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The guide is one of a series of 10 units composing an orientation to the world of work course designed expecially for disadvantaged and handicapped students in the ninth and tenth grades. It is designed to provide basic and remedial instruction in personal development, math, and language skills while providing information and skills basic or common to employment in all occupations. Topics treated in the course are (1) setting realistic occupational and life goals, (2) defining and testing interests and investigating related job areas, (3) determining and evaluating mental and physical abilities in terms of job requirements, and (4) analyzing social-personal qualities as they relate to setting and pursuing goals. Lesson plans present major and supporting concepts and specify performance objectives. Suggested resources are correlated to teaching-learning-evaluation strategies, which are subdivided to meet the separate needs of the disadvantaged and the handicapped. A resource section specifies sources and costs of audiovisual aids. The final section offers student materials which include a variety of supportive classroom materials. (MW)

The guide is one of a series of 10 units composing an orientation to the world of work course designed especially for disadvantaged and handicapped students in the ninth and tenth grades. It is designed to provide basic and remedial instruction in personal development, math, and language skills while providing information and skills basic or common to employment in all occupations. Topics treated in the course are interpreting your paycheck and planning to use money wisely. The student will learn to differentiate between gross and net pay and will devise a plan to use money effectively through budgeting, banking, and use of credit. Lesson plans present major and supporting concepts and specify performance objectives. Suggested resources are correlated to teaching-learning-evaluation strategies, which are subdivided to meet the separate needs of the disadvantaged and the handicapped. A resource section specifies sources and costs of audiovisual aids. The final section offers student materials which include a variety of supportive classroom materials. (MW)

The ability to perform effortful tasks is a topic that has received considerable interest in the research of higher functions of the human brain. Neuroimaging studies show that the anterior insular and the anterior cingulate cortices are involved in a multitude of cognitive tasks that require mental effort. In this study, we investigated brain responses to effort using cognitive tasks with task-difficulty modulations and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We hypothesized that effortful performance involves modulation of activation in the anterior insular and the anterior cingulate cortices, and that the modulation correlates with individual performance levels. Healthy participants performed tasks probing verbal working memory capacity using the reading span task, and visual perception speed using the inspection time task. In the fMRI analysis, we focused on identifying effort-related brain activation. The results showed that working memory and inspection time performances were directly related. The bilateral anterior insular and anterior cingulate cortices showed significantly increased activation during each task with common portions that were active across both tasks. We observed increased brain activation in the right anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex in participants with low working memory performance. In line with the reported results, we suggest that activation in the anterior insular and cingulate cortices is consistent with the neural efficiency hypothesis (Neubauer)., Funding Agencies|County Council of Ostergotland; Linkoping University

Revision of thesis., Electronic access restricted; authentication may be required, American Council of Learned Societies History E-Book Project, (heb) heb01472.0001.001, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01472, Permission must be received for any subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Please contact info@hebook.org for more information.

Eleven accessions of Peruvian maize were evaluated for mechanisms of resistance to leaf feeding by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Antibiosis was identified as one mechanism of resistance that operates at a level equivalent to CI31A which is a maize inbred line containing high levels of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), thus having strong antixenotic and antibiotic properties towards leaf feeding by European corn borer. Antixenosis may be another mechanism of resistance operating in the Peruvian maize but at a level lower than CI31A. The 11 Peruvian maize accessions were used as donor parents in a backcross plant breeding program designed to introgress the European corn borer resistance trait into two elite U.S. Corn Belt adapted inbred lines. Resistance to European corn borer leaf feeding and sheath and collar feeding was recovered in the F1 indicating dominant genetic control. There was no correlation between resistance to European corn borer leaf feeding and sheath and collar feeding, indicating that genetic control of resistance to leaf feeding is independent of that for sheath and collar feeding. Some BC2 S1 x Private Tester hybrids of maize had a mean yield not significantly different than the highest yielding commercial check for each experiment. BC3 experimental lines have been developed which have yield potential plus the unique source of resistance to leaf, sheath, and collar feeding by European corn borer. Fifteen experimental lines of maize derived from the backcross breeding program were evaluated for resistance to the European corn borer, corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)), fall armyworm, (Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)), and sugarcane borer, (Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius)). Experimental lines 100-R-3 and 116-B-10 had varying levels of resistance to all of the insects tested. Experimental line 107-8-7 was identified as being resistant to corn earworm while maintaining low levels of maysin. Experimenta

