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1. SN 2020bio: A double-peaked, H-poor Type IIb supernova with evidence of circumstellar interaction

Author

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Research Council, European Commission, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Israel Science Foundation, Council for Higher Education (Israel), United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Pellegrini, Craig, Hiramatsu, Daichi, Arcavi, Iair, Howell, D. Andrew, Bostroem, K. Azalee, Brown, Peter J., Burke, Jamison, Elias-Rosa, Nancy, Itagaki, K., Kaneda, H., McCully, Curtis, Modjaz, Maryam, Padilla González, E., Pritchard, Joshua, Yesmin, N., National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Research Council, European Commission, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Israel Science Foundation, Council for Higher Education (Israel), United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Pellegrini, Craig, Hiramatsu, Daichi, Arcavi, Iair, Howell, D. Andrew, Bostroem, K. Azalee, Brown, Peter J., Burke, Jamison, Elias-Rosa, Nancy, Itagaki, K., Kaneda, H., McCully, Curtis, Modjaz, Maryam, Padilla González, E., Pritchard, Joshua, and Yesmin, N.

Abstract

We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2020bio, a double-peaked Type IIb supernova (SN) discovered within a day of explosion, primarily obtained by Las Cumbres Observatory and Swift. SN 2020bio displays a rapid and long-lasting initial decline throughout the first week of its light curve, similarly to other well-studied Type IIb SNe. This early-time emission is thought to originate from the cooling of the extended outer hydrogen-rich (H-rich) envelope of the progenitor star that is shock heated by the SN explosion. We compare SN 2020bio to a sample of other double-peaked Type IIb SNe in order to investigate its progenitor properties. Analytical model fits to the early-time emission give progenitor radius (≈100–1500 R⊙) and H-rich envelope mass (≈0.01–0.5 M⊙) estimates that are consistent with other Type IIb SNe. However, SN 2020bio displays several peculiarities, including (1) weak H spectral features indicating a greater amount of mass loss than other Type IIb progenitors; (2) an underluminous secondary light-curve peak that implies a small amount of synthesized 56Ni (MNi ≈0.02 M⊙); and (3) low-luminosity nebular [O i] and interaction-powered nebular features. These observations are more consistent with a lower-mass progenitor (MZAMS ≈ 12 M⊙) that was stripped of most of its H-rich envelope before exploding. This study adds to the growing diversity in the observed properties of Type IIb SNe and their progenitors.

