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1. Formal verification in Solidity and Move: insights from a comparative analysis

Author

Bartoletti, Massimo, Crafa, Silvia, and Lipparini, Enrico

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security
Abstract

Formal verification plays a crucial role in making smart contracts safer, being able to find bugs or to guarantee their absence, as well as checking whether the business logic is correctly implemented. For Solidity, even though there already exist several mature verification tools, the semantical quirks of the language can make verification quite hard in practice. Move, on the other hand, has been designed with security and verification in mind, and it has been accompanied since its early stages by a formal verification tool, the Move Prover. In this paper, we investigate through a comparative analysis: 1) how the different designs of the two contract languages impact verification, and 2) what is the state-of-the-art of verification tools for the two languages, and how do they compare on three paradigmatic use cases. Our investigation is supported by an open dataset of verification tasks performed in Certora and in the Aptos Move Prover.

Published
2025

2. Human sperm RNA in male infertility

Author

Cannarella, Rossella, Crafa, Andrea, Curto, Roberto, Mongioì, Laura M., Garofalo, Vincenzo, Cannarella, Vittorio, Condorelli, Rosita A., La Vignera, Sandro, and Calogero, Aldo E.

Published
2025
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3. Smart Contract Languages: a comparative analysis

Author

Bartoletti, Massimo, Benetollo, Lorenzo, Bugliesi, Michele, Crafa, Silvia, Sasso, Giacomo Dal, Pettinau, Roberto, Pinna, Andrea, Piras, Mattia, Rossi, Sabina, Salis, Stefano, Spanò, Alvise, Tkachenko, Viacheslav, Tonelli, Roberto, and Zunino, Roberto

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Computer Science - Programming Languages
Abstract

Smart contracts have played a pivotal role in the evolution of blockchains and Decentralized Applications (DApps). As DApps continue to gain widespread adoption, multiple smart contract languages have been and are being made available to developers, each with its distinctive features, strengths, and weaknesses. In this paper, we examine the smart contract languages used in major blockchain platforms, with the goal of providing a comprehensive assessment of their main properties. Our analysis targets the programming languages rather than the underlying architecture: as a result, while we do consider the interplay between language design and blockchain model, our main focus remains on language-specific features such as usability, programming style, safety and security. To conduct our assessment, we propose an original benchmark which encompasses a wide, yet manageable, spectrum of key use cases that cut across all the smart contract languages under examination.

Published
2024

5. Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non- Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations

Author

Amarnath Rambhatla, Rupin Shah, Imad Ziouziou, Priyank Kothari, Gianmaria Salvio, Murat Gul, Taha Hamoda, Parviz Kavoussi, Widi Atmoko, Tuncay Toprak, Ponco Birowo, Edmund Ko, Mohamed Arafa, Ramy Abou Ghayda, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan, Giorgio Ivan Russo, Germar-Michael Pinggera, Eric Chung, Ahmed M. Harraz, Marlon Martinez, Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc, Nicholas Tadros, Ramadan Saleh, Missy Savira, Giovanni M. Colpi, Wael Zohdy, Edoardo Pescatori, Hyun Jun Park, Shinichiro Fukuhara, Akira Tsujimura, Cesar Rojas-Cruz, Angelo Marino, Siu King Mak, Edouard Amar, Wael Ibrahim, Puneet Sindhwani, Naif Alhathal, Gian Maria Busetto, Manaf Al Hashimi, Ahmed El-Sakka, Asci Ramazan, Fotios Dimitriadis, Massimiliano Timpano, Davor Jezek, Baris Altay, Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn, Michael YC Wong, Du Geon Moon, Christine Wyns, Safar Gamidov, Hamed Akhavizadegan, Alessandro Franceschelli, Kaan Aydos, Nguyen Quang, Shedeed Ashour, Adel Al Dayel, Mohammed S. Al-Marhoon, Sava Micic, Saleh Binsaleh, Alayman Hussein, Haitham Elbardisi, Taymour Mostafa, Jonathan Ramsay, Athanasios Zachariou, Islam Fathy Soliman Abdelrahman, Osvaldo Rajmil, Arif Kalkanli, Juan Manuel Corral Molina, Kadir Bocu, Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa, Gökhan Çeker, Ege Can Serefoglu, Fahmi Bahar, Nazim Gherabi, Shinnosuke Kuroda, Abderrazak Bouzouita, Ahmet Gudeloglu, Erman Ceyhan, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed Hasan, Muhammad Ujudud Musa, Ahmad Motawi, Chak-Lam Cho, Hisanori Taniguchi, Christopher Chee Kong Ho, Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez, Shingai Mutambirwa, Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor, Marion Bendayan, Carlo Giulioni, Aykut Baser, Marco Falcone, Luca Boeri, Gideon Blecher, Alireza Kheradmand, Tamilselvi Sethupathy, Ricky Adriansjah, Nima Narimani, Charalampos Konstantinidis, Tuan Thanh Nguyen, Andrian Japari, Parisa Dolati, Keerti Singh, Cevahir Ozer, Selcuk Sarikaya, Nadia Sheibak, Ndagijimana Jean Bosco, Mehmet Serkan Özkent, Sang Thanh Le, Ioannis Sokolakis, Darren Katz, Ryan Smith, Manh Nguyen Truong, Tan V. Le, Zhongwei Huang, Muslim Dogan Deger, Umut Arslan, Gokhan Calik, Giorgio Franco, Ayman Rashed, Oguzhan Kahraman, Sotiris Andreadakis, Rosadi Putra, Giancarlo Balercia, Kareim Khalafalla, Rossella Cannarella, Anh Đặng Tuấn, Amr El Meliegy, Birute Zilaitiene, Marlene Lizbeth Zamora Ramirez, Filippo Giacone, Aldo E. Calogero, Konstantinos Makarounis, Sunil Jindal, Bac Nguyen Hoai, Ravi Banthia, Marcelo Rodriguez Peña, Dharani Moorthy, Aram Adamyan, Deniz Kulaksiz, Hussein Kandil, Nikolaos Sofikitis, Ciro Salzano, Andreas Jungwirth, Surendra Reddy Banka, Tiago Cesar Mierzwa, Tahsin Turunç, Divyanu Jain, Armen Avoyan, Pietro Salacone, Ateş Kadıoğlu, Chirag Gupta, Haocheng Lin, Iman Shamohammadi, Nasser Mogharabian, Trenton Barrett, Yavuz Onur Danacıoğlu, Andrea Crafa, Salima Daoud, Vineet Malhotra, Abdulmalik Almardawi, Osama Mohamed Selim, Mohamad Moussa, Saeid Haghdani, Mesut Berkan Duran, Yannic Kunz, Mirko Preto, Elena Eugeni, Thang Nguyen, Ahmed Rashad Elshahid, Seso Sulijaya Suyono, Dyandra Parikesit, Essam Nada, Eduardo Gutiérrez Orozco, Florence Boitrelle, Nguyen Thi Minh Trang, Mounir Jamali, Raju Nair, Mikhail Ruzaev, Franco Gadda, Charalampos Thomas, Raphael Henrique Ferreira, Umit Gul, Serena Maruccia, Ajay Kanbur, Ella Kinzikeeva, Saad Mohammed Abumelha, Raghavender Kosgi, Fatih Gokalp, Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi, Gustavo Marquesine Paul, Hesamoddin Sajadi, Deepak Gupte, Rafael F. Ambar, Emrullah Sogutdelen, Karun Singla, Ari Basukarno, Shannon Hee Kyung Kim, Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani, Koichi Nagao, Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro, Andri Rezano, Mohamed Elkhouly, Rossella Mazzilli, Hasan M. A. Farsi, Hung Nguyen Ba, Hamed Alali, Dimitrios Kafetzis, Tran Quang Tien Long, Sami Alsaid, Hoang Bao Ngoc Cuong, Knigavko Oleksandr, Akhmad Mustafa, Herik Acosta, Hrishikesh Pai, Bahadır Şahin, Eko Arianto, Colin Teo, Sanjay Prakash Jayaprakash, Rinaldo Indra Rachman, Mustafa Gurkan Yenice, Omar Sefrioui, Shivam Priyadarshi, Marko Tanic, Noor Kareem Alfatlaw, Fikri Rizaldi, Ranjit B. Vishwakarma, George Kanakis, Dinesh Thomas Cherian, Joe Lee, Raisa Galstyan, Hakan Keskin, Janan Wurzacher, Doddy Hami Seno, Bambang S Noegroho, Ria Margiana, Qaisar Javed, Fabrizio Castiglioni, Raman Tanwar, Ana Puigvert, Coşkun Kaya, Medianto Purnomo, Chadi Yazbeck, Azwar Amir, Edson Borges, Marina Bellavia, Isaac Ardianson Deswanto, Vinod KV, Giovanni Liguori, Dang Hoang Minh, Kashif Siddiqi, Fulvio Colombo, Armand Zini, Niket Patel, Selahittin Çayan, Ula Al-kawaz, Maged Ragab, Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard, Jean de la Rosette, Ozan Efesoy, Ivan Hoffmann, Thiago Afonso Teixeira, Barış Saylam, Daniela Delgadillo, and Ashok Agarwal