Recent game-theoretic studies of the effects of demand movements on oligopoly coordination differ primarily in terms of whether demand shifts are anticipated or unanticipated. An empirical model is developed in this dissertation to test for the effects of anticipated and unanticipated demand movements. The model is estimated using rayon industry data from the 1930s, where the results suggest that coordination in the rayon industry was most difficult during periods when future demand was anticipated to be low and rising. Moreover, the results also suggest that the degree of coordination among rayon producers increased following significantly negative unanticipated decreases in demand;An extension of the basic model is developed by assuming that the degree of coordination is also dependent upon the present discounted value of expected future collusive profits. The estimation results from this extension suggest that coordination was most difficult when future rayon industry profits were expected to fall;Finally, according to several authors, it is likely that rayon producers used inventories to smooth production through-out the 1930s. Consequently, a simple stock-adjustment model is estimated, where the results support the production-smoothing role of inventories.

OBJECTIVE: To determine a neuro-anatomic cause for central neuropathic pain (CNP) observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. METHODS: Parallel clinical and neuro-anatomical studies were performed. A clinical investigation of consecutively acquired MS patients with and without CNP (i.e. cold allodynia or deep hyperesthesia) within a single MS center was pursued. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between an upper central thoracic spinal cord focus to central pain complaints. To identify the hypothesized autonomic interneurons with bilateral descending projections to lumbosacral sensory neurons, retrograde single- and double-labeling experiments with CTb and fluorescent tracers were performed in three animal species (i.e. rat, cat, and monkey). RESULTS: Clinical data were available in MS patients with (n = 32; F:23; median age: 34.6 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 27.4-45.5)) and without (n = 30; F:22; median age: 36.6 years [IQR: 31.6-47.1]) CNP. The value of a central focus between T1-T6 in relation to CNP demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83.8-99.9) and specificity of 83.3% (95% CI: 65.3-94.4). A significant relationship between CNP and a centrally located focus within the thoracic spine was also observed (odds ratio [OR]: 155.0 [95% CI lower limit: 16.0]; P < 0.0001, two-tailed Fisher exact test). In all animal models, neurons with bilateral descending projections to the lumbosacral superficial dorsal horn were concentrated in the autonomic intermediomedial nucleus surrounding the mid-thoracic central canal. INTERPRETATION: Our observations provide the first evidence for the etiology of CNP. These data may assist with the development of refined symptomatic therapies and allow for insights into unique pain syndromes observed in other demyelinating subtypes.

Background: Several brain imaging studies have demonstrated that visceral distensions activate the insular cortex but there is limited knowledge about which subregions of the insula underpin the feeling of rectal urgency. An isobaric rectal balloon distension can be subdivided into the inflation phase when pressure is rising (rise) and a stable phase, when the pressure is constant. The rise phase is characterized by a more distinct sensation of urgency (Akervall et al., 1988). We aimed to study the BOLD response during the rise phase of a standardized rectal distension in subregions of the insula, in healthy controls. Method:Twenty right-handed female healthy volunteers (mean age 32.2 yrs, range 21-54) were included. Rectal pressure sensory thresholds were determined before functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) while the subjects were placed in the MR scanner. Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signals were measured during the rise periods (6.6-7.2 sec) of 20 rectal distensions (45mmHg). Regions of interest (ROIs) included 10 insula subregions: Left (L) and right (R) anterior ventral, anterior dorsal, posterior ventral, posterior dorsal and mid insula. Results were reported as significant if peak p-value were, 0.05 with familywise error (FWE) correction in the ROIs. Results: The mean values for rectal sensory thresholds for first sensation, first sensation of urgency and maximum tolerable distension were 16 mmHg (SD 3.9), 28mmHg (SD 6.2) and 55 mmHg (SD 12.3), respectively. Complete fMRI data were available from 18 subjects. The rise period of the rectal distension generated significant BOLD activation in the right hemisphere in the anterior dorsal, anterior ventral, mid and posterior ventral parts of the insula. On the left side BOLD activity was generated in mid, posterior ventral and posterior dorsal parts of the insula but not in the anterior insula. Akervall S et al, 1988, Manovolumetry: A new method for investigation of anorectal function. Gut 29:614