318.2% was found in cakes formulated by margarine for GO. Oleogels may not pose a potential health benefit compared to margarines due to the formation of HMF, MDA, GO, and MGO., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to extract water-soluble dietary fibers (WSDF skin ), pectin (PEC skin ), and xyloglucan (XG skin ) from hazelnut skin and to determine their impacts on colonic microbiota and metabolic function. WSDF skin , PEC skin , and XG skin were extracted by water, acid, and alkali treatments, respectively. Monosaccharide analysis revealed WSDF skin and PEC skin were dominated by uronic acids, while the XG skin was found to contain xyloglucan- and pectin-associated sugars. In vitro fecal fermentation analysis showed that WSDF skin , PEC skin , and XG skin are fermented to different microbial short-chain fatty acid profiles by identical microbiota. 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that PEC skin promoted Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Lachnospiraceae related operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which are recognized as beneficial members of the human gut, whereas WSDF skin and XG skin stimulated Bacteroides OTUs. Interestingly, increased abundances of F. prausnitzii and Lachnospiraceae OTUs in PEC skin were higher than those in commercially available pectin. Finally, PEC skin and XG skin were tested in a biscuit model and the results showed that either PEC skin or XG skin can be incorporated into biscuit formulations without impacting physical, textural, and sensory properties of the final product. Overall, our results demonstrated that hazelnut skin, an industrial byproduct, can be utilized for the production of functional dietary fibers, especially pectin, to improve colonic health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) is a novel method for the authentication of food and feed that represents a serious alternative to established methods. This study aims to analyze hazelnuts from different origins and identify potential marker metabolites using a high-resolution DART-MS platform and a non-targeted metabolomics approach. To investigate the suitability of DART-MS for authenticating the origin of foods with a high fat content, 172 hazelnut samples from 5 countries were analyzed. Data evaluation using principal component analysis (PCA) and Random Forest-based classification led to an accuracy of 93.2 %, demonstrating the high valence of the DART-MS approach for verifying the origin of hazelnuts. In addition, 16 marker metabolites were identified and revealed the importance of di- and triacylglycerols for the authentication of hazelnuts. These results demonstrate the high suitability of DART-MS based analysis as a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach for food authentication., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Hazelnut market prices fluctuate significantly based on cultivar and provenance, making them susceptible to counterfeiting. To develop an accurate authentication method, we compared the performances of three spectroscopic methods: near infrared (NIR), handheld near infrared (hNIR), and medium infrared (MIR), on over 300 samples from various origins, cultivars, and harvest years. Spectroscopic fingerprints were used to develop and externally validate PLS-DA classification models. Both cultivar and origin models showed high accuracy in external validation. The hNIR model effectively distinguished cultivars but struggled with geographic distinctions due to lower sensitivity. NIR and MIR models showed over 93 % accuracy, with NIR slightly outperforming MIR for geographic origin. NIR proved to be a fast and suitable tool for hazelnut authentication. This study is the first to systematically compare spectroscopic tools for authenticating hazelnut cultivar and origin using the same dataset, offering valuable insights for future food authentication applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The brown marmorated stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ) poses a significant threat to hazelnut crops by affecting kernel development and causing quality defects, reducing the market value. While previous studies have identified bitter-tasting compounds in affected kernels, the impact of stink bug feeding on the hazelnut metabolome, particularly concerning aroma precursors, remains underexplored. This study aims to map the nonvolatile metabolome and volatilome of hazelnut samples obtained by caging H. halys on different cultivars in two locations to identify markers for diagnosing stink bug damage. Using a multiomic approach involving headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF MS), and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), both raw and roasted hazelnuts are analyzed, with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning tools employed to explore data correlations. The study finds that the hazelnut metabolome and volatilome exhibit high chemical complexity with significant classes of compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and terpenes identified in both raw and roasted hazelnuts. Multivariate analysis indicates that the orchard location significantly impacts the metabolome, followed by damage type, with cultivar differences being less pronounced. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models achieve high predictive accuracy for orchard location (99%) and damage type (≈80%), with the roasted volatilome showing the highest predictive accuracy. Correlation matrices reveal significant relationships between raw hazelnut metabolites and aroma compounds in roasted samples, suggesting potential markers for stink bug damage that could guide the quality assessment and mitigation strategies. Data fusion techniques further enhance classification performance, particularly in predicting damage type, underscoring the potential of integrating multiple data sets for comprehensive quality assessment.

Analytical verification of hazelnut in food supports risk-based approaches for proper allergen labeling to prevent unwanted allergic reactions or to quality control diagnostic or therapeutic allergen preparations for allergic subjects. We present the development and validation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of hazelnut by targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 gene. The qualitative method requires neither sophisticated analytical equipment nor antibodies, allowing an easy-to-use application with no ethical concern related to the use of animals. It demonstrated a limit of detection at or below 10 mg/kg hazelnut in various food matrices, making it also suitable for verifying hazelnut at levels of clinically relevant eliciting doses. Validation against proficiency test samples and testing of applicability with commercial food items confirmed its usefulness in processed foods. The simplicity of the method, including visual colorimetric detection, combined with high specificity and sensitivity, represents an advancement over existing qualitative methods.

This study investigates the metabolome of high-quality hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) by applying untargeted and targeted metabolome profiling techniques to predict industrial quality. Utilizing comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, the research characterizes the non-volatile (primary and specialized metabolites) and volatile metabolomes. Data fusion techniques, including low-level (LLDF) and mid-level (MLDF), are applied to enhance classification performance. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) reveal that geographical origin and postharvest practices significantly impact the specialized metabolome, while storage conditions and duration influence the volatilome. The study demonstrates that MLDF approaches, particularly supervised MLDF, outperform single-fraction analyses in predictive accuracy. Key findings include the identification of metabolites patterns causally correlated to hazelnut's quality attributes, of them aldehydes, alcohols, terpenes, and phenolic compounds as most informative. The integration of multiple analytical platforms and data fusion methods shows promise in refining quality assessments and optimizing storage and processing conditions for the food industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In this study, the effects of emulsifiers such as lecithin, AMPs, Palsgaard® Oil-Binder and GMS on cocoa hazelnut spread rheology were compared under the same process conditions and formulation. Emulsifiers were added to the formulation separately at rates of 0.3%-0.4%-0.5%. Hardness values in cocoa hazelnut spread were examined at 15-day intervals until the 60th day. In addition, viscosity, rheological analyses, color, spreadability, stability tests, and sensory analyses were performed. In the production of cocoa hazelnut spread, lecithin and AMP have less hardness and lower viscosity, greater fluent consistency, better spreadability, and lower "work of shear" values compared with other emulsifiers. The emulsifier type/ratio difference did not affect the color value statistically. It was determined that the use of Oil-Binder and GMS significantly protected the stability compared with other emulsifiers. During the 60-day storage period, lecithin preserved its hardness properties better than other emulsifiers. When sensory properties were examined, the use of lecithin and AMP in cocoa hazelnut spread samples scored high in brightness, spreadability, mouthfeel, and taste parameters. As a result, lecithin comes to the fore in the use of different types and ratios of emulsifiers in cocoa hazelnut spread production technology., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Food Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.)

