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Objective: Primary brain injuries, which are the result of severe head trauma and cannot be prevented, are always catastrophic and fatal. Yet, if diagnostic and therapeutic steps are taken promptly after a craniocerebral injury, further brain insults may be prevented and the victim's death can be avoided within 24 hours. Materials and Methods: Source of data, sample size, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, statistical methods. Results: One hundred individuals with confirmed cumputer tomography (CT) scan results of severe head trauma participated in this analysis. Seventy men and thirty women accounted for the total number of patients. The research included 70% men and 30% women. The M/F ratio is 2.3:1. Males between the ages of 21 and 30 (a total of 21 patients) had the highest rate of head injury in our analysis. Males had a lower incidence overall, with nine cases in the 0–10 age range, 11 cases in the 11–20 age range, five cases in the 41–50 age range, three cases in the 51–60 age range, and four cases in patients older than 61. Similarly, eight of the female patients were in the 21–30 age range. There were also four patients between the ages of 0 and 10, four between the ages of 11 and 20, two between the ages of 41 and 50, five between the ages of 51 and 60, and three among those older than 61. Summary and Conclusion: Men were more likely than women to sustain a head injury. The majority of the study population consisted of patients between the ages of 21 and 30 and 31 and 40. Injuries were found to most often occur in car crashes.

Objective: Primary brain injuries, which are the result of severe head trauma and cannot be prevented, are always catastrophic and fatal. Yet, if diagnostic and therapeutic steps are taken promptly after a craniocerebral injury, further brain insults may be prevented and the victim's death can be avoided within 24 hours. Materials and Methods: Source of data, sample size, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, statistical methods. Results: One hundred individuals with confirmed cumputer tomography (CT) scan results of severe head trauma participated in this analysis. Seventy men and thirty women accounted for the total number of patients. The research included 70% men and 30% women. The M/F ratio is 2.3:1. Males between the ages of 21 and 30 (a total of 21 patients) had the highest rate of head injury in our analysis. Males had a lower incidence overall, with nine cases in the 0–10 age range, 11 cases in the 11–20 age range, five cases in the 41–50 age range, three cases in the 51–60 age range, and four cases in patients older than 61. Similarly, eight of the female patients were in the 21–30 age range. There were also four patients between the ages of 0 and 10, four between the ages of 11 and 20, two between the ages of 41 and 50, five between the ages of 51 and 60, and three among those older than 61. Summary and Conclusion: Men were more likely than women to sustain a head injury. The majority of the study population consisted of patients between the ages of 21 and 30 and 31 and 40. Injuries were found to most often occur in car crashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose: Falling from a tree is a common cause of injury in and around the Karabük province. Such injuries can impair the quality of life by causing permanent damage and can increase morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to reveal the patterns of spinal and cranial injuries in patients admitted to the hospital. Methods: Patients who were admitted to the emergency department after falling from a tree in the Karabük province over a 2-year period and were diagnosed with injuries caused by falling from a tree were included. The parameters of age, sex, type of tree which the patient fell from, spinal and cranial fracture patterns and pain scores during follow-up were evaluated. Results: We studied 98 patients over a 2-year period. Of these, 5 (5.10%) patients were aged

Celestine V is considered one of the most enigmatic Popes. He has been the subject of much speculation, with legends claiming he was murdered by order of his successor Boniface VIII. Assassination rumors first started in medieval times, but they were renewed in 1630 by the discovery of a nail that fitted perfectly into a square opening in his skull. During the latest Canonical Recognition, the morphology of the lesion was examined by visual inspection, showing it could not have been produced during life. The legend that the nail was driven through the Pope's head may finally be discredited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposes a novel silicone-based composite skin simulant to develop equivalent tensile properties and structures similar to the human scalp. The study utilised randomly distributed short polyethylene fibres and bioactive glass particles as reinforcements. The tensile properties of the composites reinforced with 1% and 3% filler weight concentrations were characterised. Experimental results highlighted that the short polyethylene fibres could maintain the tensile strength and enhance the elastic modulus of the silicone matrix up to 14% when integrating a 3% fibre weight fraction. Bioglass particles could also increase the stiffness of a silicone-based composite up to 5% when integrating a 3% particle concentration. The study has established that the proposed composite skin simulants are more suitable as a human scalp simulant than silicone elastomer.