Subjects
azoospermia, hypogonadism, infertility, male, semen, sperm retrieval, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Purpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common, but complex problem, with multiple therapeutic options and a lack of clear guidelines. Hence, there is considerable controversy and marked variation in the management of NOA. This survey evaluates contemporary global practices related to medical and surgical management for patients with NOA. Materials and Methods: A 56-question online survey covering various aspects of the evaluation and management of NOA was sent to specialists around the globe. This paper analyzes the results of the second half of the survey dealing with the management of NOA. Results have been compared to current guidelines, and expert recommendations have been provided using a Delphi process. Results: Participants from 49 countries submitted 336 valid responses. Hormonal therapy for 3 to 6 months was suggested before surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) by 29.6% and 23.6% of participants for normogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism respectively. The SSR rate was reported as 50.0% by 26.0% to 50.0% of participants. Interestingly, 46.0% reported successful SSR in

Published
2025
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7. Global Practice Patterns in the Evaluation of Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey and Expert Recommendations

Author

Rupin Shah, Amarnath Rambhatla, Widi Atmoko, Marlon Martinez, Imad Ziouziou, Priyank Kothari, Nicholas Tadros, Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc, Parviz Kavoussi, Ahmed Harraz, Gianmaria Salvio, Murat Gul, Taha Hamoda, Tuncay Toprak, Ponco Birowo, Edmund Ko, Mohamed Arafa, Ramy Abou Ghayda, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan, Ramadan Saleh, Giorgio Ivan Russo, Germar-Michael Pinggera, Eric Chung, Missy Savira, Giovanni M. Colpi, Wael Zohdy, Edoardo Pescatori, Hyun Jun Park, Shinichiro Fukuhara, Akira Tsujimura, Cesar Rojas-Cruz, Angelo Marino, Siu King Mak, Edouard Amar, Wael Ibrahim, Puneet Sindhwani, Naif Alhathal, Gian Maria Busetto, Manaf Al Hashimi, Ahmed El-Sakka, Asci Ramazan, Fotios Dimitriadis, Massimiliano Timpano, Davor Jezek, Baris Altay, Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn, Michael YC Wong, Du Geon Moon, Christine Wyns, Safar Gamidov, Hamed Akhavizadegan, Alessandro Franceschelli, Kaan Aydos, Vinh Nguyen Quang, Shedeed Ashour, Adel Al Dayel, Mohamed S. Al-Marhoon, Sava Micic, Saleh Binsaleh, Alayman Hussein, Haitham Elbardisi, Taymour Mostafa, Emad Taha, Jonathan Ramsay, Athanasios Zachariou, Islam Fathy Soliman Abdelrahman, Osvaldo Rajmil, Arif Kalkanli, Juan Manuel Corral Molina, Kadir Bocu, Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa, Gokhan Ceker, Ege Can Serefoglu, Fahmi Bahar, Nazim Gherabi, Shinnosuke Kuroda, Abderrazak Bouzouita, Ahmet Gudeloglu, Erman Ceyhan, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed Hasan, Muhammad Ujudud Musa, Ahmad Motawi, Cho Chak-Lam, Hisanori Taniguchi, Christopher Chee Kong Ho, Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez, Shingai Mutambirwa, Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor, Marion Bendayan, Carlo Giulioni, Aykut Baser, Marco Falcone, Luca Boeri, Gideon Blecher, Alireza Kheradmand, Tamilselvi Sethupathy, Ricky Adriansjah, Nima Narimani, Charalampos Konstantinidis, Tuan Thanh Nguyen, Andrian Japari, Parisa Dolati, Keerti Singh, Cevahir Ozer, Selcuk Sarikaya, Nadia Sheibak, Ndagijimana Jean Bosco, Mehmet Serkan Özkent, Sang Thanh Le, Ioannis Sokolakis, Darren Katz, Ryan Smith, Manh Nguyen Truong, Tan V. Le, Zhongwei Huang, Muslim Dogan Deger, Umut Arslan, Gokhan Calik, Giorgio Franco, Ayman Rashed, Oguzhan Kahraman, Sotiris Andreadakis, Rosadi Putra, Giancarlo Balercia, Kareim Khalafalla, Rossella Cannarella, Anh Đặng Tuấn, Amr El Meliegy, Birute Zilaitiene, Marlene Lizbeth Zamora Ramirez, Filippo Giacone, Aldo E. Calogero, Konstantinos Makarounis, Sunil Jindal, Bac Nguyen Hoai, Ravi Banthia, Marcelo Rodriguez Peña, Dharani Moorthy, Aram Adamyan, Deniz Kulaksiz, Hussein Kandil, Nikolaos Sofikitis, Ciro Salzano, Andreas Jungwirth, Surendra Reddy Banka, Tiago Cesar Mierzwa, Tahsin Turunç, Divyanu Jain, Armen Avoyan, Pietro Salacone, Ateş Kadıoğlu, Chirag Gupta, Haocheng Lin, Iman Shamohammadi, Nasser Mogharabian, Trenton Barrett, Yavuz Onur Danacıoğlu, Andrea Crafa, Salima Daoud, Vineet Malhotra, Abdulmalik Almardawi, Osama Mohamed Selim, Mohamad Moussa, Saeid Haghdani, Mesut Berkan Duran, Yannic Kunz, Mirko Preto, Elena Eugeni, Thang Nguyen, Ahmed Rashad Elshahid, Seso Sulijaya Suyono, Dyandra Parikesit, Essam Nada, Eduardo Gutiérrez Orozco, Florence Boitrelle, Nguyen Thi Minh Trang, Mounir Jamali, Raju Nair, Mikhail Ruzaev, Franco Gadda, Charalampos Thomas, Raphael Henrique Ferreira, Umit Gul, Serena Maruccia, Ajay Kanbur, Ella Kinzikeeva, Saad Abumelha, Nguyen Quang, Raghavender Kosgi, Fatih Gokalp, Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi, Gustavo Marquesine Paul, Hesamoddin Sajadi, Deepak Gupte, Rafael F. Ambar, Emrullah Sogutdelen, Karun Singla, Ari Basurkano, Shannon Hee Kyung Kim, Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani, Koichi Nagao, Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro, Andri Rezano, Mohamed Elkhouly, Rossella Mazzilli, Hasan M. A. Farsi, Hung Nguyen Ba, Hamed Alali, Dimitrios Kafetzis, Tran Quang Tien Long, Sami Alsaid, Hoang Bao Ngoc Cuong, Knigavko Oleksandr, Akhmad Mustafa, Herik Acosta, Hrishikesh Pai, Bahadır Şahin, Eko Arianto, Colin Teo, Sanjay Prakash Jayaprakash, Rinaldo Indra Rachman, Mustafa Gurkan Yenice, Omar Sefrioui, Smit Paghdar, Shivam Priyadarshi, Marko Tanic, Noor Kareem Alfatlawy, Fikri Rizaldi, Ranjit B. Vishwakarma, George Kanakis, Dinesh Thomas Cherian, Joe Lee, Raisa Galstyan, Hakan Keskin, Jana Wurzacher, Doddy Hami Seno, Bambang S. Noegroho, Ria Margiana, Qaisar Javed, Fabrizio Castiglioni, Raman Tanwar, Ana Puigvert, Coşkun Kaya, Medianto Purnomo, Chadi Yazbeck, Azwar Amir, Edson Borges, Marina Bellavia, Isaac Ardianson Deswanto, Vinod K V, Giovanni Liguori, Dang Hoang Minh, Kashif Siddiqi, Fulvio Colombo, Armand Zini, Niket Patel, Selahittin Çayan, Ula Al-Kawaz, Maged Ragab, Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard, Ivan Hoffmann, Ozan Efesoy, Barış Saylam, and Ashok Agarwal

