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Antibiotics are chemical compounds elaborated by a micro-organism or produced by synthesis and whose specific activity manifests itself in doses on the micro-organisms. They are commonly used in the management of infectious pathologies in ENT and Cervico-Facial Surgery. This study aims to evaluate the use of antibiotics in the therapeutic arsenal in the ENT-CCF department of the Sikasso hospital. This is a 4-month prospective study from November 1, 2016 to February 28, 2017 on the prescription of antibiotics in the ENT department of Sikasso hospital. Four hundred (400) patients were included in this study. The following variables were collected: gender, age, occupation, reason for consultation, history, prescription and evolution. During the study period 400 patients were retained. Among which 293 benefited from a prescription of antibiotics that is 73.25% of the cases and (107 cases) 26.75% without antibiotics. The female sex was predominant with 57% of cases, i.e. a sex ratio of 1.32. More than half of the work force were made up of learners and preschoolers. The reasons for consultation were dominated by otalgia with 35.8% followed by odynophagia in 15% of cases. 76.75% of our patients had no history. The prevalence of antibiotic therapy was 73.25%, including 49.83% amoxi+clavulanic acid, 10.92% cephalosporin, 10.60% macrolides, 3.75% sulfonamides, 1.70% amoxicillin and ear drops in 23.2% of cases. Apart from antibiotic therapy, antihistamines were the most prescribed with 32.75% followed by nasal corticosteroids in 23.36% of cases. Non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs were associated with the antibiotic in 33.78%, followed by the analgesic-nasal corticosteroid- antihistamine combination in 15.35% of cases. The evolution was favorable in 83.62% of cases, unfavorable in 10.92% of cases and 5.46% of patients did not show up for the check-up appointment on the 7th day. It was a prospective study of four (04) months on the place of antibiotic therapy ......

Tympanic membrane perforation is a loss of substance that creates an abnormal communication between the middle ear and the external auditory canal, it follows a middle ear infection or direct trauma and is usually seen in young people. The aim of this study was to determine the etiologies of tympanic membrane perforations in the ENT department of the hospital in Sikasso. This was a prospective study over a period of 6 months from June to November 2014 in the ENT department of Sikasso hospital, involving all patients seen in consultation for tympanic membrane perforation. We collected 110 cases of tympanic perforations out of a total of 1844 patients received, i.e. a prevalence of 5.15% of cases. The average age of our patients was 25 years with extremes from 09 months to 72 years. The majority of our patients (32.7%) consulted for otorrhea, followed by hearing loss (21%), otalgia (20%), tinnitus with or without vertigo (14.50%) and trauma (11.80%). Infections were incriminated in the majority of cases (70.9%) and traumatic causes in 29.1%. Tympanic substance loss was marginal in 47 cases (including 11 attic cases highly suspicious for cholesteatoma), central (punctiform) in 46 ears and judged total in 17 cases. Unilateral perforations were found in 95 patients and bilateral in 15 cases and predominated in the left ear. Pure tone audiometry was performed in 83 patients, and found transitional hearing loss in 51.8%, perceptual hearing loss in 13.3% and mixed hearing loss in 34.9% of cases. Tympanic membrane perforations are relatively common in our practice, and occur mainly in young subjects. Otological infections and trauma are the main causes. They are accompanied by hearing loss. Iatrogenic causes due to attempts to remove foreign bodies dominated the traumatic causes in our study.