Objectives: Violence affected daily life in prehistoric societies, especially at conflict zones where different peoples fought over resources and for other reasons. In this study, cranial trauma was analyzed to discuss the pattern of violence experienced by three Bronze to early Iron Age populations (1,000–100 BCE) that belonged to the Subeixi culture. These populations lived in the Turpan Basin, a conflict zone in the middle of the Eurasian Steppe. Methods: The injuries on 129 complete crania unearthed from the Subeixi cemeteries were examined for crude prevalence rate (CPR), trauma type, time of occurrence, possible weapon, and direction of the blow. Thirty‐three injuries identified from poorly preserved crania were also included in the analyses except for the CPR. Data was also compared between the samples and with four other populations that had violence‐related backgrounds. Results: Overall, 16.3% (21/129) of the individuals showed violence‐induced traumatic lesions. Results also indicated that most of the injuries were perimortem (81.6%), and that women and children were more involved in conflict than the other comparative populations. Wounds from weapons accounted for 42.1% of the identified cranial injuries. Distribution analysis suggested no dominant handedness of the attackers, and that blows came from all directions including the top (17.1%). Wounds caused by arrowheads and a special type of battle‐ax popular in middle and eastern Eurasian Steppe were also recognized. Discussion: A comprehensive analysis of the skeletal evidence, historical records, and archeological background would suggest that the raiding to be the most possible conflict pattern reflected by the samples. The attackers were likely to have been nomadic invaders from the steppe (such as the Xiongnu from historical records), who attacked the residents in the basin more likely for their resources rather than territory or labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repetitive fall producing head injury in children may lead to development of intracranial hematoma. The course of evolution may be rapid in case of repeated fall due to induction of sub-clinical coagulopathy caused by repetitive cranial injury. The awareness of such possibility is highly desired among the pediatrician and neurosurgeon and emergency team and quick diagnosis and pertinent imaging study is of immense value and appropriate surgical management for prompt and expediting the evacuation of intracranial hematoma evacuation should be attempted to preserve good neurological outcome. Authors reports a case, who had rapid neurological worsening, managed surgically with good neurological outcome, further various surgical management options along with pertinent literature are briefly reviewed.