Subjects
azoospermia, diagnosis, guideline, infertility, male, surveys and questionnaires, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Purpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) represents the persistent absence of sperm in ejaculate without obstruction, stemming from diverse disease processes. This survey explores global practices in NOA diagnosis, comparing them with guidelines and offering expert recommendations. Materials and Methods:Materials and Methods: A 56-item questionnaire survey on NOA diagnosis and management was conducted globally from July to September 2022. This paper focuses on part 1, evaluating NOA diagnosis. Data from 367 participants across 49 coun-tries were analyzed descriptively, with a Delphi process used for expert recommendations. Results:Results: Of 336 eligible responses, most participants were experienced attending physicians (70.93%). To diagnose azoosper-mia definitively, 81.7% requested two semen samples. Commonly ordered hormone tests included serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (97.0%), total testosterone (92.9%), and luteinizing hormone (86.9%). Genetic testing was requested by 66.6%, with karyotype analysis (86.2%) and Y chromosome microdeletions (88.3%) prevalent. Diagnostic testicular biopsy, distinguishing obstructive azoospermia (OA) from NOA, was not performed by 45.1%, while 34.6% did it selectively. Differ-entiation relied on physical examination (76.1%), serum hormone profiles (69.6%), and semen tests (68.1%). Expectations of finding sperm surgically were higher in men with normal FSH, larger testes, and a history of sperm in ejaculate. Conclusions:Conclusions: This expert survey, encompassing 367 participants from 49 countries, unveils congruence with recommended guidelines in NOA diagnosis. However, noteworthy disparities in practices suggest a need for evidence-based, international consensus guidelines to standardize NOA evaluation, addressing existing gaps in professional recommendations.

Published
2024
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8. Artificial intelligence in andrology – fact or fiction: essential takeaway for busy clinicians

Author

Aldo E Calogero, Andrea Crafa, Rossella Cannarella, Ramadan Saleh, Rupin Shah, and Ashok Agarwal

Subjects
andrology, artificial intelligence, assisted reproductive technique, machine learning, male infertility, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the current approach to medicine. AI uses machine learning algorithms to predict the success of therapeutic procedures or assist the clinician in the decision-making process. To date, machine learning studies in the andrological field have mainly focused on prostate cancer imaging and management. However, an increasing number of studies are documenting the use of AI to assist clinicians in decision-making and patient management in andrological diseases such as varicocele or sexual dysfunction. Additionally, machine learning applications are being employed to enhance success rates in assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). This article offers the clinicians as well as the researchers with a brief overview of the current use of AI in andrology, highlighting the current state-of-the-art scientific evidence, the direction in which the research is going, and the strengths and limitations of this approach.

Published
2024
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9. Predictive parameters of the efficacy of varicocele repair: a review

Author

Andrea Crafa, Rossella Cannarella, Rosita A Condorelli, Laura M Mongioì, Sandro La Vignera, and Aldo E Calogero

Subjects
artificial intelligence, predictive parameters, varicocele, varicocele repair, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Varicocele has a prevalence of 15% in the population and represents a primary cause of infertility in 40% of cases and a secondary cause in approximately 80% of cases. It is considered the major correctable cause of male infertility. Despite its high prevalence in the infertile population, a large number of patients with varicocele do not experience reproductive difficulties. For this reason, it is still highly debated which parameters could be used to predict which patients with varicocele will be most likely to benefit from its repair. The main international and European guidelines state that treatment should only be considered in infertile patients with abnormal sperm quality. However, these guidelines do not help physicians to identify which of these patients may benefit from the treatment. Therefore, this narrative review collects the evidence in the literature on the usefulness of some factors as predictors of improvement, highlighting how some of them may be effective in an initial selection of patients to be treated, while others are promising but further studies are needed. Finally, a brief consideration on the possible role of artificial intelligence is proposed.

Published
2024
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11. Sperm Mesoderm Specific Transcript Gene Methylation Status in Infertile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

Rossella Cannarella, Claudia Leanza, Andrea Crafa, Federica Barbagallo, Sandro La Vignera, Rosita Angela Condorelli, and Aldo Eugenio Calogero

Subjects
epigenomics, infertility, methylation, oligospermia, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Purpose: The mesoderm specific transcription (MEST) gene is a paternally expressed imprinted gene that appears to play a role in embryo survival. The latest meta-analysis on MEST methylation pattern in spermatozoa of infertile patients found higher methylation in spermatozoa from infertile patients than fertile controls. To provide an updated and comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on the MEST gene methylation pattern in patients with abnormal sperm parameters compared to men with normal parameters. Materials and Methods: This meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023397056) and performed following the MOOSE guidelines for Meta-analyses and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Only original articles evaluating MEST gene methylation in spermatozoa from patients with infertility or abnormalities in one or more sperm parameters compared to fertile or normozoospermic men were included. Results: Of 354 abstracts evaluated for eligibility, only 6 studies were included in the quantitative synthesis, involving a total of 301 patients and 163 controls. Our analysis showed significantly higher levels of MEST gene methylation in patients compared with controls (standard mean difference [SMD] 2.150, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.377, 3.922; p=0.017), although there was significant heterogeneity between studies (Q-value=239.90, p

Published
2024
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12. Testicular function in postpubertal patients with growth hormone deficiency: A prospective controlled study

Author

Rossella Cannarella, Andrea Crafa, Sabrina Sapienza, Roberto Curto, Manuela M. Caruso, Rosita A. Condorelli, Sandro La Vignera, and Aldo E. Calogero

Subjects
GH, GHD, Testicular function, Spermatogenesis, Testis, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, RC648-665
Abstract

Background: We have previously shown that treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (GH) influences testicular growth in children with GH deficiency (GHD) and have suggested that GH plays a role in testicular growth in childhood. Little evidence is available on testicular function in post-pubertal GHD patients. Objective: This prospective controlled study was undertaken to evaluate testicular function in patients with GHD. Patients and Methods: Post-pubertal patients with non-syndromic GHD over the age of 16 years were enrolled. Each patient underwent to the assessment of serum levels of gonadotropins and total testosterone (TT), conventional sperm parameters, and testicular volume (TV) measured by ultrasound examination. Age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Patients with disorders capable of interfering with testicular function were excluded. Results: 26 patients with GHD and 25 age-matched post-pubertal controls were enrolled. They did not differ in serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and TT levels. However, GHD patients had lower semen volume, total sperm count, progressive motility, and total motility values, and a higher prevalence of oligozoospermia compared to controls. No difference was found in sperm concentration and normal morphology. Importantly, GHD patients had lower TV, and a higher prevalence of testicular hypotrophy. Conclusion: This is the first evidence of mildly impaired sperm parameters and TV in GHD patients compared to healthy controls. The integrity of the GH-IGF1 axis in prepuberty is important for achieving normal testicular function in adulthood. Evaluating testicular growth over time in GHD children and measuring TV and sperm parameters in postpubertal GHD boys is advisable.