New interspecific hybrid hazelnut crosses between American ( Corylus americana ) and European ( Corylus avellana ) hazelnuts are being developed to support a commercial industry in the Midwest region of the United States. In this study, volatile compounds that impact consumer aroma liking of roasted hybrid hazelnuts ( C. americana × C. avellana ) were investigated by targeted and nontargeted GC/MS flavoromics. Chemical profiles from 10 roasted hybrid hazelnut samples were modeled with consumer aroma liking scores by orthogonal partial least-squares with good fit and predictive performance ( R 2 ≥ 0.92, Q 2 ≥ 0.82, RMSE CV = 0.2). Top ranked predictors positively correlated with liking included 12 aroma compounds and 4 profiled volatiles for the targeted and nontargeted methods, respectively. Sensory recombination testing of hazelnut samples with addition of the 12 predictive odorants was preferred by consumers ( p < 0.001, Δ aroma liking = 2.2 on 9-point scale) and perceived as more roasty, nutty, and sweet compared to the control ( p < 0.05). Addition of the 4 predictive volatiles at subthreshold levels also was preferred ( p = 0.02) and perceived as less earthy and mushroom like than the control ( p < 0.05).

American-European hybrid hazelnuts ( Corylus americana × Corylus avellana ) are an emerging crop in the Upper Midwest of the United States that have been reported to have unique sensory characteristics compared to traditionally grown European hazelnuts. In this study, key odor-active compounds in a roasted hybrid hazelnut variety ( C. americana × C. avellana ) were identified and profiled across different hybrid hazelnut varietals to understand sensory differences. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/olfactometry analysis identified 33 odorants with high flavor dilution factors (FD ≥ 16) in the roasted hybrid hazelnut, including 2-acetylpyrazine and 2-aminoacetophenone as first reported hazelnut odorants. Descriptive sensory analysis profiles of the roasted hazelnut and an aroma recombination model consisting of 27 odorants quantified above their odor detection thresholds were not significantly different for the six evaluated attributes, confirming the aroma contribution of the identified odorants. Variation in all 33 aroma-active compounds across 12 hybrid and two European hazelnut varieties was visualized through principal component analysis and related to aroma profiles previously characterized by consumers.

Hazelnut oil cake (HOC) has the potential to be bioactive component source. Therefore, HOC was processed with a solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus oryzae with two steps optimization: Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken design. The variables were the initial moisture content (X 1 : 30-50%), incubation temperature (X 2 : 26-37 °C), and time (X 3 : 3-5 days), and the response was total peptide content (TPC). The fermented HOC (FHOC) was darker with higher protein, oil, and ash but lower carbohydrate content than HOC. The FHOC had 6.1% more essential amino acid and benzaldehyde comprised 48.8% of determined volatile compounds. Fermentation provided 14 times higher TPC (462.37 mg tryptone/g) and higher phenolic content as 3.5, 48, and 7 times in aqueous, methanolic, and 80% aqueous methanolic extract in FHOC, respectively. FHOC showed higher antioxidant as ABTS + (75.61 µmol Trolox/g), DPPH (14.09 µmol Trolox/g), and OH (265 mg ascorbic acid/g) radical scavenging, and α-glucosidase inhibition, whereas HOC had more angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. HOC showed better water absorption while FHOC had better oil absorption activity. Both cakes had similar foaming and emulsifying activity; however, FHOC produced more stable foams and emulsions. SSF at lab-scale yielded more bioactive component with better functionality in FHOC.

Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L. cv Tombul) is a widely used nut in the chocolate industry and is also rich in polyphenol content, which promises anticancer effects. The anti-cancer and apoptotic effects of hazelnut leaves extracts examined on lung and breast cancer cells. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) and Adenosine 5'- triphosphate (ATP) assays were carried out for cell viability measurement. The mode of cell death was shown morphologically by the double fluorescence staining. Apoptosis was determined by performing caspase-mediated cytokeratin 18 (M30 ELISA) and western blot analysis. PARP, caspase 3, caspase 8, DR4, and GAPHD (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase) protein bands were visualized as markers of apoptosis. A wound healing test was employed to measure cell migration. Methanol extract of hazelnut leaf exhibited inhibition of cell growth activities in a dose-dependent manner. IC 50 values were determined as 32.17 µg/ml in MCF-7, 32.16 µg/ml in MDA-MB-231, 20.40 µg/ml in A549 and 12.04 µg/ml in H1299 cells for ethanol extract while it was determined as 21.08 µg/ml in MCF-7, 40.16 µg/ml in MDA-MB-231, 22.04 µg/ml in A549 and 5.91 µg/ml in H1299 cells in methanol extract. In comparison, methanol leaf extracts were more effective in H1299 cells (IC 50 value was 5.91 µg/ml).In comparison, ethanol leaf extracts were more effective in H1299 cells (IC50 value was 9.722 µg/ml). Western blot analysis demonstrated that hazelnut leaf extract treatment of cancer cells led to cell death via apoptosis and inhibited cell migration in lung and breast cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effects of hazelnut extract on breast and lung cancer cells might be valuable and promising in elucidating cell death mechanisms for the development of new methods in cancer treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Composite with a high specific surface area of 224.62 m 2  g -1 was prepared by adding urea as a nitrogen source to hazelnut shell biochar (HSB). Nitrogen doping significantly enhanced the ability of biochar for Cr(VI) elimination, achieving twice the removal efficiency of unmodified biochar. The impacts of varying the pH and initial concentrations on Cr(VI) removal by urea-modified biochar (N-HSB) were investigated. The Cr(VI) removal by N-HSB was better described by intra particle diffusion model and pseudo-second order kinetic model under optimal conditions. Furthermore, XPS, FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses were used to verify the pivotal roles of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups. Electrostatic attraction, redox reaction, and complexation constituted the principal mechanisms facilitating Cr(VI) elimination by N-HSB. This study demonstrated that the modification of biochar with urea as a nitrogen source represented a promising strategy for enhancing the removal capacity of biochar for Cr(VI) in aqueous environments., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Mediterranean region is distinguished by its gastronomic diversity and a wide variety of indigenous nut crops. In line with changing global food consumers' preferences, a noteworthy aspect is the increasing demand to the use of local varieties in recipe formulation. The aim of the present study was to incorporate the Terra Fria chestnut (Portugal) and Negreta hazelnut from Reus (Spain) in traditional Mediterranean recipes. The sensory, technofunctional, nutritional, and shelf-life characterization were investigated in hazelnut omelette (gluten and gluten-free) and chestnut pudding (sugar and sugar-free) formulations. Results conducted by trained assessors using the free choice profiling (FCP) showed that hazelnut omelette samples were described as "creamy," "smooth," and "handmade." In addition, the texture obtained with the hazelnut omelette gluten-free version showed the softest textural profile analysis attributes, with lower values for hardness (2.43 ± 0.36 N), adhesiveness (-0.38 ± 0.00 g s) and gumminess (2.12 ± 0.14). Furthermore, the shelf-life studies revealed a more golden color (>14.43 of a* CIELAB coordinate) and a lower moisture content (25.36%-43.59%) in the hazelnut flour formulation, in addition to the enrichment in terms of protein (8.36 g/100 g), fiber, and healthy fats. In the case of chestnut pudding, it was observed that the study parameters did not differ significantly from its sweetened analogue with positive attributes in FCP ("toasted," "fluffy," and "sweet"), positioning it as a viable alternative to sugar in this application. Therefore, both hazelnut flour in hazelnut omelette and oligofructose in chestnut pudding proved to be promising ingredients in the formulation of gluten-free and sugar-free developed products, offering attractive organoleptic and textural characteristics., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists.)

Hazelnut, pistachio and cashew are tree nuts with health benefits but also with allergenic properties being prevalent food allergens in Europe. The allergic characteristics of these tree nuts after processing combining heat, pressure and enzymatic digestion were analyzed through in vitro (Western blot and ELISA) and in vivo test (Prick-Prick). In the analyzed population, the patients sensitized to Cor a 8 (nsLTP) were predominant over those sensitized against hazelnut seed storage proteins (Sprot, Cor a 9 and 14), which displayed higher IgE reactivity. The protease E5 effectively hydrolyzed proteins from hazelnut and pistachio, while E7 was efficient for cashew protein hydrolysis. When combined with pressured heating (autoclave and Controlled Instantaneous Depressurization (DIC)), these proteases notably reduced the allergenic reactivity. The combination of DIC treatment before enzymatic digestion resulted in the most effective methodology to drastically reduce or indeed eliminate the allergenic capacity of tree nuts., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hazelnuts' features and price are influenced by their geographical origin, making them susceptible to fraud, especially counterfeit claims regarding their provenance. Stable isotope analysis is a recognised approach to establish the geographical origin of foods, yet its potential in hazelnut authentication remains unexplored. In this prospective study, we assessed multiple isotopic markers in hazelnuts from different origins and evaluated the most promising variables for geographical authentication by chemometric tools. Our findings indicate that bulk δ 18 O, along with δ 2 H and δ 13 C in the main fatty acid methyl esters, exhibit significant potential in discriminating geographical origins, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr analysis could serve as a proficient confirmatory tool. Though no single marker alone can differentiate between all the studied origins, employing a multi-isotopic approach based on PLS-DA models achieved up to 92.5 % accuracy in leave-10 %-out cross-validation. These findings will probably lay the groundwork for developing robust models for hazelnut geographical authentication based on larger datasets., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Some consumers are replacing cow's milk with plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs). The present study aimed to characterize the lipid profiles of cow's milk ( n = 60) and PBMA types (soya, oat, rice, almond, coconut, and hazelnut; n = 10 per type). Significant differences were found in the fatty acid (FA) profiles of PBMAs and milk, particularly in FA diversity (15 FAs in PBMAs vs 54 FAs in milk) and the proportion of prime FA groups. The FA profile of coconut was dominated by saturated FAs (SFA), whereas monounsaturated FAs (MUFA) or polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) were dominant in the remaining PBMA types. Cholesterol was not detected in any PBMA type. The FA profile of milk FAs was dominated by SFA; however, different individual SFA have varying health outcomes. Additionally, milk contains some FA groups with health-promoting properties, such as methyl-branched-chain FAs (BCFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), both of which are absent in PBMAs.

Walnut and hazelnut coallergy is a frequent manifestation in clinical practice whose molecular basis remains unclear. For this purpose, walnut-hazelnut cross-reactivity was evaluated in 20 patients allergic to one or both tree nuts and sensitized to their 2S albumins. Immunoblotting assays showed that 85% of patients recognized Jug r 1, walnut 2S albumin, which was associated with the development of severe symptoms; 50% of them corecognized hazelnut 2S albumin, Cor a 14. Both allergens were isolated using chromatographic techniques. Inhibition ELISAs revealed that Jug r 1 strongly inhibited the binding of Cor a 14-specific IgE, but Cor a 14 only partially inhibited Jug r 1-specific IgE binding. Our results showed that patients sensitized to walnut/hazelnut 2S albumins were not a homogeneous population. There were patients sensitized to specific epitopes of walnut 2S albumins and patients sensitized to cross-reactive epitopes between walnut and hazelnut, with Jug r 1 being the primary sensitizer.

