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2,691 results on '"Cowling, Benjamin J."'

1. Public Health Impact of Paxlovid as Treatment for COVID-19, United States

Author

Bai, Yuan, Du, Zhanwei, Wang, Lin, Lau, Eric H.Y., Fung, Isaac Chun-Hai, Holme, Petter, Cowling, Benjamin J., Galvani, Alison P., Krug, Robert M., and Meyers, Lauren Ancel

Subjects
Pfizer Inc., Antiviral agents -- Models -- Health aspects, Public health -- Health aspects -- Models, Remifentanil -- Health aspects -- Models, Pharmaceutical industry -- Models -- Health aspects, Health, Paxlovid (Medication) -- Health aspects
Abstract

Antiviral drugs can substantially reduce illness and deaths from human infections. For example, antiretroviral therapy has prevented millions of HIV/AIDS deaths globally since the late 1980s (1). During the 2009 [...]

Published
2024
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2. Key challenges for the surveillance of respiratory viruses: transitioning out of the acute phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Author

Eales, Oliver, Plank, Michael J., Cowling, Benjamin J., Howden, Benjamin P., Kucharski, Adam J., Sullivan, Sheena G., Vandemaele, Katelijn, Viboud, Cecile, Riley, Steven, McCaw, James M., and Shearer, Freya M.

Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society, Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods
Abstract

To support the ongoing management of viral respiratory diseases, many countries are moving towards an integrated model of surveillance for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and other respiratory pathogens. While many surveillance approaches catalysed by the COVID-19 pandemic provide novel epidemiological insight, continuing them as implemented during the pandemic is unlikely to be feasible for non-emergency surveillance, and many have already been scaled back. Furthermore, given anticipated co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, surveillance activities in place prior to the pandemic require review and adjustment to ensure their ongoing value for public health. In this perspective, we highlight key challenges for the development of integrated models of surveillance. We discuss the relative strengths and limitations of different surveillance practices and studies, their contribution to epidemiological assessment, forecasting, and public health decision making.

Published
2023

3. Effectiveness of Vaccines and Antiviral Drugs in Preventing Severe and Fatal COVID-19, Hong Kong

Author

Cheung, Yue Yat Harrison, Lau, Eric Ho Yin, Yin, Guosheng, Lin, Yun, Cowling, Benjamin J., and Lam, Kwok Fai

Subjects
United States. Food and Drug Administration, Vaccination -- Usage -- Health aspects -- Comparative analysis, Mortality -- China, Drugs -- Usage, Vaccines -- Usage, Hospital patients -- Comparative analysis -- Usage -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019, scientists around the world have raced to discover effective treatments and vaccinations that mitigate the spread of this highly contagious disease; [...]

Published
2024
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4. Influenza Resurgence after Relaxation of Public Health and Social Measures, Hong Kong, 2023

Author

Xiong, Weijia, Cowling, Benjamin J., and Tsang, Tim K.

Subjects
Infection control -- Laws, regulations and rules, Epidemics -- Statistics -- Control -- Causes of -- Hong Kong, Influenza -- Statistics -- Control -- Causes of, Disease transmission -- Research, Virus research, Government regulation, Health
Abstract

To control COVID-19, Hong Kong, China, put in place several public health and social measures (PHSMs), including mandatory mask wearing, school closures, hand hygiene, and avoidance of gatherings. In early [...]

Published
2023

6. Characterizing human collective behaviours of COVID-19 in Hong Kong

Author

Du, Zhanwei, Zhang, Xiao, Wang, Lin, Yao, Sidan, Bai, Yuan, Tan, Qi, Xu, Xiaoke, Pei, Sen, Xiao, Jingyi, Tsang, Tim K., Liao, Qiuyan, Lau, Eric, Wu, Peng, Gao, Chao, and Cowling, Benjamin J

Subjects
Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Physics - Physics and Society
Abstract

