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7. Facilitating Facilitators: Enhancing PBL through a Structured Facilitator Development Program

Author

Salinitri, Francine D., Wilhelm, Sheila M., and Crabtree, Brian L.

Abstract

With increasing adoption of the problem-based learning (PBL) model, creative approaches to enhancing facilitator training and optimizing resources to maintain effective learning in small groups is essential. We describe a theoretical framework for the development of a PBL facilitator training program that uses the constructivist approach as the program's guiding philosophy. The structured, pedagogically sound program was designed for a multidisciplinary pool of basic and social/administrative scientists, clinical faculty, practicing pharmacists, and post-graduate residents enrolled in a teaching certificate program. The training program employs the PBL experience, along with interactive technology, case-based and debriefing sessions with small groups and experienced facilitators. Proposed models for assessment of the facilitator training program include evaluation of inter-rater variability between facilitators with respect to student performance in PBL.

Published
2015
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19. Comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide on lithium disposition

Author

Crabtree, Brian L., Mack, James E., Johnson, Cynthia D., and Amyx, Barry C.

Subjects
Diuretics -- Physiological aspects, Hydrochlorothiazide -- Adverse and side effects, Lithium -- Health aspects, Drug interactions -- Research, Furosemide -- Adverse and side effects, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

Lithium is commonly used in treating psychiatric conditions such as bipolar disorder (manic depression). When used as a maintenance medication, lithium levels must be carefully controlled. Blood levels of lithium can be altered, if the patient is taking other drugs that react with the lithium. Diuretics, drugs that increase the secretion of urine, are thought to increase lithium retention. Studies have shown this occurs when sodium-depleting diuretics are taken, but other classes of diuretics have not been as well studied. A diuretic that does not cause this reaction is desirable, because patients taking lithium may also develop a disorder requiring diuretic treatment, such as high blood pressure. This study examined the effects of two diuretics from different classes, furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide, on lithium levels in 13 subjects. The subjects were healthy, male volunteers, who were given lithium for six weeks and either furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, or a placebo for one week during weeks two, four, and six. Serum lithium levels were measured at the beginning of each week during which the other drugs were given, and then again on day five of the drug treatment. Serum lithium levels were significantly higher on day five compared with baseline levels when the subjects received hydrochlorothiazide. There were no significant changes when either the placebo or when furosemide was given. Diuretic activity, including sodium excretion, was significantly greater with hydrochlorothiazide than with either the placebo or furosemide. These results should be interpreted with caution; the subjects in this study were healthy volunteers, rather than patients, and therapeutic doses of lithium were not administered. However, it appears that furosemide may be a safe diuretic to prescribe in conjunction with lithium. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1991

30. Leadership: The Nexus Between Challenge and Opportunity: Reports of the 2002–03 Academic Affairs, Professional Affairs, and Research and Graduate Affairs Committees

Author

Lin, Anne Y., primary, Altiere, Ralph J., additional, Harris, Wayne T., additional, Sims, Pamela J., additional, Ganther, Julie M., additional, Meyer, Susan M., additional, Kradjan, Wayne A., additional, Bennett, Marialice, additional, Crabtree, Brian L., additional, Goode, Jeanne V., additional, Love, Raymond C., additional, Rospond, Raylene M., additional, Sorenson, Todd D., additional, Flynn, Arlene A., additional, Callery, Patrick S., additional, Barner, Jamie C., additional, Beck, William T., additional, Bridges, Richard J., additional, Chisholm, Marie A., additional, Levin, Robert M., additional, Millard, William J., additional, and Miller, Kenneth W., additional

Published
2003
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34. Abstinence doesn't cure alcoholics

Author

Crabtree, Brian L., Long, Andrew, Roberts, Ben H., Moore, Dennis F., and Sorensen, Tom

Subjects
Alcoholism -- Causes of, Temperance, Compulsive behavior -- Physiological aspects, Substance abuse -- Physiological aspects, Business, Business, general
Published
1990

40. Hearing and performance during a 70-h exposure to noise simulating the space station environment.

Author

Abel SM, Crabtree B, Baranski JV, Smith DG, Thompson MM, Steeneken HJ, Verhave JA, Buckey JC, Alvarenga DL, and Comtois JM

Subjects
Adult, Atmosphere Exposure Chambers, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychoacoustics, Space Simulation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Auditory Threshold physiology, Hearing physiology, Noise, Psychomotor Performance physiology, Space Flight
Abstract

Introduction: Elevated hearing thresholds have been documented in some astronauts after long-term spaceflights although noise levels were lower than those normally associated with noise-induced hearing loss in ground-based operations. The present study was conducted to determine whether prolonged exposure (70 h) to levels (72 dBA) recorded on the International Space Station (ISS) service module would impact diverse measures of auditory function, as well as cognition and memory, motivation, and cardiovascular function., Method: Five mixed gender subgroups of five normal-hearing subjects, aged 20-50 yr, were sequestered for 70 h in an environment that modeled conditions on the ISS. They were assigned to one of three background conditions: quiet (n = 5), continuous noise from the ISS service module (n = 10), or continuous noise during the day only (n = 10). Subjects were tested repeatedly within and across days as individuals or pair mates., Results: There were no negative effects of the noise on any of the outcome measures. Introduction of a delay or noise in a communication channel used in the assessment of speech communicability significantly affected the time taken for joint problem solving by partners., Discussion: The results of this study were not consistent with the observation of hearing loss measured after spaceflights. Nor were changes evident in cognition, motivation, or cardiovascular function. Factors which might account for the discrepancy are discussed.

Published
2004

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