Published
2025
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13. From Legal Contracts to Legal Calculi: the code-driven normativity

Author

Crafa, Silvia

Subjects
Computer Science - Programming Languages, Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Logic in Computer Science
Abstract

Using dedicated software to represent or enact legislation or regulation has the advantage of solving the inherent ambiguity of legal texts and enabling the automation of compliance with legal norms. On the other hand, the so-called code-driven normativity is less flexible than the legal provisions it claims to implement, and transforms the nature of legal protection, potentially reducing the capability of individual human beings to invoke legal remedies. In this article we focus on software-based legal contracts; we illustrate the design of a legal calculus whose primitives allow a direct formalisation of contracts' normative elements (i.e., permissions, prohibitions, obligations, asset transfer, judicial enforcement and openness to the external context). We show that interpreting legal contracts as interaction protocols between (untrusted) parties enables the generalisation of formal methods and tools for concurrent systems to the legal setting, Comment: In Proceedings EXPRESS/SOS 2022, arXiv:2208.14777. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2110.11069

Published
2022
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16. A Compact Continuous Analyzer of Particulate Matter Radioactivity

Author

Riboldi, Christian, Crafa, Daniele M., Fiorini, Carlo, Carminati, Marco, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Tan, Kay Chen, Series Editor, Bellotti, Francesco, editor, Grammatikakis, Miltos D., editor, Mansour, Ali, editor, Ruo Roch, Massimo, editor, Seepold, Ralf, editor, Solanas, Agusti, editor, and Berta, Riccardo, editor

Published
2024
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17. Smart contract languages: A comparative analysis.

Author

Massimo Bartoletti, Lorenzo Benetollo, Michele Bugliesi, Silvia Crafa, Giacomo Dal Sasso, Roberto Pettinau, Andrea Pinna 0002, Mattia Piras, Sabina Rossi, Stefano Salis, Alvise Spanò, Viacheslav Tkachenko, Roberto Tonelli, and Roberto Zunino

Published
2025
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20. Pacta sunt servanda: legal contracts in Stipula

Author

Crafa, Silvia, Laneve, Cosimo, and Sartor, Giovanni

Subjects
Computer Science - Programming Languages
Abstract

There is a growing interest in running legal contracts on digital systems, at the same time, it is important to understand to what extent software contracts may capture legal content. We then undertake a foundational study of legal contracts and we distill four main features: agreement, permissions, violations and obligations. We therefore design Stipula, a domain specific language that assists lawyers in programming legal contracts through specific patterns. The language is based on a small set of abstractions that correspond to common patterns in legal contracts, and that are amenable to be executed either on centralized or on distributed systems. Stipula comes with a formal semantics and an observational equivalence, that provide for a clear account of the contracts' behaviour. The expressive power of the language is illustrated by a set of examples that correspond to template contracts that are often used in practice.

Published
2021

21. Artificial Intelligence in Andrology: From Semen Analysis to Image Diagnostics

Author

Ramy Abou Ghayda, Rossella Cannarella, Aldo E. Calogero, Rupin Shah, Amarnath Rambhatla, Wael Zohdy, Parviz Kavoussi, Tomer Avidor-Reiss, Florence Boitrelle, Taymour Mostafa, Ramadan Saleh, Tuncay Toprak, Ponco Birowo, Gianmaria Salvio, Gokhan Calik, Shinnosuke Kuroda, Raneen Sawaid Kaiyal, Imad Ziouziou, Andrea Crafa, Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc, Giorgio I. Russo, Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Manaf Al-Hashimi, Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda, Germar-Michael Pinggera, Ricky Adriansjah, Israel Maldonado Rosas, Mohamed Arafa, Eric Chung, Widi Atmoko, Lucia Rocco, Haocheng Lin, Eric Huyghe, Priyank Kothari, Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez, Fotios Dimitriadis, Nicolas Garrido, Sheryl Homa, Marco Falcone, Marjan Sabbaghian, Hussein Kandil, Edmund Ko, Marlon Martinez, Quang Nguyen, Ahmed M. Harraz, Ege Can Serefoglu, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan, Dung Mai Ba Tien, Sunil Jindal, Sava Micic, Marina Bellavia, Hamed Alali, Nazim Gherabi, Sheena Lewis, Hyun Jun Park, Mara Simopoulou, Hassan Sallam, Liliana Ramirez, Giovanni Colpi, and Ashok Agarwal

Subjects
andrology, artificial intelligence, deep learning, diagnostic imaging, machine learning, neural networks, computer, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine has gained a lot of momentum in the last decades and has been applied to various fields of medicine. Advances in computer science, medical informatics, robotics, and the need for personalized medicine have facilitated the role of AI in modern healthcare. Similarly, as in other fields, AI applications, such as machine learning, artificial neural networks, and deep learning, have shown great potential in andrology and reproductive medicine. AI-based tools are poised to become valuable assets with abilities to support and aid in diagnosing and treating male infertility, and in improving the accuracy of patient care. These automated, AI-based predictions may offer consistency and efficiency in terms of time and cost in infertility research and clinical management. In andrology and reproductive medicine, AI has been used for objective sperm, oocyte, and embryo selection, prediction of surgical outcomes, cost-effective assessment, development of robotic surgery, and clinical decision-making systems. In the future, better integration and implementation of AI into medicine will undoubtedly lead to pioneering evidence-based breakthroughs and the reshaping of andrology and reproductive medicine.

Published
2024
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22. Does Varicocele Repair Improve Conventional Semen Parameters? A Meta-Analytic Study of Before-After Data

Author

Rossella Cannarella, Rupin Shah, Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda, Florence Boitrelle, Ramadan Saleh, Murat Gul, Amarnath Rambhatla, Parviz Kavoussi, Tuncay Toprak, Ahmed M. Harraz, Edmund Ko, Gökhan Çeker, Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Noora Alkahidi, Shinnosuke Kuroda, Andrea Crafa, Ralf Henkel, Gianmaria Salvio, Berk Hazir, Mahsa Darbandi, Marion Bendayan, Sara Darbandi, Marco Falcone, Raghavender Kosgi, Raneen Sawaid Kaiyal, Keshab Karna, Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc, Ponco Birowo, Giovanni M. Colpi, Jean de la Rosette, Germar-Michael Pinggera, Quang Nguyen, Armand Zini, Wael Zohdy, Rajender Singh, Pallavi Saini, Sidney Glina, Haocheng Lin, Taymour Mostafa, Cesar Rojas-Cruz, Mohamed Arafa, Aldo E. Calogero, Fotios Dimitriadis, Priyank Kothari, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan, Keisuke Okada, Koji Chiba, Ates Kadıoglu, Baris Altay, Tahsin Turunc, Birute Zilaitiene, Fatih Gokalp, Aram Adamyan, Darren Katz, Eric Chung, Tiago Cesar Mierzwa, Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn, Gustavo Marquesine Paul, Nikolaos Sofikitis, Ioannis Sokolakis, Vineet Malhotra, Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro, Ricky Adriansjah, Akira Tsujimura, Toshiyasu Amano, Giancarlo Balercia, Imad Ziouziou, Isaac Ardianson Deswanto, Marlon Martinez, Hyun Jun Park, Mustafa Emre Bakırcıoglu, Erman Ceyhan, Kaan Aydos, Jonathan Ramsay, Suks Minhas, Manaf Al Hashimi, Ramy Abou Ghayda, Nicholas Tadros, Puneet Sindhwani, Christopher C.K. Ho, Rinaldo Indra Rachman, Marcelo Rodriguez Pena, Ahmad Motawi, Arun Karthik Ponnusamy, Satish Dipankar, Azwar Amir, Saleh Binsaleh, Ege Can Serefoglu, Ravi Banthia, Kareim Khalafalla, Ari Basukarno, Nguyen Hoai Bac, Karun Singla, Rafael F. Ambar, Konstantinos Makarounis, Shivam Priyadarshi, Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa, Widi Atmoko, Sunil Jindal, Eko Arianto, Hamed Akhavizadegan, Haitham El Bardisi, Ohad Shoshany, Gian Maria Busetto, Mohamad Moussa, Mounir Jamali, Mohamed S. Al-Marhoon, Mikhail Ruzaev, Hasan M. A. Farsi, Shingai Mutambirwa, Dong Sup Lee, Deniz Kulaksiz, Yu-Sheng Cheng, Abderrazak Bouzouita, Selcuk Sarikaya, Hussein Kandil, Georgios Tsampoukas, Ala’a Farkouh, Kasonde Bowa, Missy Savira, Nasser Mogharabian, Tan V. Le, Maruto Harjanggi, Dang Tuan Anh, Tran Quang Tien Long, Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi, Lukman Hakim, Marko Tanic, Umut Cagin Ari, Firuza R. Parikh, Gokhan Calik, Vinod KV, Gyem Dorji, Andri Rezano, Osvaldo Rajmil, Dung Mai Ba Tien, Yiming Yuan, Juan Francisco Lizarraga-Salas, Balantine Eze, Kay Seong Ngoo, Joe Lee, Umut Arslan, and Ashok Agarwal