People are likely to engage in collective behaviour online during extreme events, such as the COVID-19 crisis, to express their awareness, actions and concerns. Hong Kong has implemented stringent public health and social measures (PHSMs) to curb COVID-19 epidemic waves since the first COVID-19 case was confirmed on 22 January 2020. People are likely to engage in collective behaviour online during extreme events, such as the COVID-19 crisis, to express their awareness, actions and concerns. Here, we offer a framework to evaluate interactions among individuals emotions, perception, and online behaviours in Hong Kong during the first two waves (February to June 2020) and found a strong correlation between online behaviours of Google search and the real-time reproduction numbers. To validate the model output of risk perception, we conducted 10 rounds of cross-sectional telephone surveys from February 1 through June 20 in 2020 to quantify risk perception levels over time. Compared with the survey results, the estimates of the risk perception of individuals using our network-based mechanistic model capture 80% of the trend of people risk perception (individuals who worried about being infected) during the studied period. We may need to reinvigorate the public by engaging people as part of the solution to live their lives with reduced risk.

Published
2022

7. Effects of School-Based Preventive Measures on COVID-19 Incidence, Hong Kong, 2022

Author

Tsang, Tim K., Huang, Xiaotong, Fong, Min Whui, Wang, Can, Lau, Eric H.Y., Wu, Peng, and Cowling, Benjamin J.

Subjects
Vaccination -- Health aspects -- Analysis, Infection -- Health aspects -- Analysis, Vaccines -- Health aspects -- Analysis, Health
Abstract

After 2 years of minimal incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong, the Omicron BA.2 variant began to spread in January 2022. The resulting 5th COVID-19 wave in Hong Kong's [...]

Published
2023
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9. Resurgence of Omicron BA.2 in SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive Hong Kong

Author

Xie, Ruopeng, Edwards, Kimberly M., Adam, Dillon C., Leung, Kathy S. M., Tsang, Tim K., Gurung, Shreya, Xiong, Weijia, Wei, Xiaoman, Ng, Daisy Y. M., Liu, Gigi Y. Z., Krishnan, Pavithra, Chang, Lydia D. J., Cheng, Samuel M. S., Gu, Haogao, Siu, Gilman K. H., Wu, Joseph T., Leung, Gabriel M., Peiris, Malik, Cowling, Benjamin J., Poon, Leo L. M., and Dhanasekaran, Vijaykrishna

Published
2023
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13. Relative efficacy of masks and respirators as source control for viral aerosol shedding from people infected with SARS-CoV-2: a controlled human exhaled breath aerosol experimental study

Author

Lai, Jianyu, Coleman, Kristen K., Tai, S.-H. Sheldon, German, Jennifer, Hong, Filbert, Albert, Barbara, Esparza, Yi, Rastogi, Dewansh, Srikakulapu, Aditya, Kalliomäki, Petri, Schanz, Maria, Smith, Alycia A., Sierra Maldonado, Isabel, Oertel, Molly, Fadul, Naja, Gold, T. Louie, McPhaul, Kathleen, Ma, Tianzhou, Cowling, Benjamin J., and Milton, Donald K.

Published
2024
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21. Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 Infections, Macau, June-July 2022

Author

Xiong, Weijia, Peng, Liping, Tsang, Tim K., and Cowling, Benjamin J.

Subjects
Epidemics -- Statistics -- Control -- Macao, Health
Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.5 has spread rapidly worldwide. A recent outbreak of BA.5 occurred in Macau during June 18-July 31, 2022. The outbreak resulted in 1,821 confirmed cases and [...]

Published
2023

22. Age-Stratified Model to Assess Health Outcomes of COVID-19 Vaccination Strategies, Ghana

Author

Ofori, Sylvia K., Schwind, Jessica S., Sullivan, Kelly L., Chowell, Gerardo, Cowling, Benjamin J., and Fung, Isaac Chun-Hai

Subjects
Vaccination -- Methods -- Demographic aspects -- Patient outcomes, Medical research, Medicine, Experimental, Age factors in disease -- Research, Health
Abstract

Ghana reported its first case of COVID-19 on March 12, 2020, and 171,065 cases and 1,445 deaths had been recorded as of December 31, 2022 (1). The country introduced various [...]

Published
2023
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24. Theoretical Framework for Retrospective Studies of the Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines.