In this paper we present the study of a skull belonging to a young male from the Italian Bronze Age showing three perimortem injuries on the frontal and parietal bones; the peculiarity of the frontal injury is represented by its singular shape, which may be indicative of the weapon that caused the lesion. The aim of the present study is to examine the traumatic evidence in relation to possible etiological factors, in order to attempt to establish if the lesion occurred peri or post-mortem, and to evaluate if these traumatic injuries could be interpreted as an evidence of interpersonal violence, by combining anthropological, taphonomic and ESEM investigations. The combination of multidisciplinary methods of study can provide important new insights into inter-personal violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orbital penetrating injuries are uncommon and occur following accidental entry of objects through orbit. The authors report an interesting case of right frontal abscess resulting from orbitocranial penetrating injury due to accidental penetration of wooden stick into the right eye, which remained undiagnosed. A 70-year-man presented with complaints of headache and vomiting for few days. His computed tomographic (CT) scan of the brain revealed peripheral rim-enhancing cystic lesion in the right frontal lobe with perilesional edema, mass effect, and midline shift. Orbital CT scan revealed hyperdense lesion just lateral to medial orbital wall. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed cystic peripheral rim-enhancing lesion that was homogenous hypointense on T1-weighted images and homogenous hyperintense on T2-weighted images. The patient underwent right frontal craniotomy. Pus was drained out, and abscess wall was excised. Foreign bodies protruding through fractured orbital roof were found and removed. He made good clinical recovery. He has received intravenous antibiotics for 2 weeks followed by 4 weeks of oral antibiotics. He had no visual symptoms. The authors report the case, review the literature, and highlight need for imaging in every case of orbital penetrating injury to prevent the life-threatening cerebral parenchymal complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cranial and spinal cord injuries are the main topics of neurosurgery and they require significant knowledge and experience. While wars have been the most frequent cause of such injuries throughout history, terrorism has come to the forefront today. In addition, injuries with bullet and penetrating tools are more frequent, but injuries due to particles from explosive materials are now an important component of the neurotrauma practice. In the last century, serious steps have been taken in the treatment of cranial and spinal cord injuries, and mortality and morbidity have been significantly reduced. In this review, we will first give detailed information about the concepts of terrorism and war, then physiopathology, radiology and treatment of cranial and spinal cord injuries will be discussed in the context of current data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The paranasal sinuses are complex anatomical structures of unknown significance. One hypothesis theorizes that the sinuses, in the event of a traumatic injury, function as a crumple zone to distribute and absorb energy to protect the brain and other critical structures. The current study investigates the association between frontal sinus (FS) volume and the severity of cerebral insults following craniofacial trauma. Methods All patients with FS fracture admitted to a level 1 trauma center from 2011 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. FS volumes were measured from computed tomography (CT) on admission using a proprietary region growing segmentation tool. Head injuries were classified based on the presence of specific types of intracranial pathology and their corresponding Marshall Score. Results FS fracture was identified on the admission CT in 165 patients. Male patients had significantly larger FS volume compared to females (8.4 ± 6.3 vs. 4.0 ± 2.9 cm 3 , p < 0.001). Smaller FS volume was significantly associated with a worse Marshall Score ( p = 0.041) and a higher incidence of cerebral contusion ( p = 0.016) independent of age, gender, mechanism, ISS, and admission GCS. The inverse correlation between FS volume and the Marshall Score was also statistically significant (Spearman correlation coefficient r = −0.19, p = 0.015). Smaller FS volume was observed in patients who suffered intracranial insults, underwent neurosurgical interventions, and had worse clinical outcomes and trended towards significance with respect to an association with subarachnoid hemorrhage ( p = 0.074) and subdural hematoma ( p = 0.080), and had a statistically significant association with longer length of stay ( p < 0.001). Conclusion FS volume is inversely correlated with the severity of intracranial pathology following craniofacial trauma. Our findings are consistent with the “crumple zone” hypothesis and suggest that the FS likely plays a role in mitigating intracranial injury. Furthermore, FS volume is significantly different between male and female patients. This is a novel finding that warrants further validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repetitive fall producing head injury in children may lead to development of intracranial hematoma. The course of evolution may be rapid in case of repeated fall due to induction of sub-clinical coagulopathy caused by repetitive cranial injury. The awareness of such possibility is highly desired among the pediatrician and neurosurgeon and emergency team and quick diagnosis and pertinent imaging study is of immense value and appropriate surgical management for prompt and expediting the evacuation of intracranial hematoma evacuation should be attempted to preserve good neurological outcome. Authors reports a case, who had rapid neurological worsening, managed surgically with good neurological outcome, further various surgical management options along with pertinent literature are briefly reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:  There has been an increasing use of trampolines for recreation by children in recent years. Many studies have explored the different types of injuries sustained due to falls from trampolines, but so far none have focused specifically on cranial and spinal injuries. In this study, we describe the pattern of cranial and spinal injuries sustained by pediatric patients that were associated with the use of trampolines and their management in a tertiary pediatric neurosurgery unit over a period of 10 years., Methods:  This is a retrospective study of all children less than 16 years of age with suspected or confirmed trampoline-associated cranial or spinal injuries, managed by a tertiary pediatric neurosurgery unit from 2010 to 2020. Data collected included the patient's age at the time of injury, gender, neurological deficits, radiological findings, management, and clinical outcome. The data were analyzed to highlight any trends in the pattern of injuries., Results:  A total of 44 patients with a mean age of 8 years (ranging from one year and five months to 15 years and five months) were identified. 52% patients were male. 10 patients (23%) had a reduced Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. In terms of imaging findings, 19 patients (43%) had a radiologically positive head injury, nine (20%) had a craniovertebral junction (CVJ) injury, including the first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae, and six (14%) had an injury involving other parts of the spine. No patient sustained concurrent head and spinal injuries. Eight (18%) patients had normal radiological findings. Two (5%) had incidental findings on radiology that required subsequent surgery. A total of 31 patients (70%) were managed conservatively. 11 patients (25%) underwent surgery for their trauma, of which seven were cranial. Two further patients underwent surgery for their incidental intracranial diagnoses. One child died from an acute subdural hemorrhage., Conclusions:  This study is the first to focus on trampoline-associated neurosurgical trauma and report the pattern and severity of cranial and spinal injuries. Younger children (less than five years of age) are more likely to develop a head injury, whereas older children (more than 11 years of age) are more likely to develop a spinal injury following the use of a trampoline. Although uncommon, some injuries are severe and require surgical intervention. Therefore, trampolines should be used prudently with the appropriate safety precautions and measures., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Das et al.)