The hazelnut seed skins (HSS) are by-products from roasting or blanching hazelnuts without direct second utilization. The generation of HSS creates an economic and environmental problem. The object of the study was a comprehensive analysis of the properties for reuse of HSS. Water extraction of industrial HSS was applied (water with sonication of the HSS for 10 min at 90 ℃). The extracts obtained were freeze-dried to facilitate analysis and future application. The HSS and their extracts were analysed. Polyphenols, antioxidants, allergens, antimicrobial properties and instrumental sensory analysis were examined. The total polyphenol content in the samples was 37.8-44.0 mg gallic acid equivalent g -1 . Gallic acid was the major phenolic compound. The antioxidant capacity of the samples was 198.9-250.6 mg VCEAC g -1 (vitamin C equivalent) according to the ABTS method and 98.4-106.8 mg VCEAC g -1 in the DPPH method. The extracts inhibited all tested strains of pathogenic bacteria. Allergen content was reduced in HSS and the extracts. Instrumental sensory analysis showed differences between taste parameters and odour profile samples. HSS can be reused in food production as a bacteriostatic, antioxidant additive and sensory-creating factor due to various chemical compounds corresponding with taste and odour., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Turkey is the leading producer of hazelnuts, contributing to 62% of the total global production. Among 18 distinct local hazelnut cultivars, Giresun Tombul is the only cultivar that has received Protected Designation of Origin denomination from the European Comission (EC). However, there is currently no practical objective method to ensure its geographic origin. Therefore, in this study NIR and Raman spectroscopy, along with chemometric methods, such as principal component analysis, PLS-DA (partial least squares-discriminant analysis), and SVM-C (support vector machine-classification), were used to determine the geographical origin of the Giresun Tombul hazelnut cultivar. For this purpose, samples from unique 118 orchards were collected from eight different regions in Turkey during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. NIR and Raman spectra were obtained from both the shell and kernel of each sample. The results indicated that hazelnut samples exhibited distinct grouping tendencies based on growing season regardless of the spectroscopic technique and sample type (shell or kernel). Spectral information obtained from hazelnut shells demonstrated higher discriminative power concerning geographical origin compared to that obtained from hazelnut kernels. The PLS-DA models utilizing FT-NIR (Fourier transform near-infrared) and Raman spectra for hazelnut shells achieved validation accuracies of 81.7% and 88.3%, respectively, while SVM-C models yielded accuracies of 90.9% and 86.3%. It was concluded that the lignocellulosic composition of hazelnut shells, indicative of their geographic origin, can be accurately assessed using FT-NIR and Raman spectroscopy, providing a nondestructive, rapid, and user-friendly method for identifying the geographical origin of Giresun Tombul hazelnuts. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The proposed spectroscopic methods offer a rapid and nondestructive means for hazelnut value chain actors to verify the geographic origin of Giresun Tombul hazelnuts. This could definitely enhance consumer trust by ensuring product authenticity and potentially help in preventing fraud within the hazelnut market. In addition, these methods can also be used as a reference for future studies targeting the authentication of other shelled nuts., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Food Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.)

Two groups of ten barrows received a conventional- (CTRL) or an experimental- (HZL) finishing diet containing 11% of hazelnut skin. From each barrow, two types of salami (namely, NITR, and PHEN) were obtained. NITR salami was added with E250 and E252. The latter were replaced by a phenolic concentrated extract from olive-milling wastewaters in PHEN salami. Salami fatty acids (FA), antioxidant capacity, lipid and color stability during refrigerated storage were assessed. A consumer test was also performed. Feeding strategy minimally affected the investigated parameters. PHEN salami had lower TBARS than NITR salami (P-value <0.001) during refrigerated storage despite comparable antioxidant capacity and similar PUFA content. Moreover, within CTRL group, lipid oxidation was lower in PHEN than NITR salami (P-value = 0.040). At the blind taste, dietary treatment did not affect salami sensorial properties nor consumer acceptance, whereas NITR salami showed better color (P-value = 0.036). Interestingly, HZL and PHEN salami showed improved sensorial properties and consumer acceptance after that consumers received information on salami origin., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The health benefits of nut consumption have been extensively demonstrated in observational studies and intervention trials. Besides the high nutritional value, countless evidences show that incorporating nuts into the diet may contribute to health promotion and prevention of certain diseases. Such benefits have been mostly and certainly attributed not only to their richness in healthy lipids (plentiful in unsaturated fatty acids), but also to the presence of a vast array of phytochemicals, such as polar lipids, squalene, phytosterols, tocochromanols, and polyphenolic compounds. Thus, many nut chemical compounds apply well to the designation "nutraceuticals," a broad umbrella term used to describe any food component that, in addition to the basic nutritional value, can contribute extra health benefits. This contribution analyses the general chemical profile of groundnut and common tree nuts (almond, walnut, cashew, hazelnut, pistachio, macadamia, pecan), focusing on lipid components and phytochemicals, with a view on their bioactive properties. Relevant scientific literature linking consumption of nuts, and/or some of their components, with ameliorative and/or preventive effects on selected diseases - such as cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative pathologies - was also reviewed. In addition, the bioactive properties were analyzed in the light of known mechanistic frameworks.

To reduce unwanted fat bloom in the manufacturing and storage of chocolates, detailed knowledge of the chemical composition and molecular mobility of the oils and fats contained is required. Although the formation of fat bloom on chocolate products has been studied for many decades with regard to its prevention and reduction, questions on the molecular level still remain to be answered. Chocolate products with nut-based fillings are especially prone to undesirable fat bloom. The chemical composition of fat bloom is thought to be dominated by the triacylglycerides of the chocolate matrix, which migrate to the chocolate's surface and recrystallize there. Migration of oils from the fillings into the chocolate as driving force for fat bloom formation is an additional factor in the discussion. In this work, the migration was studied and confirmed by MRI, while the chemical composition of the fat bloom was measured by NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-MS, revealing the most important triacylglycerides in the fat bloom. The combination of HPLC-MS with NMR spectroscopy at 800 MHz allows for detailed chemical structure determination. A rapid routine was developed combining the two modalities, which was then applied to investigate the aging, the impact of chocolate composition, and the influence of hazelnut fillings processing parameters, such as the degree of roasting and grinding of the nuts or the mixing time, on fat bloom formation.