Author

Lewnard, Joseph A, Patel, Manish M, Jewell, Nicholas P, Verani, Jennifer R, Kobayashi, Miwako, Tenforde, Mark W, Dean, Natalie E, Cowling, Benjamin J, and Lopman, Benjamin A

Subjects
Humans, Vaccines, Retrospective Studies, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Clinical Research, Immunization, Biodefense, Prevention, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, 3.4 Vaccines, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Causal inference, Test-negative design, Vaccine effectiveness, Statistics, Public Health and Health Services, Epidemiology
Abstract

Observational studies of the effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are needed to inform real-world use. Such studies are now underway amid the ongoing rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines globally. Although traditional case-control and test-negative design studies feature prominently among strategies used to assess vaccine effectiveness, such studies may encounter important threats to validity. Here, we review the theoretical basis for estimation of vaccine direct effects under traditional case-control and test-negative design frameworks, addressing specific natural history parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 relevant to these designs. Bias may be introduced by misclassification of cases and controls, particularly when clinical case criteria include common, nonspecific indicators of COVID-19. When using diagnostic assays with high analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, individuals testing positive may be counted as cases even if their symptoms are due to other causes. The traditional case-control design may be particularly prone to confounding due to associations of vaccination with healthcare-seeking behavior or risk of infection. The test-negative design reduces but may not eliminate this confounding, for instance, if individuals who receive vaccination seek care or testing for less-severe illness. These circumstances indicate the two study designs cannot be applied naively to datasets gathered through public health surveillance or administrative sources. We suggest practical strategies to reduce bias in vaccine effectiveness estimates at the study design and analysis stages.

Published
2021

25. A(H2N2) and A(H3N2) influenza pandemics elicited durable cross-reactive and protective antibodies against avian N2 neuraminidases

Author

Liang, Zaolan, Lin, Xia, Sun, Lihong, Edwards, Kimberly M., Song, Wenjun, Sun, Hailiang, Xie, Yanmin, Lin, Fangmei, Ling, Shiman, Liang, Tingting, Xiao, Biying, Wang, Jiaqi, Li, Min, Leung, Chin-Yu, Zhu, Huachen, Bhandari, Nisha, Varadarajan, Raghavan, Levine, Min Z., Peiris, Malik, Webster, Robert, Dhanasekaran, Vijaykrishna, Leung, Nancy H. L., Cowling, Benjamin J., Webby, Richard J., Ducatez, Mariette, Zanin, Mark, and Wong, Sook-San

Published
2024
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28. Cross-neutralizing antibody against emerging Omicron subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 in infection-naïve individuals with homologous BNT162b2 or BNT162b2(WT + BA.4/5) bivalent booster vaccination

Author

Cheng, Samuel M.S., Mok, Chris K.P., Li, John K.C., Chan, Ken K.P., Luk, Kristine S., Lee, Ben H.W., Gu, Haogao, Chan, Karl C.K., Tsang, Leo C.H., Yiu, Karen Y.S., Ling, Ken K.C., Tang, Yun Sang, Luk, Leo L.H., Yu, Jennifer K.M., Pekosz, Andrew, Webby, Richard J., Cowling, Benjamin J., Hui, David S.C., and Peiris, Malik

Published
2024
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31. Comparative antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, reactogenicity, and efficacy of homologous and heterologous boosting with CoronaVac and BNT162b2 (Cobovax): an open-label, randomised trial

Author

Leung, Nancy H L, Cheng, Samuel M S, Cohen, Carolyn A, Martín-Sánchez, Mario, Au, Niki Y M, Luk, Leo L H, Tsang, Leo C H, Kwan, Kelvin K H, Chaothai, Sara, Fung, Lison W C, Cheung, Alan W L, Chan, Karl C K, Li, John K C, Ng, Yvonne Y, Kaewpreedee, Prathanporn, Jia, Janice Z, Ip, Dennis K M, Poon, Leo L M, Leung, Gabriel M, Peiris, J S Malik, Valkenburg, Sophie A, and Cowling, Benjamin J

Published
2023
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36. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Global COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign

Author

He, Daihai, Ali, Sheikh Taslim, Fan, Guihong, Gao, Daozhou, Song, Haitao, Lou, Yijun, Zhao, Shi, Cowling, Benjamin J., and Stone, Lewi

Subjects
Mathematical models -- Usage, Epidemics -- Control -- Patient outcomes -- International aspects -- Hong Kong, Epidemiologic methods -- Usage, Health
Abstract

The real-time evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns at the population level is essential for public health policy makers and scientists working toward successful mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic. [...]