Acute otitis media (AOM) is a viral or bacterial infection of the middle ear most often following nasopharyngitis. It is seen at any age, but particularly common in children. The aim of this work is to describe the main clinical and therapeutic epidemiological aspects of acute otitis media.in the ENT department of Sikasso hospital. This is a prospective and descriptive study carried out in the ENT department of Sikasso hospital over a period of 04 months. Two hundred and ten patients were included in this study. The following variables: Ages, sex, residence, reason for consultation, time to consultation, risk factors, clinical and therapeutic aspects were collected. The study population consisted of patients seen in the service in whom the diagnosis of AOM was retained and who gave their verbal consent/assent. We identified 210 cases of AOM in 04 months out of 1716 consultations, i.e. a prevalence of 12.20%. The average age of the patients was 14 years old, with extremes of 24 days to 75 years old, children under 05 years old accounted for 46.02%. We recorded a female predominance of 51.90%. The majority of patients 82.90% resided in the city Sikasso. I'otalgia was the main reason for consultation with 50.48%, followed by otorrhea 25.24%, hearing loss with or without tinnitus in 17.61%, the presence of foreign bodies 5.71% and traumatic causes 0.96% of cases. The average consultation time was less than one week in 74.29% of cases. Among the predisposing factors, nasopharyngitis and purulent rhinitis were associated with AOM in 64.30% of cases, followed by adenotonsillitis in 23.33%, passive smoking in 4.76% and 1 case (0.47%) of soft palate. The AOM was congestive in 57.14%, suppurative in 42.86 of which 32.38% were perforated. Treatment was with antibioticsin 90.95% of cases. The evolution under treatment was favorable at 07 days in 81.42% of cases. Two cases of paracentesis were made. Acute otitis media affects all ages, particularly common in children under .....

La gestion durable des terres reste une problématique majeure dans le contexte agricole du Burkina Faso. Cette étude a été conduite afin d’évaluer les effets de la combinaison de différentes techniques de gestion de la fertilité du sol sur le développement de 2 légumineuses, à l’Ouest du Burkina Faso. Pour ce faire, un dispositif à trois facteurs (Travail du sol, système de culture et fertilisation) et 4 répétitions a été mis en place. Le facteur travail du sol était composé des traitements T1 (Labour + RdC exportés), T2 (Labour + Enfouissement des RdC de la parcelle) et T3 (Semis direct + paillage avec RdC de la parcelle). Le facteur système de culture était constitué des traitements Ma (Maïs en culture pure), Ni (Niébé en culture pure), Am (Ambérique en culture pure), MN (Maïs en association avec le niébé) et MA (Maïs en association avec l’Ambérique). Le facteur fertilisation était composé de FM (Fumure minérale à la dose vulgarisée), fom (Fumure organo-minérale avec 2 t/ha de FO et la dose vulgarisée de FM) et FOM (Fumure organo-minérale avec 5 t/ha de FO chaque 2 ans et la dose vulgarisée de FM). Une rotation de cultures entre les légumineuses et le maïs a été effectuée sur les parcelles de culture pure de légumineuse. Le taux de couverture du sol par les légumineuses, le nombre de nodules et la biomasse racinaire des légumineuses ont été évalués au 30ème, 45ème et 60ème jours après semis (JAS) en 2018 et 2020. Les résultats montrent une augmentation significative du nombre de nodules avec T2 (25,74 nodules/pied) par rapport aux autres modes de travail du sol. Concernant le système de culture et la fertilisation, c’est le niébé en culture pure et le traitement FOM qui ont enregistré les valeurs élevées de taux de couverture du sol, de nombre de nodules et de biomasse racinaire, comparativement aux autres traitements. Les résultats montrent également que c’est l’interaction système de culture et fertilisation qui est significative pour le taux de couverture du sol, le nombre de nodules et la biomasse racinaire. On peut retenir de l’étude que le niébé se présente comme la légumineuse ayant les meilleures performances en culture pure et sous fertilisation organo-minérale avec 5 t/ha de FO chaque 2 ans et la dose vulgarisée de FM. English title: Effects of different soil fertility management methods on the performance ofcowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and amber (Vigna radiata) in western Burkina Faso Sustainable land management remains a major issue in the agricultural context of Burkina Faso. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining different soil fertility management techniques on the development of two legumes in western Burkina Faso. To do so, a three-factor design (soil tillage, cropping system and fertilization) and 4 replications were set up. The soil tillage factor was composed of treatments T1 (Ploughing + exported CR), T2 (Ploughing + burial of plot CR) and T3 (Direct seeding + mulching with plot CR). The cropping system factor was composed of treatments Ma (Maize in pure culture), Ni (Cowpea in pure culture), Am (Amber in pure culture), MN (Maize in association with cowpea) and MA (Maize in association with Amber). The fertilization factor was composed of FM (mineral fertilizer at the popularized rate), fom (organo-mineral fertilizer with 2 t/ha of FO and the popularized rate of FM) and FOM (organo-mineral fertilizer with 5 t/ha of FO every 2 years and the popularized rate of FM). A crop rotation between legumes and maize was conducted on the pure legume plots. Legume soil cover rate, nodule number, and root biomass of legumes were assessed at 30, 45, and 60 days after sowing (DAS) in 2018 and 2020. The results show a significant increase in nodule number with T2 (25.74 nodules/foot) compared to the other tillage modes. Regarding the cropping system and fertilization, the cowpea in pure cultivation and the FOM treatment recorded the highest values of soil cover rate, number of nodules and root biomass compared to the other treatments. The results also show that it is the cropping system and fertilization interaction that is significant for soil cover rate, number of nodules and root biomass. The study shows that cowpea is the legume with the best performance in pure culture and under organo-mineral fertilization with 5 t/ha of FO every two years and the popularized dose of FM.&nbsp