Published
2023

2. Cosmology with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

Author

A. G. Leventis Foundation, Academy of Finland, Onassis Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Comunidad de Madrid, Ministerio de Universidades (España), Eusko Jaurlaritza, Fondation Francqui, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Council for Higher Education (Israel), Generalitat de Catalunya, Czech Science Foundation, Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Energy (US), German Research Foundation, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), European Commission, Foundation for Science and Technology, Fondation CFM pour la Recherche, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Generalitat Valenciana, Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science (Ontario), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Israel Science Foundation, Kavli Foundation, Minerva Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Indian Institute of Science, National Science Foundation (US), National Science Centre (Poland), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo Minas Gerais, Royal Society (UK), Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, Simons Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research, Nardini, Germano [0000-0002-3523-0477], Auclair, Pierre, Bacon, David, Baker, Tessa, Barreiro, Tiago, Bartolo, Nicola, Belgacem, Enis, Bellomo, Nicola, Ben-Dayan, Ido, Bertacca, Daniele, Besancon, Marc, Blanco-Pillado, Jose J., Blas, Diego, Boileau, Guillaume, Calcagni, Gianluca, Caldwell, Robert, Caprini, Chiara, Carbone, Carmelita, Chang, Chia Feng, Chen, Hsin Yu, Christensen, Nelson, Clesse, Sebastien, Comelli, Denis, Congedo, Giuseppe, Contaldi, Carlo, Crisostomi, Marco, Croon, Djuna, Cui, Yanou, Cusin, Giulia, Cutting, Daniel, Dalang, Charles, De Luca, Valerio, Pozzo, Walter Del, Desjacques, Vincent, Dimastrogiovanni, Emanuela, Dorsch, Glauber C., Ezquiaga, Jose Maria, Fasiello, Matteo, Figueroa, Daniel G., Flauger, Raphael, Franciolini, Gabriele, Frusciante, Noemi, Fumagalli, Jacopo, García-Bellido, Juan, Gould, Oliver, Holz, Daniel, Iacconi, Laura, Jain, Rajeev Kumar, Jenkins, Alexander C., Jinno, Ryusuke, Joana, Cristian, Karnesis, Nikolaos, Konstandin, Thomas, Koyama, Kazuya, Kozaczuk, Jonathan, Kuroyanagi, Sachiko, Laghi, Danny, Lewicki, Marek, Lombriser, Lucas, Madge, Eric, Maggiore, Michele, Malhotra, Ameek, Mancarella, Michele, Mandic, Vuk, Mangiagli, Alberto, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Anupam, Mukherjee, Suvodip, Musco, Ilia, Nardini, Germano, No, Jose Miguel, Papanikolaou, Theodoros, Peloso, Marco, Pieroni, Mauro, Pilo, Luigi, Raccanelli, Alvise, Renaux-Petel, Sébastien, Renzini, Arianna I., Ricciardone, Angelo, Riotto, Antonio, Romano, Joseph D., Rollo, Rocco, Pol, Alberto Roper, Morales, Ester Ruiz, Sakellariadou, Mairi, Saltas, Ippocratis D., Scalisi, Marco, Schmitz, Kai, Schwaller, Pedro, Sergijenko, Olga, Servant, Geraldine, Simakachorn, Peera, Sorbo, Lorenzo, Sousa, Lara, Speri, Lorenzo, Steer, Danièle A., Tamanini, Nicola, Tasinato, Gianmassimo, Torrado, Jesús, Unal, Caner, Vennin, Vincent, A. G. Leventis Foundation, Academy of Finland, Onassis Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Comunidad de Madrid, Ministerio de Universidades (España), Eusko Jaurlaritza, Fondation Francqui, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Council for Higher Education (Israel), Generalitat de Catalunya, Czech Science Foundation, Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Energy (US), German Research Foundation, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), European Commission, Foundation for Science and Technology, Fondation CFM pour la Recherche, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Generalitat Valenciana, Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science (Ontario), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Israel Science Foundation, Kavli Foundation, Minerva Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Indian Institute of Science, National Science Foundation (US), National Science Centre (Poland), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo Minas Gerais, Royal Society (UK), Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, Simons Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research, Nardini, Germano [0000-0002-3523-0477], Auclair, Pierre, Bacon, David, Baker, Tessa, Barreiro, Tiago, Bartolo, Nicola, Belgacem, Enis, Bellomo, Nicola, Ben-Dayan, Ido, Bertacca, Daniele, Besancon, Marc, Blanco-Pillado, Jose J., Blas, Diego, Boileau, Guillaume, Calcagni, Gianluca, Caldwell, Robert, Caprini, Chiara, Carbone, Carmelita, Chang, Chia Feng, Chen, Hsin Yu, Christensen, Nelson, Clesse, Sebastien, Comelli, Denis, Congedo, Giuseppe, Contaldi, Carlo, Crisostomi, Marco, Croon, Djuna, Cui, Yanou, Cusin, Giulia, Cutting, Daniel, Dalang, Charles, De Luca, Valerio, Pozzo, Walter Del, Desjacques, Vincent, Dimastrogiovanni, Emanuela, Dorsch, Glauber C., Ezquiaga, Jose Maria, Fasiello, Matteo, Figueroa, Daniel G., Flauger, Raphael, Franciolini, Gabriele, Frusciante, Noemi, Fumagalli, Jacopo, García-Bellido, Juan, Gould, Oliver, Holz, Daniel, Iacconi, Laura, Jain, Rajeev Kumar, Jenkins, Alexander C., Jinno, Ryusuke, Joana, Cristian, Karnesis, Nikolaos, Konstandin, Thomas, Koyama, Kazuya, Kozaczuk, Jonathan, Kuroyanagi, Sachiko, Laghi, Danny, Lewicki, Marek, Lombriser, Lucas, Madge, Eric, Maggiore, Michele, Malhotra, Ameek, Mancarella, Michele, Mandic, Vuk, Mangiagli, Alberto, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Anupam, Mukherjee, Suvodip, Musco, Ilia, Nardini, Germano, No, Jose Miguel, Papanikolaou, Theodoros, Peloso, Marco, Pieroni, Mauro, Pilo, Luigi, Raccanelli, Alvise, Renaux-Petel, Sébastien, Renzini, Arianna I., Ricciardone, Angelo, Riotto, Antonio, Romano, Joseph D., Rollo, Rocco, Pol, Alberto Roper, Morales, Ester Ruiz, Sakellariadou, Mairi, Saltas, Ippocratis D., Scalisi, Marco, Schmitz, Kai, Schwaller, Pedro, Sergijenko, Olga, Servant, Geraldine, Simakachorn, Peera, Sorbo, Lorenzo, Sousa, Lara, Speri, Lorenzo, Steer, Danièle A., Tamanini, Nicola, Tasinato, Gianmassimo, Torrado, Jesús, Unal, Caner, and Vennin, Vincent