Published
2022
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38. Vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac against SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection and related hospital admission among people with substance use disorder in Hong Kong: a matched case-control study

Author

Huang, Caige, Wei, Yue, Yan, Vincent K C, Ye, Xuxiao, Kang, Wei, Yiu, Hei Hang Edmund, Shami, Jessica J P, Cowling, Benjamin J, Tse, Man Li, Castle, David J, Chui, Celine S L, Lai, Francisco T T, Li, Xue, Wan, Eric Y F, Wong, Carlos K H, Hayes, Joseph F, Chang, Wing Chung, Chung, Albert K K, Lau, Chak Sing, Wong, Ian C K, and Chan, Esther W

Published
2023
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41. The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Methodology.

Author

Chua, Huiying, Feng, Shuo, Lewnard, Joseph A, Sullivan, Sheena G, Blyth, Christopher C, Lipsitch, Marc, and Cowling, Benjamin J

Subjects
Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Statistics, Mathematical Sciences, Biodefense, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Pneumonia & Influenza, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Immunization, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.4 Vaccines, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Case-Control Studies, Humans, Treatment Outcome, Vaccines, Public Health and Health Services, Public health
Abstract

BackgroundThe test-negative design is an increasingly popular approach for estimating vaccine effectiveness (VE) due to its efficiency. This review aims to examine published test-negative design studies of VE and to explore similarities and differences in methodological choices for different diseases and vaccines.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline, for studies reporting the effectiveness of any vaccines using a test-negative design. We screened titles and abstracts and reviewed full texts to identify relevant articles. We created a standardized form for each included article to extract information on the pathogen of interest, vaccine(s) being evaluated, study setting, clinical case definition, choices of cases and controls, and statistical approaches used to estimate VE.ResultsWe identified a total of 348 articles, including studies on VE against influenza virus (n = 253), rotavirus (n = 48), pneumococcus (n = 24), and nine other pathogens. Clinical case definitions used to enroll patients were similar by pathogens of interest but the sets of symptoms that defined them varied substantially. Controls could be those testing negative for the pathogen of interest, those testing positive for nonvaccine type of the pathogen of interest, or a subset of those testing positive for alternative pathogens. Most studies controlled for age, calendar time, and comorbidities.ConclusionsOur review highlights similarities and differences in the application of the test-negative design that deserve further examination. If vaccination reduces disease severity in breakthrough infections, particular care must be taken in interpreting vaccine effectiveness estimates from test-negative design studies.

Published
2020

42. Determining Existing Human Population Immunity as Part of Assessing Influenza Pandemic Risk

Author

Cheung, Jonathan Tin Lai, Tsang, Tim K., Yen, Hui-Ling, Perera, Ranawaka A.P.M., Mok, Chris Ka Pun, Lin, Yong Ping, Cowling, Benjamin J., and Peiris, Malik

Subjects
Epidemics -- Risk factors -- Statistics -- China, Immunological research, Sentinel health events -- Methods, Influenza -- Risk factors -- Statistics, Immunity -- Research, Health
Abstract

An influenza pandemic can occur when an influenza A virus with gene segments derived in part or whole from animal viruses becomes able to efficiently and sustainably transmit among humans [...]

Published
2022
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50. Serial Interval and Transmission Dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Predominance, South Korea

Author

Ryu, Sukhyun, Kim, Dasom, Lim, Jun-Sik, Ali, Sheikh Taslim, and Cowling, Benjamin J.

Subjects
Epidemics -- Statistics -- Risk factors -- South Korea, Disease transmission -- Statistics -- Risk factors, Health
Abstract

As of August 2021, South Korea is in the middle of a fourth community epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, which is now predominated by the [...]

Published
2022
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