Description du sujet: La pauvreté des sols est une contrainte majeure à l’intensification agricole. Les boues de vidange sèches (BVS) issues des dispositifs d’assainissement sont des potentiels amendements organiques et leur valorisation agricole constitue une option intéressante à explorer pour l’amélioration de la fertilité des sols. Objectif: L’étude conduite en vase de végétation vise à évaluer sur le maïs (Zea mays L.) et le cotonnier (Gossipium herbaceum L.), l’efficacité agronomique et la phytotoxicité résiduelle de sept formules d’amendements organiques à base de BVS en combinaison avec le zinc, la chaux éteinte, la montmorillonite et le phosphate Naturel de kodjari ou le Burkina phosphate (BP). Méthodes: Pour réaliser cette étude, sept amendements organiques à base de boues de vidange sèches (BVS) et de substrats locaux ont été formulés. Les boues utilisées avaient une durée de stockage d’au moins trois ans. Les substrats locaux utilisées en association avec les BVS étaient : le Burkina phosphate, l’argile montmorillonitique (argile du type 2/1), le zinc et la chaux éteinte Ca(OH)2. Le pHeau, la teneur en carbone, azote, phosphore, potassium, calcium, matière organique et en sel (salinité) des ’amendements ont été évalués. La phytotoxicité résiduelle des formules a été évaluée au 7ème jour après la levée du maïs et du coton par la détermination du taux et de l’indice de germination, la longueur des racines et la biomasse aérienne fraiche en vase de végétation. Le test de Shapiro et celui de Tukey HSD ont été utilisés pour l’analyse des données. Résultats: Les différentes formules d’amendements organiques ont montré une aptitude à la production végétale et n’ont pas révélé de phytotoxicité résiduelle préjudiciable tant sur le maïs que sur le cotonnier. Au 7ème jour après la levée, le taux de germination (Tg) a significativement varié entre les formules d’amendement organiques et d’une culture à une autre (p < 0,05). La formule F4 constituée de BVS (70,00 %), du phosphate naturel (1,50 %), d’argile (27,50 %), de la chaux (0,50 %) et du zinc (0,50 %) a permis une augmentation du taux de germination de 12,96 % et de 15,81 % respectivement pour Z. mays et G. herbaceum, par rapport à la formulation témoin F0 (95,00 % BVS + 2,50 % Ca(OH)2 + 2,50 % zinc). Conclusion: Ces résultats montrent que les BVS traitées par le phosphate naturel et l’argile peuvent servir d’amendements organiques pour la culture du cotonnier et du maïs. English title: Agronomic efficacy and residual phytotoxicity of organic amendments based on dry faecal sludge and local substrates on corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossipium herbaceum L.) crops in Burkina Faso Subject description: Soil poverty is a major constraint to agricultural intensification. Dry faecal sludge (DFS) from sewage systems are potential organic fertilizers. Their agricultural valorization is an interesting option to explore for the improvement of soils fertility. Objective: The study, conducted in a vegetation vase, aims to evaluate the agronomic efficiency and residual phytotoxicity of seven formulas of organic amendments based on DFS in combination with zinc, slaked lime, montmorillonite and natural kodjari phosphate or Burkina phosphate (BP) on corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossipium herbaceum).Method. The pH-water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, organic matter and salinity of the amendment formulas were evaluated. Residual phytotoxicity of the formulas was assessed on day 7 after release by determining germination rate and index, root length and fresh aboveground biomass on Z. mays L. and G. herbaceum in a growing vase. Shapiro's test and Tukey HSD test were used for data analysis. Results: The different organic amendment formulas showed suitability for plant production and did not reveal detrimental residual phytotoxicity on both the corn and cotton plants. At day 7 after release, germination rate (Tg) varied significantly between formulas and across crops (p