In cranial wounds resulting from a gunshot, the study of backspatter patterns can provide information about the actual incidents by linking material to surrounding objects. This study investigates the physics of backspatter from a high-speed projectile impact and evaluates a range of simulant materials using impact tests. Next, we evaluate a mesh-free method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics ( SPH) to model the splashing mechanism during backspatter. The study has shown that a projectile impact causes fragmentation at the impact site, while transferring momentum to fragmented particles. The particles travel along the path of least resistance, leading to partial material movement in the reverse direction of the projectile motion causing backspatter. Medium-density fiberboard is a better simulant for a human skull than polycarbonate, and lorica leather is a better simulant for a human skin than natural rubber. SPH is an effective numerical method for modeling the high-speed impact fracture and fragmentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dr. Harvey Cushing is considered the father of modern neurological surgery, and his role and efforts in World War I continue to have a lasting effect on today's practice of neurosurgery. During World War I, he embodied the tenets of a neurosurgeon-scientist: he created and implemented novel antiseptic techniques to decrease infection rates after craniotomies, leading him often to be referred to as "originator of brain wound care." His contributions did not come without struggles, however. He faced criticism for numerous military censorship violations, and he developed a severe peripheral neuropathy during the war. However, he continued to stress the importance of patient care and his surgical prowess was evident. In this paper, the authors summarize Cushing's notes published in From a Surgeon's Journal, 1915-1918 and discuss the impact of his experiences on his own practice and the field of neurosurgery.

Abstract: This paper discusses the results of the analysis of a female skull from a collective burial dated to the Ancient Bronze Age in Italy (Ballabio, LC). A virtual restoration and 3D reconstruction was also produced from the digitalized skull to complete the damaged parts and to recreate the facial appearance of this young adult female from the Bronze Age. The skull shows clear evidence of post-mortem modifications, as some series of scraping marks on the external cranial vault cross the parietal bones longitudinally. The contemporaneous presence of taphonomic linear marks on the skull and periostitis on the frontal bone, as well as the provenance of the specimen from a secondary burial (a typical funerary habit documented in Italy during the Copper Age and Ancient Bronze Age), makes it difficult to interpret the case (scalping, surgery, or ritual practice linked to secondary burial). The advanced methods used to analyse the skull surface allowed us to discriminate intentional marks from modifications due to other taphonomic processes and to determine the timing of their formation (peri- or post-mortem). The possibility that the scraping marks are related to a ritual practice, conducted during the individual''s life (with specific symbolic or social value) or after death or at the moment of secondary burial, is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a case of almost complete absence of the alveolar processes of the incisive bones and multiple tooth fracture and loss in a male gray wolf Canis lupus from Snina, eastern Slovakia. The skull of the wolf, with an estimated 6 years of death, was characterized by injuries to the incisive bones and maxillary dentition that were attributed to a severe trauma. It was concluded that the fact that all fractured teeth of the wolf showed signs of wear indicates the occurrence of trauma some time before the wild animal was shot.

Copyright of Klinische Neuroradiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Improve the system of early diagnostic and complex treatment of postoperative infectious - inflammatory complications in victims of elderly ages with severe cranial injury. Medical institutions of Saint-Petersburg provided examination and treatment to 94 victims of elderly ages who were operated due to severe cranial injury. Examinations to identify inflammatory complications were provided from the body temperature rising and included laboratory tests, ultrasonography, X-Rays, Computer Tomography. The complex measures taken allowed to reduce severity and duration of postoperative inflammatory complications, cut the average bed-day hospital treatment from 42±6 days to 33±5 days in victims located in the neurosurgery department. Probability of infectious - inflammatory pulmonary complications development increases regardless of age. At the same time inflammatory urine tract complications most often occur among elderly age men who suffer from prostate hyperplasia and malfunction of the urination process after a long time of using intraurethral catheters. Early complex diagnostic examination allows the timely diagnosis of postoperative complications, and to begin the adequate treatment of victims.

Cephalohematoma, one of the most common neonatal head injuries, generally undergoes spontaneous resorption. When calcified, it may cause cranial vault distortion and depression of the inner skull layer, although it remains asymptomatic. Surgery, indeed, is usually performed for cosmetic purposes. For these reasons, the long-term effects of calcified cephalohematoma (CC) are widely unknown. The authors report the case of an 11-year-old girl with a persistent calcified CC causing skull deformity and delayed electroencephalography (EEG) anomalies. These anomalies were detected during routine control EEG and were not clinically evident. The young girl underwent surgical removal of the CC for cosmetic purpose. The EEG abnormalities disappeared after surgery, thus reinforcing the hypothesis of a correlation with the brain "compression" resulting from the CC. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first time that CC-associated EEG anomalies have been described: even though these anomalies cannot be considered an indication for surgery, they merit late follow-up in case of skull deformity.