Activated hazelnut shell (HSAC), an organic waste, was utilized for the adsorptive removal of Congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solutions, and a modelling study was conducted using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The structure and characteristic functional groups of the material were examined by the FTIR method. The BET surface area of the synthesized material, named HSAC, was 812 m 2 /g. Conducted in a batch system, the adsorption experiments resulted in a notable removal efficiency of 87% under optimal conditions. The kinetic data for hazelnut shell activated carbon (HSAC) removal of CR were most accurately represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R 2 = 0.998). Furthermore, the equilibrium data demonstrated a strong agreement with the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity of HSAC for CR was determined to be 34.8 mg/g. The optimum adsorption parameters were determined to be pH 6, contact time of 60 min, 10 g/L of HSAC, and a concentration of 400 mg/L for CR. Considering the various experimental parameters influencing CR adsorption, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was constructed. The analysis of the ANN model revealed a correlation of 98%, indicating that the output parameter could be reliably predicted. Thus, it was concluded that ANN could be employed for the removal of CR from water using HSAC., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

This research was performed to investigate the effect of hazelnut cake (HC) as a cold press waste product on the physicochemical and textural properties of the frankfurter-type sausages during cold storage. According to the highest emulsion capacity (174.14 mL oil/g), emulsion stability (79.86%), and optimum rheological results obtained in emulsions, 1% HC concentration was selected for the utilization in the sausage formulation. HC added sausage was compared with the control sample at 4 °C for 60 days of storage. HC addition increased the hardness and chewiness properties and decreased weight loss of sausages during storage. The incorporation of HC in formulation slowed down the increase in malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes concentrations after the 15th day of storage compared to the control sausages. The results demonstrated that HC presented a good opportunity for protecting the quality parameters of emulsified meat products during storage., Competing Interests: DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTSThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This study compares two data processing techniques (fingerprinting and untargeted profiling) to authenticate hazelnut cultivar and provenance based on its unsaponifiable fraction by GC-MS. PLS-DA classification models were developed on a selected sample set (n = 176). As test cases, cultivar models were developed for "Tonda di Giffoni" vs other cultivars, whereas provenance models were developed for three origins (Chile, Italy or Spain). Both fingerprinting and untargeted profiling successfully classified hazelnuts by cultivar or provenance, revealing the potential of the unsaponifiable fraction. External validation provided over 90 % correct classification, with fingerprinting slightly outperforming. Analysing PLS-DA models' regression coefficients and tentatively identifying compounds corresponding to highly relevant variables showed consistent agreement in key discriminant compounds across both approaches. However, fingerprinting in selected ion mode extracted slightly more information from chromatographic data, including minor discriminant species. Conversely, untargeted profiling acquired in full scan mode, provided pure spectra, facilitating chemical interpretability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study is to validate the activity of hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L. )-derived immunoactive peptides inhibiting the main protease (M pro ) of SARS-CoV-2 and further unveil their interaction mechanism using in vitro assays, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and binding free energy calculations. In general, the enzymatic hydrolysis components, especially molecular weight < 3 kDa, possess good immune activity as measured by the proliferation ability of mouse splenic lymphocytes and phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Over 866 unique peptide sequences were isolated, purified, and then identified by nanohigh-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (NANO-HPLC-MS/MS) from hazelnut protein hydrolysates, but Trp-Trp-Asn-Leu-Asn (WWNLN) and Trp-Ala-Val-Leu-Lys (WAVLK) in particular are found to increase the cell viability and phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages as well as promote the secretion of the cytokines nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay elucidated that WWNLN and WAVLK exhibit excellent inhibitory potency against M pro , with IC 50 values of 6.695 and 16.750 μM, respectively. Classical all-atom MD simulations show that hydrogen bonds play a pivotal role in stabilizing the complex conformation and protein-peptide interaction. Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) calculation indicates that WWNLN has a lower binding free energy with M pro than WAVLK. Furthermore, adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) predictions illustrate favorable drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties of WWNLN compared to WAVLK. This study provides a new understanding of the immunomodulatory activity of hazelnut hydrolysates and sheds light on peptide inhibitors targeting M pro .

Nowadays, the scarcity of energy resources is promoting the search for alternative energy sources, boosting interest in the use of forest lignocellulosic residue in the energy sector. In this study, the focus is on the energy recovery from two lignocellulosic residues originated during the pruning of ornamental trees (Horse Chestnut, CI, and False Acacia, FA). Both conventional and flash pyrolysis techniques were applied. The experimental pyrolysis variables were obtained from the study of the thermal behaviour of the pruning residues in thermogravimetric analysis. It was carried out under 5 heating rates and kinetic parameters were estimated using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. Results denoted higher maximum mass loss rate values for the same release temperature regions under FA experiments. Also, FA samples had lower final residues for the processes. However, activation energy values were so close for both species. FA was also linked to the faster reactions according frequency factor outcomes. Conventional pyrolysis of pruning residues was carried out in a horizontal oven of original design at a heating rate of 25 °C/min, at 750 °C and 60 min of permanence at that temperature; flash pyrolysis was tested in that oven at 750 and 850 °C. In these pyrolysis processes, three fractions were obtained: bio-char, bio-oil and gas. The physicochemical attributes of the bio-chars suggested their potential utility as biofuels (28.4-29.8 MJ/kg), adsorbent precursors or soil additives. Conventional pyrolysis bio-oils had a dominant monoaromatic hydrocarbons nature, with phenols being the most abundant (≥60%), while flash bio-oils contain mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Conventional pyrolysis gases contained up to 60 vol% of CO 2 ; flash pyrolysis gases had high combustible gas content (CO, CH 4 , H 2 ) and a low CO 2 content (<25 vol%). As a result, their calorific value (18.06 MJ/kg) exhibited a threefold increase compared to the gas produced through conventional pyrolysis (6.04 MJ/kg)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Edible plant seeds provide a relatively inexpensive source of protein and make up a large part of nutrients for humans. Plant seeds accumulate storage proteins during seed development. Seed storage proteins act as a reserve of nutrition for seed germination and seedling growth. However, seed storage proteins may be allergenic, and the prevalence of food allergy has increased rapidly in recent years. The 11S globulins account for a significant number of known major food allergens. They are of interest to the public and the agricultural industry because of food safety concerns and the need for crop enhancement. We sought to determine the crystal structure of Cor a 9, the 11 S storage protein of hazelnut and a food allergen. The structure was refined to 1.92 Å, and the R and R free for the refined structure are 17.6% and 22.5%, respectively. The structure of Cor a 9 showed a hetero hexamer of an 11S seed storage protein for the first time. The hexamer was two trimers associated back-to-back. Two long alpha helixes at the C-terminal end of the acidic domain of one of the Cor a 9 isoforms lay at the trimer-trimer interface's groove. These data provided much-needed information about the allergenicity of the 11S seed proteins. The information may also facilitate a better understanding of the folding and transportation of 11S seed storage proteins., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this publication., (Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