Subjects
controlled before-after studies, infertility, male, meta-analysis, varicocele, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this meta-analysis is to study the impact of varicocele repair in the largest cohort of infertile males with clinical varicocele by including all available studies, with no language restrictions, comparing intra-person conventional semen parameters before and after the repair of varicoceles. Materials and Methods: The meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA-P and MOOSE guidelines. A systematic search was performed in Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. Eligible studies were selected according to the PICOS model (Population: infertile male patients with clinical varicocele; Intervention: varicocele repair; Comparison: intraperson before-after varicocele repair; Outcome: conventional semen parameters; Study type: randomized controlled trials [RCTs], observational and case-control studies). Results: Out of 1,632 screened abstracts, 351 articles (23 RCTs, 292 observational, and 36 case-control studies) were included in the quantitative analysis. The before-and-after analysis showed significant improvements in all semen parameters after varicocele repair (except sperm vitality); semen volume: standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.203, 95% CI: 0.129–0.278; p

Published
2024
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23. Testosterone replacement therapy and vascular thromboembolic events: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Rossella Cannarella, Carmelo Gusmano, Claudia Leanza, Vincenzo Garofalo, Andrea Crafa, Federica Barbagallo, Rosita A Condorelli, Sandro La Vignera, and Aldo E Calogero

Subjects
hypogonadism, testosterone, testosterone replacement therapy, thromboembolism, thrombosis, trt, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

To evaluate the relationship between testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and arterial and/or venous thrombosis in patients with pre-treatment total testosterone (TT)

Published
2024
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25. REDISCOVER International Guidelines on the Perioperative Care of Surgical Patients With Borderline-resectable and Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Author

Boggi, Ugo, Kauffmann, Emanuele, Napoli, Niccolò, Barreto, S. George, Besselink, Marc G., Fusai, Giuseppe K., Hackert, Thilo, Abu Hilal, Mohammad, Marchegiani, Giovanni, Salvia, Roberto, Shrikhande, Shailesh V., Truty, Mark, Werner, Jens, Wolfgang, Christopher L., Bannone, Elisa, Capretti, Giovanni, Cattelani, Alice, Coppola, Alessandro, Cucchetti, Alessandro, De Sio, Davide, Di Dato, Armando, Di Meo, Giovanna, Fiorillo, Claudio, Gianfaldoni, Cesare, Ginesini, Michael, Hidalgo Salinas, Camila, Lai, Quirino, Miccoli, Mario, Montorsi, Roberto, Pagnanelli, Michele, Poli, Andrea, Ricci, Claudio, Sucameli, Francesco, Tamburrino, Domenico, Viti, Virginia, Addeo, Pietro F., Alfieri, Sergio, Bachellier, Philippe, Baiocchi, Gian Luca, Balzano, Gianpaolo, Barbarello, Linda, Brolese, Alberto, Busquets, Juli, Butturini, Giovanni, Caniglia, Fabio, Caputo, Damiano, Casadei, Riccardo, Chunhua, Xi, Colangelo, Ettore, Coratti, Andrea, Costa, Francesca, Crafa, Francesco, Dalla Valle, Raffaele, De Carlis, Luciano, de Wilde, Roeland F., Del Chiaro, Marco, Di Benedetto, Fabrizio, Di Sebastiano, Pierluigi, Dokmak, Safi, Hogg, Melissa, Egorov, Vyacheslav I., Ercolani, Giorgio, Ettorre, Giuseppe Maria, Falconi, Massimo, Ferrari, Giovanni, Ferrero, Alessandro, Filauro, Marco, Giardino, Alessandro, Grazi, Gian Luca, Gruttadauria, Salvatore, Izbicki, Jakob R, Jovine, Elio, Katz, Matthew, Keck, Tobias, Khatkov, Igor, Kiguchi, Gozo, Kooby, David, Lang, Hauke, Lombardo, Carlo, Malleo, Giuseppe, Massani, Marco, Mazzaferro, Vincenzo, Memeo, Riccardo, Miao, Yi, Mishima, Kohei, Molino, Carlo, Nagakawa, Yuichi, Nakamura, Masafumi, Nardo, Bruno, Panaro, Fabrizio, Pasquali, Claudio, Perrone, Vittorio, Rangelova, Elena, Liu, Rong, Romagnoli, Renato, Romito, Raffaele, Rosso, Edoardo, Schulick, Richard, Siriwardena, Ajith, Spampinato, Marcello Giuseppe, Strobel, Oliver, Testini, Mario, Troisi, Roberto Ivan, Uzunoglo, Faik G., Valente, Roberto, Veneroni, Luigi, Zerbi, Alessandro, Vicente, Emilio, Vistoli, Fabio, Vivarelli, Marco, Wakabayashi, Go, Zanus, Giacomo, Zureikat, Amer, Zyromski, Nicholas J., Coppola, Roberto, D’Andrea, Vito, Davide, José, Dervenis, Christos, Frigerio, Isabella, Konlon, Kevin C., Michelassi, Fabrizio, Montorsi, Marco, Nealon, William, Portolani, Nazario, Sousa Silva, Donzília, Bozzi, Giuseppe, Ferrari, Viviana, Trivella, Maria G., Cameron, John, Clavien, Pierre-Alain, Asbun, Horacio J., Boraschi, Piero, Campani, Daniela, Cappelli, Carla, Cioni, Roberto, Dominici, Massimo, Esposito, Irene, Gambacorta, Maria A, Marciano, Emanuele, Masi, Gianluca, Morganti, Alessio, Mutignani, Massimiliano, Neri, Emanuele, Paiar, Fabiola, Reni, Michele, Rotondo, Maria Isabella, Silvestris, Nicola, Tortora, Giampaolo, Vasile, Enrico, and Volterrani, Duccio

Published
2024
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26. Smart contract languages:A comparative analysis

Author

Bartoletti, Massimo, Benetollo, Lorenzo, Bugliesi, Michele, Crafa, Silvia, Sasso, Giacomo Dal, Pettinau, Roberto, Pinna, Andrea, Piras, Mattia, Rossi, Sabina, Salis, Stefano, Spanò, Alvise, Tkachenko, Viacheslav, Tonelli, Roberto, Zunino, Roberto, Bartoletti, Massimo, Benetollo, Lorenzo, Bugliesi, Michele, Crafa, Silvia, Sasso, Giacomo Dal, Pettinau, Roberto, Pinna, Andrea, Piras, Mattia, Rossi, Sabina, Salis, Stefano, Spanò, Alvise, Tkachenko, Viacheslav, Tonelli, Roberto, and Zunino, Roberto

Abstract

Smart contracts have played a pivotal role in the evolution of blockchains and Decentralized Applications (DApps). As DApps continue to gain widespread adoption, multiple smart contract languages have been and are being made available to developers, each with its distinctive features, strengths, and weaknesses. In this paper, we examine the smart contract languages used in major blockchain platforms, with the goal of providing a comprehensive assessment of their main properties. Our analysis targets the programming languages rather than the underlying architecture: as a result, while we do consider the interplay between language design and blockchain model, our main focus remains on language-specific features such as usability, programming style, safety and security. To conduct our assessment, we propose an original benchmark which encompasses a wide, yet manageable, spectrum of key use cases that cut across all the smart contract languages under examination.