Abstract

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) has two scientific objectives of cosmological focus: to probe the expansion rate of the universe, and to understand stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds and their implications for early universe and particle physics, from the MeV to the Planck scale. However, the range of potential cosmological applications of gravitational-wave observations extends well beyond these two objectives. This publication presents a summary of the state of the art in LISA cosmology, theory and methods, and identifies new opportunities to use gravitational-wave observations by LISA to probe the universe.

Published
2023

3. Megakaryocyte Diversity in Ontogeny, Functions and Cell-Cell Interactions

Author

Council for Higher Education (Israel), Weizmann Institute of Science, Wellcome Trust, MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, National Health Service (UK), European Commission, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Cancer Research UK, Khatib-Massalha, Eman, Méndez-Ferrer, Simón, Council for Higher Education (Israel), Weizmann Institute of Science, Wellcome Trust, MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, National Health Service (UK), European Commission, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Cancer Research UK, Khatib-Massalha, Eman, and Méndez-Ferrer, Simón

Abstract

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) rely on local interactions in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment with stromal cells and other hematopoietic cells that facilitate their survival and proliferation, and also regulate their functions. HSCs and multipotent progenitor cells differentiate into lineage-specific progenitors that generate all blood and immune cells. Megakaryocytes (Mks) are hematopoietic cells responsible for producing blood platelets, which are essential for normal hemostasis and blood coagulation. Although the most prominent function of Mks is platelet production (thrombopoiesis), other increasingly recognized functions include HSC maintenance and host immune response. However, whether and how these diverse programs are executed by different Mk subpopulations remains poorly understood. This Perspective summarizes our current understanding of diversity in ontogeny, functions and cell-cell interactions. Cumulative evidence suggests that BM microenvironment dysfunction, partly caused by mutated Mks, can induce or alter the progression of a variety of hematologic malignancies, including myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and other disorders associated with tissue scarring (fibrosis). Therefore, as an example of the heterogeneous functions of Mks in malignant hematopoiesis, we will discuss the role of Mks in the onset and progression of BM fibrosis. In this regard, abnormal interactions between of Mks and other immune cells might directly contribute to fibrotic diseases. Overall, further understanding of megakaryopoiesis and how Mks interact with HSCs and immune cells has potential clinical implications for stem cell transplantation and other therapies for hematologic malignancies, as well as for treatments to stimulate platelet production and prevent thrombocytopenia.

Published
2022

4. Tunneling spectroscopy of few-monolayer NbSe2 in high magnetic fields: Triplet superconductivity and Ising protection

Author

Council for Higher Education (Israel), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), European Commission, European Research Council, Israel Science Foundation, Azrieli Foundation, Kuzmanović, Marko, Dvir, T., LeBoeuf, D., Ilić, Stefan, Haim, Menashe, Möckli, David, Krämer, Steffen, Khodas, M., Houzet, Manuel, Meyer, Julia S., Aprili, M., Steinberger, Hadar, Quay, C.H.L., Council for Higher Education (Israel), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), European Commission, European Research Council, Israel Science Foundation, Azrieli Foundation, Kuzmanović, Marko, Dvir, T., LeBoeuf, D., Ilić, Stefan, Haim, Menashe, Möckli, David, Krämer, Steffen, Khodas, M., Houzet, Manuel, Meyer, Julia S., Aprili, M., Steinberger, Hadar, and Quay, C.H.L.