American-European ( Corylus americana × Corylus avellana ) hazelnut hybrids are being developed for the Midwest-growing region of the United States. However, an inadequate understanding of the compounds that impact the consumer acceptance of hazelnuts limits breeding programs. Nontargeted liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) chemical profiles of 12 roasted hybrid hazelnut samples and the corresponding consumer flavor liking scores were modeled by orthogonal partial least squares with good fit and predictive ability ( R 2 Y > 0.9, Q 2 > 0.9) to identify compounds that impact nut liking. The five most predictive compounds ( 1 - 5 ) were negatively correlated to flavor liking, selected as putative markers, purified by multidimensional preparative LC/MS, structurally elucidated (nuclear magnetic resonance, MS), quantified, and validated for sensory relevance. Compound 1 was identified as 1″-O-3'- b -glucofuranosyl-1'-O-1- b -glucofuranosyl-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethan-4-one. Compounds 2 and 4 were identified as rotamers of 2-(3-hydroxy-2-oxoindolin-3-yl) acetic acid 3-O-6'-galactopyranosyl-2″-(2″oxoindolin-3″yl) acetate, whereas compounds 3 and 5 were identified as rotamers of 1″-O-1'- b -glucofuranosyl-9-O-6'- b -glucopyranosyl-2″-(2″-oxoindolin-3″yl) acetate. Sensory evaluation determined that all compounds were characterized by bitterness and/or astringency. The sensory threshold values of compounds 1 - 5 were determined to be below the concentrations reported in 91, 83, 41, 25, and 41% of all 12 hybrid hazelnut samples, respectively, indicating they contributed to aversive flavor attributes.

Measurement of food allergen protein concentrations against thresholds can improve allergen risk management and precautionary allergen labelling. Such measurement suffers well known problems which could be ameliorated by well characterised reference materials (RMs) providing meaningful information for risk assessors. We investigated the preparation and characterisation of the first consensus informed industrially and clinically relevant multi-allergen matrix RM kit for five priority allergens. It is a medium analytical difficulty processed food chocolate paste matrix (a) devoid of allergens, and (b) incurred with five allergens at the clinically relevant concentration of 10 mg kg -1 expressed as protein. The allergen raw materials: hens' egg white powder, skimmed cows' milk powder, almond powder (full fat), hazelnut powder (partially defatted), and walnut powder (partially defatted), are also available as RMs. The preparation, gravimetric traceability to the SI, homogeneity, and stability were found to be fit-for-purpose and the RMs are now available to the analytical community., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Hemicellulose extraction from lignocellulosic biomasses has gained interest over the years, and hydrothermal treatment is one of the most common methods employed for this purpose. This work aimed to deeply study hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) shells as a new source of dietary fibre, evaluating the effect of hydrothermal treatment temperatures on the type and structure of fibre extracted, but also on the formation of side-products derived from lignocellulose degradation., Results: Different process temperatures led to diverse polysaccharides in the hydrothermal extract. Pectin was identified for the first time in hazelnut shells when experimenting with extraction at 125 °C, whereas at 150 °C a heterogeneous mixture of pectin, xylan, and xylo-oligosaccharides was present. The highest yield in terms of total fibre was gained at 150 and 175 °C, and then decreased again at 200 °C. Finally, more than 500 compounds from different chemical classes were putatively identified and they appeared to be present in the extracted fibre with a different distribution and relative amount, depending on the heat treatment severity. A generally high content of phenols, phenyls, oligosaccharides, dehydro-sugars, and furans was observed., Conclusions: Modulation of the hydrothermal treatment temperature allows fibre extracts with very different compositions, and therefore different potential end uses, to be obtained from hazelnut shells. A sequential temperature-based fractionation approach, as a function of the severity of the extraction parameters, can also be considered. Nevertheless, the study of the side-compounds formed from lignocellulosic matrix degradation, as a function of the applied temperature, needs to be fully addressed for a safe introduction of the fibre extract within the food chain. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

The ethanolic extract of Corylus avellana L hazelnut, prepared in our laboratories, has been previously characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. We here aimed at testing the antioxidant effect of such extract in H 2 O 2 -challenged THLE-2 human primary hepatocytes and verified whether it might be based on microRNA-34b/c expression changes. We here demonstrate that miR-34b/miR-34c undergo significant stimulation (≥2-fold change, p  < 0.05) in THLE-2 when treated for 72h with not-toxic hazelnut concentrations (0.04-0.4 mg/ml), when compared with 0.06% ethanol control. When administered with H 2 O 2 (1000-2000 µM, 24h), THLE-2 are significantly protected from oxidative stress if pre-treated with hazelnut, the H 2 O 2 -driven cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species generation being recovered by hazelnut extract, through miR-34b/c stimulation. Although preliminary, our findings pave the way for further preclinical studies aimed at validating the possible health-related application of hazelnut matrix, and/or its metabolites, as powerful epigenetic-based drugs, food supplements or nutraceuticals.