Les asticots constituent une source alternative de protéines animales pour pallier au problème d’alimentation auquel est confrontée l’aviculture. Cette étude, conduite au Burkina Faso avait pour objectifs de déterminer la date appropriée de récolte des asticots, d’identifier les substrats potentiels de production ainsi que les meilleurs attractifs afin d’optimiser les méthodes de production des larves de mouches domestiques pour une production avicole plus efficace et rentable. A cet effet, trois dates de récolte (4ème, 5ème et 6ème jour après exposition des substrats) ont été testées. Aussi, l’effet de cinq substrats aux états bruts et fermentés et de trois attractifs sur la production des asticots a été évalué. Les résultats ont montré que les récoltes d’asticots effectuées le 4ème jour étaient plus élevées (132,4 g/kg). La fiente de volaille constitue le meilleur substrat brut avec 112 g d’asticots frais/kg de substrat. Le sang frais est le meilleur attractif pour le son de maïs (254,3 g/kg) et le lisier de porc (199,8 g/kg). Les déchets de poisson frais constituent le meilleur attractif pour le contenu du rumen (121,5 g/kg). Les substrats peuvent être facilement améliorés à l’aide des attractifs. L’utilisation de tels résultats permet d’optimiser les méthodes de production d’asticots avec les meilleurs substrats et attractifs tout en récoltant à la bonne date. Maggots are an alternative source of animal protein to solve the feeding problem faced by poultry farming. The objectives of this study, conducted in Burkina Faso, were to determine the appropriate date for maggot harvesting, to identify potential production substrates and the best attractants in order to optimize housefly larvae production methods for more efficient and profitable poultry production. To this end, three harvest dates (4th, 5th and 6th day after exposure of the substrates) were tested. Also, the effect of five substrates in raw and fermented states and three attractants on maggot production was evaluated. The results showed that maggot harvests on day 4 were higher (132.4 g/kg). Poultry droppings were the best raw substrate with 112 g fresh maggots / kg substrate. Fresh blood is the best attractant for corn bran (254.3 g/kg) and pig manure (199.8 g/kg). Fresh fish waste is the best attractant for rumen contents (121.5 g/kg). Substrates can easily be improved with the help of attractants. Using such results, maggot production methods can be optimized with the best substrates and attractants while harvesting at the right time.

Aims: The present study was initiated with the objective of evaluating the quality of composts obtained from different organic substrates. Place and Duration of Study: The test was conducted at the research station of the INERA (Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research) of Farako-Bâ in western Burkina Faso. Methodology: Aerobic composting was conducted through use of compost heaps composed of various organic and plant substrates, and physical and chemical parameters were measured during the process. Two types of biomass comprising Oriza sativa and Panicum maximum straw and two types of substrates including cattle manure and poultry manure were subjected to windrow composting. Two treatments were defined with the combination of rice straw + cattle manure (T1) and the combination of Panicum maximum straw + poultry manure (T2). Results: The study showed that the composts from both treatments gave basic pH for water and low C:N ratios (> 20) and were rich in mineral elements. The best quality compost is obtained in T2 with values of total P (0.52%), Ca (2.05%) and Mg (0.62%) higher than those of T1 by 44%, 39% and 39% respectively. Conclusion: This study highlights the possibility of composting these substrates, which may contribute to improving the organic matter requirements of the soil.