Abstract

In conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductors, Cooper pairs of electrons of opposite spin (i.e., singlet structure) form the ground state. Equal-spin triplet pairs (ESTPs), as in superfluid 3He, are of great interest for superconducting spintronics and topological superconductivity, yet remain elusive. Recently, odd-parity ESTPs were predicted to arise in (few-)monolayer superconducting NbSe2, from the noncollinearity between the out-of-plane Ising spin-orbit field (due to the lack of inversion symmetry in monolayer NbSe2) and an applied in-plane magnetic field. These ESTPs couple to the singlet order parameter at finite field. Using van der Waals tunnel junctions, we perform spectroscopy of superconducting NbSe2 flakes, of 2–25 monolayer thickness, measuring the quasiparticle density of states (DOS) as a function of applied in-plane magnetic field up to 33 T. In flakes ≲15 monolayers thick the DOS has a single superconducting gap. In these thin samples, the magnetic field acts primarily on the spin (vs orbital) degree of freedom of the electrons, and superconductivity is further protected by the Ising field. The superconducting energy gap, extracted from our tunneling spectra, decreases as a function of the applied magnetic field. However, in bilayer NbSe2, close to the critical field (up to 30 T, much larger than the Pauli limit), superconductivity appears to be more robust than expected from Ising protection alone. Our data can be explained by the above-mentioned ESTPs.

Published
2022

5. Structural basis for active single and double ring complexes in human mitochondrial Hsp60-Hsp10 chaperonin

Author

United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Council for Higher Education (Israel), Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Azem, Abdussalam [0000-0002-2288-2986], Hirsch, Joel A. [0000-0001-7544-8668], Ubarretxena, Iban [0000-0003-4082-4349], Gómez-Llorente, Yacob, Jebara, Fady, Patra, Malay, Malik, Radhika, Nisemblat, Shahar, Chomsky-Hecht, Orna, Parnas, Avital, Azem, Abdussalam, Hirsch, Joel A., Ubarretxena, Iban, United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Council for Higher Education (Israel), Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Azem, Abdussalam [0000-0002-2288-2986], Hirsch, Joel A. [0000-0001-7544-8668], Ubarretxena, Iban [0000-0003-4082-4349], Gómez-Llorente, Yacob, Jebara, Fady, Patra, Malay, Malik, Radhika, Nisemblat, Shahar, Chomsky-Hecht, Orna, Parnas, Avital, Azem, Abdussalam, Hirsch, Joel A., and Ubarretxena, Iban

Abstract

mHsp60-mHsp10 assists the folding of mitochondrial matrix proteins without the negative ATP binding inter-ring cooperativity of GroEL-GroES. Here we report the crystal structure of an ATP (ADP:BeF3-bound) ground-state mimic double-ring mHsp6014-(mHsp107)2 football complex, and the cryo-EM structures of the ADP-bound successor mHsp6014-(mHsp107)2 complex, and a single-ring mHsp607-mHsp107 half-football. The structures explain the nucleotide dependence of mHsp60 ring formation, and reveal an inter-ring nucleotide symmetry consistent with the absence of negative cooperativity. In the ground-state a two-fold symmetric H-bond and a salt bridge stitch the double-rings together, whereas only the H-bond remains as the equatorial gap increases in an ADP football poised to split into half-footballs. Refolding assays demonstrate obligate single- and double-ring mHsp60 variants are active, and complementation analysis in bacteria shows the single-ring variant is as efficient as wild-type mHsp60. Our work provides a structural basis for active single- and double-ring complexes coexisting in the mHsp60-mHsp10 chaperonin reaction cycle.