Hazelnut is one of the most widely consumed nuts around the world. Considering the nutritional value of hazelnuts, a wide range of hazelnut-based food products are available in the market such as oil, chocolate, confectionery, etc. Nevertheless, the processing of hazelnuts generates a large number of by-products and waste. The most valuable by-products of the hazelnut industry are shell, skin, and meal. These by-products are rich in bioactive compounds, protein, dietary fibre, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, phytosterols, and squalene. The current utilisation of hazelnut by-products is mostly limited to animal feed supplementation of hazelnut meal and skin and use as a low-value heat source for the shells. However, disposing of these by-products or using them as a low-value heat source or animal feed supplementation results in significant waste of a natural resource rich in nutritional components. Consequently, valorising hazelnut by-products as bioactive ingredients in diverse fields such as food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics has stimulated interest among scientists, producers, and consumers. This review provides an overview of current scientific knowledge about the main and most valuable hazelnut by-products and their actual valorisation, with a focus on their chemical composition to inspire new applications of these valuable resources and fully exploit their potential.

Hazelnut is a commodity that has gained interest in the food science community concerning its authenticity. The quality of the Italian hazelnuts is guaranteed by Protected Designation of Origin and Protected Geographical Indication certificates. However, due to their modest availability and the high price, fraudulent producers/suppliers blend, or even substitute, Italian hazelnuts with others from different countries, having a lower price, and often a lower quality. To contrast or prevent these illegal activities, the present work investigated the application of the Gas Chromatography-Ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technique on the hazelnut chain (fresh, roasted, and paste of hazelnuts). The raw data obtained were handled and elaborated using two different ways, software for statistical analysis, and a programming language. In both cases, Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis models were exploited, to study how the Volatile Organic Profiles of Italian, Turkish, Georgian, and Azerbaijani products differ. A prediction set was extrapolated from the training set, for a preliminary models' evaluation, then an external validation set, containing blended samples, was analysed. Both approaches highlighted an interesting class separation and good model parameters (accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score). Moreover, a data fusion approach with a complementary methodology, sensory analysis, was achieved, to estimate the performance enhancement of the statistical models, considering more discriminant variables and integrating at the same time further information correlated to quality aspects. GC-IMS could be a key player as a rapid, direct, cost-effective strategy to face authenticity issues regarding the hazelnut chain., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Effective investigation of food volatilome by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with parallel detection by mass spectrometry and flame ionization detector (GC×GC-MS/FID) gives access to valuable information related to industrial quality. However, without accurate quantitative data, results transferability over time and across laboratories is prevented. The study applies quantitative volatilomics by multiple headspace solid phase microextraction (MHS-SPME) to a large selection of hazelnut samples (Corylus avellana L. n = 207) representing the top-quality selection of interest for the confectionery industry. By untargeted and targeted fingerprinting, performant classification models validate the role of chemical patterns strongly correlated to quality parameters (i.e., botanical/geographical origin, post-harvest practices, storage time and conditions). By quantification of marker analytes, Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are derived: the augmented smelling based on sensomics with blueprint related to key-aroma compounds and spoilage odorant; decision-makers for rancidity level and storage quality; origin tracers. By reliable quantification AI can be applied with confidence and could be the driver for industrial strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Dr. Nicola Spigolon, Dr. Giuseppe Genova, Dr. Giuseppe Castello, Dr. Irene Cincera are all employees of Soremartec Italia srl, (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

As output of hazelnut increases worldwide, so does the amount of by-products, leading to huge waste and environmental stress. This paper focuses on the varieties of hazelnut that have been studied more in the past two decades, and summarizes the research status of hazelnut and its by-products from the aspects of nutritional value, phytochemicals, extraction methods, biological functions and applications. Hazelnut and its by-products are rich in a variety of bioactive constituents, mainly polyphenols, which have antioxidant, antibacterial and prebiotic effects. Moreover, hazelnut shells, husks, and leaves contain taxanes such as paclitaxel, which can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. They are potentially good natural sources of paclitaxel compared to the slower growing yew. Therefore, it is essential to further integrate the extraction techniques and health-promoting properties of these nutrients and bioactive substances to expand their application and enhance their value., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Gas chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical tool which is rapidly becoming widespread in the analysis of food volatiles. Despite this increasing popularity, an assessment of the IMS response for several flavor compound classes is not yet available. This study focuses on alkyl pyrazines and their determination in roasted hazelnut pastes. These Maillard reaction products are crucial to determine the aromatic profile of roasted foods and are suitable markers for industrial roasting monitoring. The instrumental response of 8 alkyl pyrazines was studied using a model matrix and a matrix matching approach. The results showed a relevant effect of the pyrazine ring substitution pattern on the concentration-response curve trends, highlighting that an external standardization of the IMS response is required to make possible relative abundance comparisons between analytes. A response standardization was therefore developed and applied to determine alkyl pyrazines in samples with different roasting intensity and geographical and botanical origin., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hazelnuts contain biologically active phenolic compounds and are widely used for their nutritional value. In this study, the phenolic compounds contained in hazelnuts were isolated from the kernels of Corylus avellana L. and investigated. Spectral analyses revealed 2 new acetophenone glycosides, characterized as 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone-4'-O-(2-O-β-d-apiosyl)-β-d-glucoside and 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone-4'-O-(2-O-β-d-apiosyl-6-O-α-l-arabinosyl)-β-d-glucoside, and 4 known compounds. Four high-molecular-mass condensed tannin fractions were detected in the water-soluble fraction of the extract, characterized as B-type procyanidin consisting of extension and terminal units. Gel permeation chromatography analyses revealed that the average molecular mass, based on the polystyrene standard, was approximately 15 000-113 000. These high-molecular-mass condensed tannin fractions were chemically characterized and exhibited different molecular weights. The fractions of high-molecular-mass condensed tannins were obtained from hazelnuts and tested for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. The EC50 values indicated significant activity for all the fractions., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry.)