La dégradation des sols est l’un des facteurs qui compromet la durabilité des agrosystèmes cotonniers au Burkina Faso. En dépit des paquets technologiques vulgarisés pour y faire face, le problème de la dégradation des sols demeure préoccupant. Cette étude analyse la perception de la dégradation des sols et les pratiques de réhabilitation dans la zone cotonnière Ouest du Burkina Faso. Pour ce faire, des interviews semistructurées auprès d’un échantillon raisonné de 362 cotonculteurs ont été réalisées. Les résultats ont montré une forte dominance des sols moyennement dégradés (27,62-58,46%). La dégradation est généralement perçue par la baisse de rendement et l’apparition de certaines mauvaises herbes des cultures. L’inaccessibilité physique et économique des fertilisants et la faible technicité des producteurs limitent la mise en œuvre de certaines pratiques de réhabilitation des sols. Néanmoins, bien que sous-dosés, les approches de gestion de la fertilité des sols les plus utilisées sont l’application des engrais minéraux (100%), la rotation culturale (88,95%) et l’épandage de la fumure organique (76,24%). Le non-respect des recommandations de restitutions organique et minérale ainsi que le faible recyclage des nutriments à l’échelle des parcelles à travers les résidus de culture ne permettent pas de faire face à l’ampleur de la dégradation des sols. Il est donc nécessaire d’intensifier les pratiques de recyclage des résidus de culture ainsi que l’intégration agriculture-élevage afin de diversifier les sources de matières fertilisantes à l’échelle de l’exploitation agricole en tenant compte des conditions socioéconomiques des producteurs. English title: Local perception of soil degradation and rehabilitation practices in the western cotton zone of Burkina Faso Soil degradation is one of the factors that compromise the sustainability of cotton agrosystems in Burkina Faso. Despite the technological packages that have been disseminated to address it, the problem of soil degradation remains a concern. This study analyses the perception of soil degradation and rehabilitation practices in the western cotton zone of Burkina Faso. To do so, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 362 cotton farmers. The results showed a strong dominance of moderately degraded soils (27.62-58.46%). Degradation is generally perceived by the decrease in yield and the appearance of certain crop weeds. The physical and economic inaccessibility of fertilisers and the low technical skills of producers limit the implementation of certain soil rehabilitation practices. Nevertheless, although under-dosed, the most widely used soil fertility management approaches are the application of mineral fertilisers (100%), crop rotation (88.95%) and the application of organic manure (76.24%). The lack of respect for organic and mineral restitution recommendations and the low recycling of nutrients at the plot level through crop residues make it impossible to cope with the extent of soil degradation. It is therefore necessary to intensify crop residue recycling practices as well as agriculture- livestock integration in order to diversify the sources of fertilizing materials at the farm level, taking into account the socio-economic conditions of producers.

Paper published in the 5th World Congress on Agroforestry 17-20 July 2022, Québec, Canada., moussa.gnissien@yahoo .fr

Soil tillage allows a good establishment of crops in Burkina Faso. The aim of the study conducted in Saria is evaluation of the disc harrow used for tillage in order to find ways of mitigating these negative effects. The discs harrow evaluation is done at three speeds on a lixisol in Saria. The operation is carried out at two moisture levels, 9 and 12%. Measurements are made on labor time, tillage depth and width, surface roughness and clod sizes. The results indicate that labor time per hectare decreases with speed. Between 2.2 and 10.4 km.h-1, the time goes from 4.00 h.ha-1 to 1.25 h.ha-1. Under these conditions, the soil surface roughness index varies from 1.27 at low speed to 1.06 for high speed. The size of clods increases from 1550 cm3 2.2 km.h-1 to 81 cm3 for 10.4 km.h-1. The reduction of the clods sizes makes the plots sensitive to runoff and soil erosion. Soil tillage at an average speed of 6 to 7 km.h-1 maintain the roughness and the clods sizes and makes it possible to achieve a time of 1.6 h.ha-1. The traction force is 315 DaN for 7 cm deep and 210 cm wide. It is possible to reduce labor time by increasing the tillage width and maintaining a speed of 6 km.h-1.

Individual Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices are not new to the West and Central Africa (WCA) region, though the combination of the three main components of CA is innovative. This chapter describe the main challenges in the adoption of CA while highlighting the diversity of practices related to soil, environmental and farm management practiced in the region. Practices consistent with CA include soil and water conservation measures, agroforestry and integration of crops and livestock, which can be used as catalysts for developing and upscaling CA. The chapter highlights challenges ranging from policy commitment to training and farmer attitudes. There also needs to be more accurate information on the extent and development of CA in the region. CA has great potential for increasing food security, addressing climate change and protecting natural resources.