Published
2025

27. Comparison Between Varicocelectomy and Varicocele Sclerotherapy: Results of a Single-Center Observational Study

Author

Rossella Cannarella, Vittorio Cannarella, Rosario Randazzo, Andrea Crafa, Michele Compagnone, Laura M. Mongioì, Rosita A. Condorelli, Vincenzo Bagnara, Sandro La Vignera, and Aldo E. Calogero

Subjects
varicocele, sclerotherapy, varicocelectomy, sperm parameters, bio-functional, Science
Abstract

Affecting up to 15% of men worldwide, varicocele has been recognized as a cause of infertility, and its repair is associated with an improvement in conventional and bio-functional sperm parameters. Various surgical and radiological techniques exist for varicocele repair. However, it is unclear which technique is associated with greater clinical efficacy. This retrospective, single-center study aimed to compare the effectiveness of surgical treatment (Ivanissevich technique) versus radiological treatment (sclerotherapy) in a cohort of 94 patients with varicocele. After varicocele repair, a significant increase in sperm concentration was observed only in the group of patients treated with sclerotherapy. A significant reduction in the percentage of patients with oligozoospermia was found in the group of patients treated surgically. Patients undergoing surgical varicocelectomy had increased serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, decreased spermatid concentration, and increased percentage of spermatozoa in late apoptosis, probably as a result of surgical traumatism. In conclusion, the results of this study did not show a clear benefit of one technique over the other and confirm the findings of the current literature. However, it remains one of the few on the topic that also considers sperm bio-functional parameters among its outcomes and opens the research up to new considerations on the bio-functional sperm parameters.

Published
2024
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29. Controversy and Consensus on the Management of Elevated Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations

Author

Ala’a Farkouh, Ashok Agarwal, Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda, Parviz Kavoussi, Ramadan Saleh, Armand Zini, Mohamed Arafa, Ahmed M. Harraz, Murat Gul, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan, Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Amarnath Rambhatla, Florence Boitrelle, Eric Chung, Ponco Birowo, Tuncay Toprak, Ramy Abou Ghayda, Rossella Cannarella, Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc, Fotios Dimitriadis, Giorgio I. Russo, Ioannis Sokolakis, Taymour Mostafa, Konstantinos Makarounis, Imad Ziouziou, Shinnosuke Kuroda, Marion Bendayan, Raneen Sawaid Kaiyal, Andrian Japari, Mara Simopoulou, Lucia Rocco, Nicolas Garrido, Nazim Gherabi, Kadir Bocu, Oguzhan Kahraman, Tan V. Le, Christine Wyns, Kelton Tremellen, Selcuk Sarikaya, Sheena Lewis, Donald P. Evenson, Edmund Ko, Aldo E. Calogero, Fahmi Bahar, Marlon Martinez, Andrea Crafa, Quang Nguyen, Rafael F. Ambar, Giovanni Colpi, Mustafa Emre Bakircioglu, Ralf Henkel, Hussein Kandil, Ege Can Serefoglu, Abdullah Alarbid, Akira Tsujimura, Alireza Kheradmand, Christina Anagnostopoulou, Angelo Marino, Aram Adamyan, Birute Zilaitiene, Cevahir Ozer, Edoardo Pescatori, Paraskevi Vogiatzi, Gian Maria Busetto, Giancarlo Balercia, Haitham Elbardisi, Hamed Akhavizadegan, Hesamoddin Sajadi, Hisanori Taniguchi, Hyun Jun Park, Israel Maldonado Rosas, Mohamed Al-Marhoon, Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani, Naif Alhathal, Germar-Michael Pinggera, Priyank Kothari, Nasser Mogharabian, Sava Micic, Sheryl Homa, Sara Darbandi, Tran Quang Tien Long, Wael Zohdy, Widi Atmoko, Marjan Sabbaghian, Wael Ibrahim, Ryan P. Smith, Christopher Chee Kong Ho, Jean de la Rosette, Ahmed I. El-Sakka, Mirko Preto, Cătălina Zenoaga-Barbăroșie, Saad Mohammed Abumelha, Aykut Baser, Kaan Aydos, Liliana Ramirez-Dominguez, Vijay Kumar, Teng Aik Ong, Tiago Cesar Mierzwa, Ricky Adriansjah, Saleem A. Banihani, Kasonde Bowa, Shinichiro Fukuhara, Marcelo Rodriguez Peña, Mohamad Moussa, Umut Çağın Ari, Chak-Lam Cho, Nicholas N. Tadros, Muhammet Rasit Ugur, Edouard Amar, Marco Falcone, Frederic Romain Santer, Arif Kalkanli, Keshab Kumar Karna, Kareim Khalafalla, Ranjit B. Vishwakarma, Federica Finocchi, Carlo Giulioni, Erman Ceyhan, Gökhan Çeker, Chadi Yazbeck, Osvaldo Rajmil, Mehmet Yilmaz, Baris Altay, Trenton L. Barrett, Kay Seong Ngoo, Shubhadeep Roychoudhury, Gianmaria Salvio, Haocheng Lin, Ates Kadioglu, Massimiliano Timpano, Tomer Avidor-Reiss, Lukman Hakim, Puneet Sindhwani, Giorgio Franco, Rajender Singh, Filippo Giacone, Mikhail Ruzaev, Raghavender Kosgi, Nikolaos Sofikitis, Ayad Palani, Gokhan Calik, Deniz Kulaksız, Davor Jezek, Manaf Al Hashmi, Panagiotis Drakopoulos, Huda Omran, Sofia Leonardi, Ciler Celik-Ozenci, Nur Dokuzeylül Güngör, Jonathan Ramsay, Toshiyasu Amano, Emrullah Sogutdelen, Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa, Koji Chiba, Sunil Jindal, Missy Savira, Luca Boeri, Edson Borges, Deepak Gupte, Fatih Gokalp, Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard, Suks Minhas, and Rupin Shah

Subjects
delphi method, disease management, dna fragmentation, male infertility, practice guideline, survey, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Purpose: Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) has been associated with male infertility and poor outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The purpose of this study was to investigate global practices related to the management of elevated SDF in infertile men, summarize the relevant professional society recommendations, and provide expert recommendations for managing this condition. Materials and Methods: An online global survey on clinical practices related to SDF was disseminated to reproductive clinicians, according to the CHERRIES checklist criteria. Management protocols for various conditions associated with SDF were captured and compared to the relevant recommendations in professional society guidelines and the appropriate available evidence. Expert recommendations and consensus on the management of infertile men with elevated SDF were then formulated and adapted using the Delphi method.Results: A total of 436 experts from 55 different countries submitted responses. As an initial approach, 79.1% of reproductive experts recommend lifestyle modifications for infertile men with elevated SDF, and 76.9% prescribe empiric antioxidants. Regarding antioxidant duration, 39.3% recommend 4–6 months and 38.1% recommend 3 months. For men with unexplained or idiopathic infertility, and couples experiencing recurrent miscarriages associated with elevated SDF, most respondents refer to ART 6 months after failure of conservative and empiric medical management. Infertile men with clinical varicocele, normal conventional semen parameters, and elevated SDF are offered varicocele repair immediately after diagnosis by 31.4%, and after failure of antioxidants and conservative measures by 40.9%. Sperm selection techniques and testicular sperm extraction are also management options for couples undergoing ART. For most questions, heterogenous practices were demonstrated. Conclusions: This paper presents the results of a large global survey on the management of infertile men with elevated SDF and reveals a lack of consensus among clinicians. Furthermore, it demonstrates the scarcity of professional society guidelines in this regard and attempts to highlight the relevant evidence. Expert recommendations are proposed to help guide clinicians.