Published
2020

6. Effect of the organic semiconductor side groups on the structural and electronic properties of their interface with dopants

Author

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Ministry of Science, Technology and Space (Israel), Ministry of Immigrant Absorption (Israel), Council for Higher Education (Israel), National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium), Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Babuji, Adara, Silvestri, Francesco, Pithan, Linus, Richard, Audrey, Geerts, Yves Henry, Tessler, Nir, Solomeshch, Olga, Ocal, Carmen, Barrena, Esther, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Ministry of Science, Technology and Space (Israel), Ministry of Immigrant Absorption (Israel), Council for Higher Education (Israel), National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium), Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Babuji, Adara, Silvestri, Francesco, Pithan, Linus, Richard, Audrey, Geerts, Yves Henry, Tessler, Nir, Solomeshch, Olga, Ocal, Carmen, and Barrena, Esther

Abstract

Two derivatives of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT), namely, 2,7-dioctyl-BTBT (C8-BTBT) and 2,7-diphenyl-BTBT (DPh-BTBT), belonging to one of the best performing organic semiconductor (OSC) families, have been employed to investigate the influence of the substitutional side groups on the properties of the interface created when they are in contact with dopant molecules. As a molecular p-dopant, the fluorinated fullerene C60F48 is used because of its adequate electronic levels and its bulky molecular structure. Despite the dissimilarity introduced by the OSC film termination, dopant thin films grown on top adopt the same (111)-oriented FCC crystalline structure in the two cases. However, the early stage distribution of the dopant on each OSC film surface is dramatically influenced by the group side, leading to distinct host–dopant interfacial morphologies that strongly affect the nanoscale local work function. In this context, Kelvin probe force microscopy and photoelectron emission spectroscopy provide a comprehensive picture of the interfacial electronic properties. The extent of charge transfer and energy level alignment between OSCs and dopant are debated in light of the differences in the ionization potential of the OSC in the films, the interface nanomorphology, and the electronic coupling with the substrate.

Published
2020

7. Surface specificity and mechanistic pathway of defluorination of C60F48 on coinage metals

Author

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, European Commission, Ministry of Immigrant Absorption (Israel), Council for Higher Education (Israel), Palacios Rivera, Rogger, Malaspina, David C., Tessler, Nir, Solomeshch, Olga, Faraudo, Jordi, Barrena, Esther, Ocal, Carmen, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, European Commission, Ministry of Immigrant Absorption (Israel), Council for Higher Education (Israel), Palacios Rivera, Rogger, Malaspina, David C., Tessler, Nir, Solomeshch, Olga, Faraudo, Jordi, Barrena, Esther, and Ocal, Carmen

Abstract

We provide experimental and theoretical understanding on fundamental processes taking place at room temperature when a fluorinated fullerene dopant gets close to a metal surface. By employing scanning tunneling microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopies, we demonstrate that the on-surface integrity of C60F48 depends on the interaction with the particular metal it approaches. Whereas on Au(111) the molecule preserves its chemical structure, on more reactive surfaces such as Cu(111) and Ni(111), molecules interacting with the bare metal surface lose the halogen atoms and transform to C60. Though fluorine–metal bonding can be detected depending on the molecular surface density, no ordered fluorine structures are observed. We show the implications of the metal-dependent de-fluorination in the electronic structure of the molecules and the energy alignment at the molecule–metal interface. Molecular dynamics simulations with ReaxFF reactive force field corroborate the experimental facts and provide a detailed mechanistic picture of the surface-induced de-fluorination, which involves the rotation of the molecule on the surface. Outstandingly, a thermodynamic analysis indicates that the effect of the metal surface is lowering and diminishing the energy barrier for C–F cleave, demonstrating the catalytic role of the surface. The present study contributes to in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms that affect the degree of stability of chemical species on surfaces, which is essential to advance our understanding of the chemical reactivity of metals and their role in on-surface chemical reactions.

Published
2020

8. Tunneling spectroscopy of few-monolayer NbSe 2 in high magnetic fields: Triplet superconductivity and Ising protection

Author

M. Kuzmanović, T. Dvir, D. LeBoeuf, S. Ilić, M. Haim, D. Möckli, S. Kramer, M. Khodas, M. Houzet, J. S. Meyer, M. Aprili, H. Steinberg, C. H. L. Quay, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aalto University School of Science and Technology [Aalto, Finland], The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Grenoble (LNCMI-G ), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratory of Quantum Theory (GT), PHotonique, ELectronique et Ingénierie QuantiqueS (PHELIQS), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CFM), Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [Espagne] (UPV/EHU)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Toulouse (LNCMI-T), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), ANR-10-LABX-0051,LANEF,Laboratory of Alliances on Nanosciences - Energy for the Future(2010), European Project: 637928,H2020,ERC-2014-STG,TUNNEL(2015), Council for Higher Education (Israel), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), European Commission, European Research Council, Israel Science Foundation, Azrieli Foundation, Superconducting Qubits and Circuit QED, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]
Abstract

In conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductors, Cooper pairs of electrons of opposite spin (i.e., singlet structure) form the ground state. Equal-spin triplet pairs (ESTPs), as in superfluid 3He, are of great interest for superconducting spintronics and topological superconductivity, yet remain elusive. Recently, odd-parity ESTPs were predicted to arise in (few-)monolayer superconducting NbSe2, from the noncollinearity between the out-of-plane Ising spin-orbit field (due to the lack of inversion symmetry in monolayer NbSe2) and an applied in-plane magnetic field. These ESTPs couple to the singlet order parameter at finite field. Using van der Waals tunnel junctions, we perform spectroscopy of superconducting NbSe2 flakes, of 2–25 monolayer thickness, measuring the quasiparticle density of states (DOS) as a function of applied in-plane magnetic field up to 33 T. In flakes ≲15 monolayers thick the DOS has a single superconducting gap. In these thin samples, the magnetic field acts primarily on the spin (vs orbital) degree of freedom of the electrons, and superconductivity is further protected by the Ising field. The superconducting energy gap, extracted from our tunneling spectra, decreases as a function of the applied magnetic field. However, in bilayer NbSe2, close to the critical field (up to 30 T, much larger than the Pauli limit), superconductivity appears to be more robust than expected from Ising protection alone. Our data can be explained by the above-mentioned ESTPs., This work was funded by a Maimonides-Israel grant from the Israeli-French High Council for Scientific and Technological Research; JCJC (SPINOES), PIRE (HYBRID), and PRC (TRIPRES) grants from the French Agence Nationale de Recherche; European Research Council Starting Grant No. ERC-2014-STG 637928 (TUNNEL); Israel Science Foundation Grants No. 861/19 and No. 2665/20, and the Laboratoire d’Excellence LANEF in Grenoble (ANR10-LABX-51-01). T.D. is grateful to the Azrieli Foundation for an Azrieli Fellowship. Part of this work has been performed at the Laboratoire National de Champs Magnétiques Intenses (LNCMI), a member of the European Magnetic Field Laboratory (EMFL).

Published
2022
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9. Surface specificity and mechanistic pathway of defluorination of C60F48 on coinage metals

Author

Jordi Faraudo, Rogger Palacios-Rivera, Olga Solomeshch, David C. Malaspina, Esther Barrena, Nir Tessler, Carmen Ocal, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, European Commission, Ministry of Immigrant Absorption (Israel), and Council for Higher Education (Israel)

Subjects
Materials science, Chemical structure, General Engineering, Coinage metals, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Chemical reaction, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0104 chemical sciences, 3. Good health, law.invention, Molecular dynamics, Chemical species, Chemical physics, law, Molecule, General Materials Science, Scanning tunneling microscope, ReaxFF, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

We provide experimental and theoretical understanding on fundamental processes taking place at room temperature when a fluorinated fullerene dopant gets close to a metal surface. By employing scanning tunneling microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopies, we demonstrate that the on-surface integrity of C60F48 depends on the interaction with the particular metal it approaches. Whereas on Au(111) the molecule preserves its chemical structure, on more reactive surfaces such as Cu(111) and Ni(111), molecules interacting with the bare metal surface lose the halogen atoms and transform to C60. Though fluorine–metal bonding can be detected depending on the molecular surface density, no ordered fluorine structures are observed. We show the implications of the metal-dependent de-fluorination in the electronic structure of the molecules and the energy alignment at the molecule–metal interface. Molecular dynamics simulations with ReaxFF reactive force field corroborate the experimental facts and provide a detailed mechanistic picture of the surface-induced de-fluorination, which involves the rotation of the molecule on the surface. Outstandingly, a thermodynamic analysis indicates that the effect of the metal surface is lowering and diminishing the energy barrier for C–F cleave, demonstrating the catalytic role of the surface. The present study contributes to in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms that affect the degree of stability of chemical species on surfaces, which is essential to advance our understanding of the chemical reactivity of metals and their role in on-surface chemical reactions., This work has been supported by the Spanish Government under projects PID2019-110907GB-I00, MAT2016-77852-C2-1-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), RTI2018-096273-B-I00, the “Severo Ochoa” Program for Centers of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2015-0496) and the Generalitat de Catalunya 2017-SGR668. R. P. R. has been developing this work as part of his doctorate in Materials Science at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). D. C. M. is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 6655919. O. S. is grateful for the support by the Center for Absorption in Science of the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption and the Committee for Planning and Budgeting of the Council for Higher Education in Israel under the framework of the KAMEA Program. We thank CESGA Supercomputing center for technical support and computer time at the supercomputer Finisterrae II. We are indebted to G. Sauthier from the ICN2 Photoemission Spectroscopy Facility. We are grateful to M. Paradinas and A. Mugarza from ICN2 for providing the Ni(111) crystal.