Cette étude a été réalisée afin d’appréhender les préférences alimentaires des poulets locaux nourris au choix en présence des asticots séchés, dans le but de promouvoir l’utilisation des larves de la mouche domestique (Musca domestica, L.) comme source de protéine animale dans l’alimentation de la volaille locale. Pour ce faire, un essai a été réalisé durant 6 semaines avec 54 poulets locaux âgés de 18 mois. Ces oiseaux ont été pesés et répartis de façon aléatoire en trois traitements représentant les périodes de la journée pendant lesquelles un test de cafeteria a été conduit (08 h, 12 h et 15 h). Les aliments étaient constitués d’asticots séchés, de grains de maïs concassés et d’un aliment complet ponte, servis dans des mangeoires différentes au même moment. Chaque test de cafeteria durait 30 mn au cours desquelles une observation directe et un film étaient effectués. Les consommations alimentaires individuelles, la proportion de chaque type d’aliment dans la ration et les caractéristiques des œufs ont été déterminés. Les résultats ont montré des consommations moyennes d’asticots séchés de 5,23 ± 2,59 g MS/individu/jour pour les traitements de 12 h, de 4,68 ± 1,81 g MS/individu/jour pour les groupes de 08 h et de 4,60 ± 1,67 g MS/individu/jour pour le traitement de 15 h. Concernant les caractéristiques des œufs, les valeurs numériques du poids moyen, du jaune d’œuf ainsi que la coloration du jaune ont été légèrement supérieures au niveau du traitement de 12 h comparativement aux autres. Cette étude a permis de montrer que les asticots sont appréciés par les poulets et beaucoup plus à midi. De tels résultats, mis à la disposition des aviculteurs, leurs permettront de cibler la période propice pour une complémentation efficiente en protéines et de réduire les charges liées à l’acquisition des intrants protéiques inaccessibles en milieu traditionnel. Traoré et al., 2020 Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences (J.Anim.Plant Sci. ISSN 2071-7024) Vol.45 (2): 7884-7899 https://doi.org/10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v45-2.2 7885 Influence of dried fly larvae (Musca domestica, L.) on the food intake of local chicken (Gallus domesticus, L.) in Burkina Faso. ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate the feeding behaviour of local chickens choice-fed with different feed including dried maggots. The objective is to promote the use of Musca domestica larvae as animal source protein in traditional poultry feeding in Burkina Faso. Feeding experiments were done with 54 local chickens aged 18 months old, over six weeks. The birds were weighed and randomly divided into three treatment groups representing the time of the day the cafeteria trial was conducted. These times were 08 am, 12 noon and 03 pm. The choices offered in the cafeteria trial were dried fly larvae, cracked maize grains and a balanced layers’ diet, given in separated feeders. Each cafeteria test lasted 30 minutes during which direct observation and filming were done. The total individual feed intake, the proportion of each cafeteria feed to the total individual feed intake and egg characteristics were determined. The average dried maggot’s consumption at 12 noon (5.23 ± 2.59 g DM/individual/day) was significantly higher than the amount consumed at 08 am (4.68 ± 1.81 g DM/individual/day) and 03 pm (4.60 ± 1.67 g DM/individual/day) (P < 0.05). No significant difference was seen between treatments concerning egg parameters. However, the numerical values for average egg weight, yolk weight and yolk color were slightly higher in the group tested at 12 noon compared to the other treatments. The study shows that maggots are preferred by the chickens, and seem to be well preferred at noon. These results will allow poultry farmers to target the right time for efficient supplementation using dried fly larvae and contributing to reduce the cost linked to the acquisition of protein inputs that are traditionally inaccessible.

Introduction L’agriculture du Burkina Faso, à l’image de celle des pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne, joue un rôle important dans le développement économique et social du pays. Ce secteur occupe plus de 80 % de la population burkinabée et constitue la principale activité génératrice de revenus monétaires des ménages ruraux (DGPER, 2010 ; MAHRH, 2011). L’agriculture burkinabée rencontre malheureusement d’énormes difficultés, parmi lesquelles la faible productivité des terres et la précarité des ...