Published
2023
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33. Design and Validation of an Electronic Unit for Monitoring Water Distribution in Plastic Pipes

Author

Riboldi, Christian, Crafa, Daniele M., Carminati, Marco, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Berta, Riccardo, editor, and De Gloria, Alessandro, editor

Published
2023
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34. Modular IoT Unit to Monitor Water Distribution with an Impedance Leak Sensor

Author

Riboldi, Christian, Crafa, Daniele M., Carminati, Marco, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Cocorullo, Giuseppe, editor, Crupi, Felice, editor, and Limiti, Ernesto, editor

Published
2023
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35. Smart Contract Languages: a comparative analysis.

Author

Massimo Bartoletti, Lorenzo Benetollo, Michele Bugliesi, Silvia Crafa, Giacomo Dal Sasso, Roberto Pettinau, Andrea Pinna 0002, Mattia Piras, Sabina Rossi, Stefano Salis, Alvise Spanò, Viacheslav Tkachenko, Roberto Tonelli, and Roberto Zunino

Published
2024
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36. Behind the Genetics: The Role of Epigenetics in Infertility-Related Testicular Dysfunction

Author

Andrea Crafa, Rossella Cannarella, Aldo E. Calogero, Sezgin Gunes, and Ashok Agarwal

Subjects
male infertility, epigenetics, varicocele, obesity, risky lifestyle behaviors, sperm DNA methylation, Science
Abstract

In recent decades, we have witnessed a progressive decline in male fertility. This is partly related to the increased prevalence of chronic diseases (e.g., obesity and diabetes mellitus) and risky lifestyle behaviors. These conditions alter male fertility through various non-genetic mechanisms. However, there is increasing evidence that they are also capable of causing sperm epigenetic alterations, which, in turn, can cause infertility. Furthermore, these modifications could be transmitted to offspring, altering their general and reproductive health. Therefore, these epigenetic modifications could represent one of the causes of the progressive decline in sperm count recorded in recent decades. This review focuses on highlighting epigenetic modifications at the sperm level induced by non-genetic causes of infertility. In detail, the effects on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the expression profiles of non-coding RNAs are evaluated. Finally, a focus on the risk of transgenerational inheritance is presented. Our narrative review aims to demonstrate how certain conditions can alter gene expression, potentially leading to the transmission of anomalies to future generations. It emphasizes the importance of the early detection and treatment of reversible conditions (such as obesity and varicocele) and the modification of risky lifestyle behaviors. Addressing these issues is crucial for individual health, in preserving fertility, and in ensuring the well-being of future generations.

Published
2024
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37. Solidity 0.5: when typed does not mean type safe

Author

Crafa, Silvia and Di Pirro, Matteo

Subjects
Computer Science - Programming Languages
Abstract

The recent release of Solidity 0.5 introduced a new type to prevent Ether transfers to smart contracts that are not supposed to receive money. Unfortunately, the compiler fails in enforcing the guarantees this type intended to convey, hence the type soundness of Solidity 0.5 is no better than that of Solidity 0.4. In this paper we discuss a paradigmatic example showing that vulnerable Solidity patterns based on potentially unsafe callback expressions are still unchecked. We also point out a solution that strongly relies on formal methods to support a type-safer smart contracts programming discipline, while being retro-compatible with legacy Solidity code.

Published
2019

38. Impact of Varicocele Repair on Semen Parameters in Infertile Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

Rossella Cannarella, Ramadan Saleh, Florence Boitrelle, Murat Gül, Tuncay Toprak, Gianmaria Salvio, Mohamed Arafa, Giorgio I. Russo, Ahmed M. Harraz, Rajender Singh, Nicolas Garrido, Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda, Amarnath Rambhatla, Parviz Kavoussi, Shinnosuke Kuroda, Gökhan Çalik, Pallavi Saini, Erman Ceyhan, Fotios Dimitriadis, Ralf Henkel, Andrea Crafa, Ayad Palani, Mesut Berkan Duran, Evangelos Maziotis, Émine Saïs, Marion Bendayan, Mahsa Darbandi, Tan V. Le, Sezgin Gunes, Petroula Tsioulou, Pallav Sengupta, Berk Hazir, Gökhan Çeker, Sara Darbandi, Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Azin Aghamajidi, Noora Alkhalidi, Emrullah Sogutdelen, Kristian Leisegang, Abdullah Alarbid, Christopher C. K. Ho, Vineet Malhotra, Federica Finocchi, Luís Crisóstomo, Raghavender Kosgi, Haitham ElBardisi, Armand Zini, Ponco Birowo, Giovanni Colpi, Hyun Jun Park, Ege Can Serefoglu, Quang Nguyen, Edmund Ko, Jean de la Rosette, Germar M. Pinggera, Ho Vinh Phuoc Nguyen, Hussein Kandil, and Rupin Shah

Subjects
male infertility, semen, varicocele, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Purpose: Despite the significant role of varicocele in the pathogenesis of male infertility, the impact of varicocele repair (VR) on conventional semen parameters remains controversial. Only a few systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMAs) have evaluated the impact of VR on sperm concentration, total motility, and progressive motility, mostly using a before-after analytic approach. No SRMA to date has evaluated the change in conventional semen parameters after VR compared to untreated controls. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of VR on conventional semen parameters in infertile patients with clinical varicocele compared to untreated controls. Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed using Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases following the Population Intervention Comparison Outcome (PICOS) model (Population: infertile patients with clinical varicocele; Intervention: VR [any technique]; Comparison: infertile patients with clinical varicocele that were untreated; Outcome: sperm concentration, sperm total count, progressive sperm motility, total sperm motility, sperm morphology, and semen volume; Study type: randomized controlled trials and observational studies). Results: A total of 1,632 abstracts were initially assessed for eligibility. Sixteen studies were finally included with a total of 2,420 infertile men with clinical varicocele (1,424 patients treated with VR vs. 996 untreated controls). The analysis showed significantly improved post-operative semen parameters in patients compared to controls with regards to sperm concentration (standardized mean difference [SMD] 1.739; 95% CI 1.129 to 2.349; p

Published
2023
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42. Globozoospermia: A Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature

Author

Andrea Crafa, Rosita Angela Condorelli, Sandro La Vignera, Aldo Eugenio Calogero, and Rossella Cannarella

Subjects
assisted reproductive techniques, globozoospermia, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, round-headed spermatozoa, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Purpose: Globozoospermia is a genetic syndrome characterized by the presence of round-headed spermatozoa and infertility due to the inability of these spermatozoa to fertilize the oocyte. In this article, we present the clinical case of a young globozoospermic patient with a new, not yet described mutation of the DPY19L2 gene. We also performed a systematic review of the literature on gene mutations, the outcome of assisted reproductive techniques, and the risk of transmission of abnormalities to the offspring in patients with globozoospermia and made recommendations to offer a more appropriate clinical management of these patients. Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic search in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from their inception to December 2021. The search strategy included the combination of the following Medical Subjects Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords: “globozoospermia”, “round-headed spermatozoa”, “round head spermatozoa”, “intracytoplasmic sperm injection”, “ICSI”, “offspring”, “child health”, “assisted reproductive technique outcome”. All the eligible studies were selected following the PECOS (Population, Exposure, Comparison/Comparator, Outcomes, Study design) model. The quality of included studies was assessed by applying the “Cambridge Quality Checklists”. Results: The main genes involved in the pathogenesis of globozoospermia are DPY19L2, SPATA16, PICK1, GGN, SPACA1, ZPBP, CCDC62, and CCNB3 genes. Other genes could also play a role. These include C2CD6, C7orf61, CCIN, DNH17, DNH6, PIWIL4, and CHPT1. Globozoospermic patients should undergo ART to achieve fertility. In particular, intracytoplasmic sperm injection with assisted oocyte activation or intracytoplasmic morphologically-selected sperm injection appears to be associated with a higher success rate. Patients with globozoospermia should also be evaluated for the high rate of sperm aneuploidy which appears to influence the success rate of ART but does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of transmission of genetic abnormalities to offspring. Conclusions: This systematic review summarizes the evidence on the gene panel to be evaluated, ICSI outcomes, and the health of the offspring in patients with globozoospermia. Evidence-based recommendations on the management of patients with globozoospermia are provided.