Published
2020

10. Effect of the Organic Semiconductor Side Groups on the Structural and Electronic Properties of Their Interface with Dopants

Author

Adara Babuji, Linus Pithan, Esther Barrena, Nir Tessler, Olga Solomeshch, Carmen Ocal, Francesco Silvestri, Yves Geerts, Audrey Richard, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Ministry of Science, Technology and Space (Israel), Ministry of Immigrant Absorption (Israel), Council for Higher Education (Israel), National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium), and Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles

Subjects
Nanostructure, Higher education, nanostructure, media_common.quotation_subject, Interfaces, Library science, 02 engineering and technology, molecular doping, 010402 general chemistry, Kelvin probe force microscopy, 01 natural sciences, Histoire, interfaces, Excellence, Molecular doping, media_common.cataloged_instance, Chimie, General Materials Science, European union, organic semiconductors, Electronic properties, media_common, Physics, Government, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Organic semiconductors, Christian ministry, photoelectron spectroscopies, Photoelectron spectroscopies, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Two derivatives of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT), namely, 2,7-dioctyl-BTBT (C8-BTBT) and 2,7-diphenyl-BTBT (DPh-BTBT), belonging to one of the best performing organic semiconductor (OSC) families, have been employed to investigate the influence of the substitutional side groups on the properties of the interface created when they are in contact with dopant molecules. As a molecular p-dopant, the fluorinated fullerene C60F48 is used because of its adequate electronic levels and its bulky molecular structure. Despite the dissimilarity introduced by the OSC film termination, dopant thin films grown on top adopt the same (111)-oriented FCC crystalline structure in the two cases. However, the early stage distribution of the dopant on each OSC film surface is dramatically influenced by the group side, leading to distinct host–dopant interfacial morphologies that strongly affect the nanoscale local work function. In this context, Kelvin probe force microscopy and photoelectron emission spectroscopy provide a comprehensive picture of the interfacial electronic properties. The extent of charge transfer and energy level alignment between OSCs and dopant are debated in light of the differences in the ionization potential of the OSC in the films, the interface nanomorphology, and the electronic coupling with the substrate., This work has been funded by the Spanish Government through projects PID2019-110907GB-I00, MAT2016-77852-C2-1-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), and the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D (CEX2019-000917-S). We thank the 2017-SGR668 recognition. A.B. thanks the Spanish Government financial support through BES-2016-077519 FPI fellowship. F.S. acknowledges the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement no. 730872 and the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 722651 (SEPOMO project). This work has been carried out within the framework of the doctoral program (PhD) of Material Science (Department of Physics) of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). O.S. acknowledges the support of the Israel Ministry of Science, the Center for Absorption in Science of the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption, the Committee for Planning and budgeting of the Council for Higher Education under the framework of the KAMEA Program. Y.H.G. is thankful to the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS) for financial support through research projects BTBT no. 2.4565.11, Phasetrans no. T.0058.14, Pi-Fast no. T.0072.18, and 2Dto3D no. 30489208. Financial supports from the French Community of Belgian (ARC no. 20061) are also acknowledged. A.R. acknowledges doctoral fellowship support from the FRIA. We thank the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) for providing access to ID03 for the time of the experiment. We are indebted to G. Sauthier from the ICN2 Photoemission Spectroscopy Facility.

Published
2020

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