A plasmonic nanostructure was constructed as a biorecognition element coupled to an optical sensing platform in sandwich format, targeting the hazelnut Cor a 14 allergen-encoding gene. The analytical performance of the genosensor presented a linear dynamic range between 100 amol L -1 and 1 nmol L -1 , a limit of detection (LOD) < 19.9 amol L -1 , and a sensitivity of 13.4 ± 0.6 m°. The genosensor was successfully hybridized with hazelnut PCR products, tested with model foods, and further validated by real-time PCR. It reached a LOD <0.001% (10 mg kg -1 ) of hazelnut in wheat material (corresponding to 1.6 mg kg -1 of protein) and a sensitivity of -17.2 ± 0.5 m° for a linear range of 0.001%-1%. Herein, a new genosensing approach is proposed as a highly sensitive and specific alternative tool with potential application in monitoring hazelnut as an allergenic food, protecting the health of sensitized/allergic individuals., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Although many efforts have been made to characterize the functional properties of hazelnut constituents (mainly its oil, protein, and phenolics), those of its dietary fiber (DF) have not been elucidated yet. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of DF of natural and roasted hazelnuts, and hazelnut skin on the colonic microbiota in vivo (C57BL/6J mouse models) by determining their composition through 16S rRNA sequencing and microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) using gas chromatography. Our results revealed that hazelnut DF generally showed an acetogenic effect in male mice, whereas the same trend was not observed in the female counterparts. The 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that hazelnut DF, especially that of natural hazelnuts, increased the relative abundances of Lactobacillus -related OTUs that have probiotic potential. LEfSe analysis indicated that, for female mice, Lachnospiraceae, Prevotella , Ruminococcaceae, and Lactobacillus were found to be discriminators for DF of natural hazelnuts, roasted hazelnuts, hazelnut skin, and control, respectively, whereas Bacteroides , Lactobacillus , Prevotella , and Lactococcus were the discriminators for the male counterparts, respectively. This study clearly indicates that, although the roasting process slightly alters the functionalities, hazelnut DF favors beneficial microbes and stimulates beneficial microbial metabolites in the colon in a sex-dependent way, which could be a contributing factor to the health-promoting effects of hazelnuts. Furthermore, hazelnut skin, a byproduct of the hazelnut industry, was found to have potential to be utilized to produce functional DF targeting colonic health.

Effect of hazelnut type, hydrocolloid concentrations and ultrasound applications on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of hazelnut-based milks was studied. Hazelnut- based milks were prepared in three different formulas (F1, F2 and F3) by using raw kernels (Group G1) and roasted hazelnut (Group G2) kernels and homogenized after heat treatment by applying ultrasound (US) (20 KHz, 100 W) with two different durations (5 and 10 min). Physicochemical and structural properties of the samples were extremely affected by heat treatments and US applications. Homogenization process after heat treatment improved protein solubility, zeta potential values for the samples belonged both groups. Homogenized hazelnut-based milk samples showed a significant reduction of particle size. Hazelnut type significantly affected the sensory characteristics of the hazelnut-based milks. Using of gellan gum (GG) and Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) together in hazelnut- based milk formulas decreased the stability of the samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Storage is a critical step in the post-harvest processing of hazelnuts, as it can lead to mold, rancidity, and off-flavor. However, there is a lack of analytical methods to detect improper or extended storage. To comprehensively investigate the effects of hazelnut storage, samples were stored under five different conditions for up to 18 months. Subsequently, the polar and nonpolar metabolome were analyzed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and chemometric approaches for classification as well as variable selection. Increases in hexanoic, octanoic, and nonanoic acid, all products of lipid oxidation and responsible for quality defects, were found across all conditions. Furthermore, the concentration of free long-chain fatty acids increased in samples stored at high temperatures. Harsh short-term storage resulted in an increase in fumaric and lactic acid, glucose, fructose, and choline and a decrease in acetic acid.

An environmentally friendly method using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the recovery of bioactive compounds from hazelnut pomace (a hazelnut oil process by-product) was developed to contribute to their sustainable valorization. Eight different NADES were prepared for the extraction of antioxidant constituents from hazelnut pomace, and choline chloride:1,2-propylene glycol (CC-PG) was determined as the most suitable NADES, considering their extraction efficiency and physicochemical properties. After selecting suitable NADES, operational parameters for the MAE process of antioxidants from hazelnut pomace were optimized and modeled using response surface methodology. For the highest recovery of antioxidants, the operational parameters of the MAE process were found to be 24% water, 38 min, 92 °C and 18 mL/0.1 g-DS. Under optimized conditions, extracts of both pomace as a by-product and unprocessed hazelnut flours of three different hazelnut samples (Tombul, Çakıldak, and Palaz) were prepared, and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant capacities of CC-PG extracts of all hazelnut samples were 2-3 times higher than those of ethanolic extracts. In addition, phenolic characterization of the prepared extracts was carried out using the UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS system. The results of this study suggest that hazelnut by-products can potentially be considered an important and readily available source of natural antioxidants. Furthermore, the modeled MAE procedure has the potential to create an effective and sustainable alternative for pharmaceutical and food industries., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Two hundred and two hazelnut paste samples from various hazelnut processing plants in the Black Sea Region of Turkey were analysed for the incidence of aflatoxins (AFs) by liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD). All 202 (100%) hazelnut paste samples were contaminated with various AFs ranged from 0.17 to 12.96 µg kg -1 . AF contamination level of four (1.98%) samples exceeded legal limits. Risk assessment for hazelnut paste was determined by using AF incidence results, and the margin of exposure (MOE) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk approach were applied. For the adult Turkish population (15+ years age group), the average lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) exposure levels for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total aflatoxins (AFT) were 0.0106-0.0107 ng kg -1 body weight (bw) per day and 0.0250 ng kg -1 bw per day, respectively. MOE estimates for mean and 95th percentile exposures to AFB1 for hazelnut paste were higher than 10,000, which indicates no potential health concern for Turkish adults. HCC for the Turkish population was 0.00023 cases per 100,000 people per year. The study indicates that Turkish population is not under this toxicological risk when consuming hazelnut paste containing food products.

The production chain of hazelnuts has been studied by analyzing three sets of samples produced in purity from three different pools of hazelnuts of cultivar "Tonda Gentile Trilobata", "Tonda Gentile Romana" and "Mortarella", all cultivated in Italy. From each pool, five processed products were obtained: roasted hazelnuts, hazelnut paste, hazelnut cream, Gianduja paste and Gianduiotto paste. After pre-treatment by means of dry ashing, all samples from each cultivar, including raw hazelnuts, were then analyzed by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). A good discrimination was obtained among the different chain stages according to the distribution of the trace elements, as expected. More interesting was the discrimination among the different cultivars: it was possible to distinguish the samples produced from the respective cultivar by means of specific chemical markers, particularly Mo and Ni.