Published
2023
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43. Consensus and Diversity in the Management of Varicocele for Male Infertility: Results of a Global Practice Survey and Comparison with Guidelines and Recommendations

Author

Rupin Shah, Ashok Agarwal, Parviz Kavoussi, Amarnath Rambhatla, Ramadan Saleh, Rossella Cannarella, Ahmed M. Harraz, Florence Boitrelle, Shinnosuke Kuroda, Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda, Armand Zini, Edmund Ko, Gokhan Calik, Tuncay Toprak, Hussein Kandil, Murat Gül, Mustafa Emre Bakırcıoğlu, Neel Parekh, Giorgio Ivan Russo, Nicholas Tadros, Ates Kadioglu, Mohamed Arafa, Eric Chung, Osvaldo Rajmil, Fotios Dimitriadis, Vineet Malhotra, Gianmaria Salvio, Ralf Henkel, Tan V. Le, Emrullah Sogutdelen, Sarah Vij, Abdullah Alarbid, Ahmet Gudeloglu, Akira Tsujimura, Aldo E. Calogero, Amr El Meliegy, Andrea Crafa, Arif Kalkanli, Aykut Baser, Berk Hazir, Carlo Giulioni, Chak-Lam Cho, Christopher C.K. Ho, Ciro Salzano, Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn, Dung Mai Ba Tien, Edoardo Pescatori, Edson Borges, Ege Can Serefoglu, Emine Saïs-Hamza, Eric Huyghe, Erman Ceyhan, Ettore Caroppo, Fabrizio Castiglioni, Fahmi Bahar, Fatih Gokalp, Francesco Lombardo, Franco Gadda, Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa, Germar-Michael Pinggera, Gian Maria Busetto, Giancarlo Balercia, Gianmartin Cito, Gideon Blecher, Giorgio Franco, Giovanni Liguori, Haitham Elbardisi, Hakan Keskin, Haocheng Lin, Hisanori Taniguchi, Hyun Jun Park, Imad Ziouziou, Jean de la Rosette, Jim Hotaling, Jonathan Ramsay, Juan Manuel Corral Molina, Ka Lun Lo, Kadir Bocu, Kareim Khalafalla, Kasonde Bowa, Keisuke Okada, Koichi Nagao, Koji Chiba, Lukman Hakim, Konstantinos Makarounis, Marah Hehemann, Marcelo Rodriguez Peña, Marco Falcone, Marion Bendayan, Marlon Martinez, Massimiliano Timpano, Mesut Altan, Mikkel Fode, Mohamed S. Al-Marhoon, Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani, Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi, Nazim Gherabi, Nikolaos Sofikitis, Oğuzhan Kahraman, Ponco Birowo, Priyank Kothari, Puneet Sindhwani, Qaisar Javed, Rafael F. Ambar, Raghavender Kosgi, Ramy Abou Ghayda, Ricky Adriansjah, Rosita Angela Condorelli, Sandro La Vignera, Sava Micic, Shannon Hee Kyung Kim, Shinichiro Fukuhara, Sun Tae Ahn, Taymour Mostafa, Teng Aik Ong, Teppei Takeshima, Toshiyasu Amano, Trenton Barrett, Umut Arslan, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan, Widi Atmoko, Yasushi Yumura, Yiming Yuan, Yuki Kato, Davor Jezek, Bryan Kwun-Chung Cheng, Georgios Hatzichristodoulou, Jun Dy, Eduard Ruiz Castañé, Ahmed I. El-Sakka, Quang Nguyen, Selcuk Sarikaya, Luca Boeri, Ronny Tan, Mohamad A. Moussa, Ahmed El-Assmy, Hamed Alali, Naif Alhathal, Yasser Osman, Dragoljub Perovic, Hesamoddin Sajadi, Hamed Akhavizadegan, Miroslav Vučinić, Said Kattan, Mohamed S. Kattan, Nasser Mogharabian, Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc, Kay Seong Ngoo, Mohammad H. Alkandari, Shaheed Alsuhaibani, Ioannis Sokolakis, Mehdi Babaei, Mak Siu King, Thorsten Diemer, Marcelo M. Gava, Raphael Henrique, Rodrigo Spinola e Silva, Gustavo Marquesine Paul, Tiago Cesar Mierzwa, Sidney Glina, Kashif Siddiqi, Han Wu, Jana Wurzacher, Ala’a Farkouh, Hwancheol Son, Suks Minhas, Joe Lee, Nikko Magsanoc, Paolo Capogrosso, German Jose Albano, Sheena E. M. Lewis, Channa N. Jayasena, Juan G. Alvarez, Colin Teo, Ryan P. Smith, Jo Ben M. Chua, Christian Fuglesang S. Jensen, Sijo Parekattil, Renata Finelli, Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Keshab Kumar Karna, Abdelkareem Ahmed, Don Evenson, Yukihiro Umemoto, Ana Puigvert, Gökhan Çeker, and Giovanni M Colpi

Subjects
consensus, disease management, male infertility, survey, varicocele, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Purpose: Varicocele is a common problem among infertile men. Varicocele repair (VR) is frequently performed to improve semen parameters and the chances of pregnancy. However, there is a lack of consensus about the diagnosis, indications for VR and its outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore global practice patterns on the management of varicocele in the context of male infertility. Materials and Methods: Sixty practicing urologists/andrologists from 23 countries contributed 382 multiple-choice-questions pertaining to varicocele management. These were condensed into an online questionnaire that was forwarded to clinicians involved in male infertility management through direct invitation. The results were analyzed for disagreement and agreement in practice patterns and, compared with the latest guidelines of international professional societies (American Urological Association [AUA], American Society for Reproductive Medicine [ASRM], and European Association of Urology [EAU]), and with evidence emerging from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Additionally, an expert opinion on each topic was provided based on the consensus of 16 experts in the field. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 574 clinicians from 59 countries. The majority of respondents were urologists/ uro-andrologists. A wide diversity of opinion was seen in every aspect of varicocele diagnosis, indications for repair, choice of technique, management of sub-clinical varicocele and the role of VR in azoospermia. A significant proportion of the responses were at odds with the recommendations of AUA, ASRM, and EAU. A large number of clinical situations were identified where no guidelines are available. Conclusions: This study is the largest global survey performed to date on the clinical management of varicocele for male infertility. It demonstrates: 1) a wide disagreement in the approach to varicocele management, 2) large gaps in the clinical practice guidelines from professional societies, and 3) the need for further studies on several aspects of varicocele management in infertile men.

Published
2023
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50. Male accessory gland infection: diagnosis and treatment

Author

Cannarella, Rossella, primary, Condorelli, Rosita A., additional, Cimino, Laura, additional, Mongioì, Laura M., additional, Compagnone, Michele, additional, Barbagallo, Federica, additional, Crafa, Andrea, additional, Calogero, Aldo E., additional, and La Vignera, Sandro, additional

Published
2023
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