Search

Background: Treating meningeal tumours invading the large dural venous sinuses is a subject of debate regarding the approach for removing the intra-sinus components. Additionally, directly observing the invasion site of tumours invading the lateral wall of the sinus is difficult. Method: We describe our exo- and endoscopic two-step approach (EETA): an exoscope is used to remove the extra-sinus component, while an endoscope is used to observe the invaded lateral wall and remove the intra-sinus component. Conclusion: EETA can be a viable option for treating meningeal tumours invading the venous sinus owing to its high resection rate and low invasiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinnitus refers to the perception of sound without any external stimuli which can be pulsatile or non-pulsatile. Dilated mastoid emissary vein (MEV) can cause pulsatile tinnitus. Herein, we report a case of persistent pulsatile tinnitus with dilated MEV managed successfully with percutaneous coiling of MEV in a 36 years male. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the endocast of one of the most complete Paranthropus robustus crania known, DNH 7, from the Drimolen site (South Africa), and compares it with the morphology of other australopithecine endocasts. We focus on endocranial volume, the impressions of cortical sulci, cranial sutures, and the pattern of cranial venous sinuses on the endocast. A noteworthy observation is the estimated endocranial capacity of 403 cm3, which is small for an adult Paranthropus. Fragmentary sulci identified in the frontal and temporal lobes of DNH 7 exhibit similarities with patterns observed in chimpanzees and gracile australopithecines. We observe the presence of a large remnant of an occipital‐marginal sinus on DNH 7 and provide an updated table of 13 Paranthropus endocasts that are scorable for this trait, which reinforces the hypothesis that an enlarged occipital‐marginal (O/M) sinus system was fixed across the three species of Paranthropus. In light of this, the possible functional significance of the occipital‐marginal sinus system is reevaluated considering the ontogenetic development of cranial venous blood flow in human children. This leads us to hypothesize that the ontogenetic development of cranial blood flow in Paranthropus and Australopithecus africanus infants were different and to suggest that Taung 1 was the only A. africanus specimen known to have exhibited an enlarged O/M sinus system because it was an immature individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The precise location of the endolymphatic sac (ES) may be difficult during surgical approaches. This morphometric study aimed to determine the exact location of ES in adult human cadavers for the management of pathologies such as Meniere's disease. Methods: Twenty temporal bones of 10 adult cadavers (mean age: 70 ± 13.40 years, range: 45–92 years; sex: 4 males and 6 females) fixed with 10% formalin were bilaterally dissected to obtain numeric data about the location of ES. Results: Distances of ES to the posterior semicircular canal (PSC), Donaldson line (DL), sigmoid sinus (SS) and sinodural angle (SA) were found as 2.76 ± 1.18 (0.96–5.58) mm, 1.74 ± 1.13 (0.58–5.07) mm, 2.30 ± 1.09 (0.54–4.91) mm and 16.04 ± 3.15 (9.82–22.18) mm, respectively. In addition, the angle between the tangents passing through the cortical bone (CB) and SS was determined as 35.37°±11.32° (21.30°-60.58°). No statistical difference was found between right-left or male-female measurements (p > 0.05). Conclusion: DL, SS, and PSC are essential anatomical landmarks for determining the location of ES. The spatial location of SS, including its depth to the cortical bone and the distance to anteriorly located anatomical structures of the mastoid cavity consisting of the facial nerve and PSC, is believed to be underlined for ES surgery. Our data may be used as a database to further define the relationship between ES and adjacent anatomical structures (SS, PSC, etc.) during the application of surgical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Post-traumatic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (ptCVT) is a rare but serious complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Managing ptCVT is challenging due to the concurrent risk of traumatic intracranial hematoma (ICH) expansion. Limited data exists on the safety and efficacy of anticoagulation therapy (ACT) in these cases. Methods: This single-center observational cohort study included adult TBI patients with concurrent ICH and ptCVT. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or heparin infusion was used to treat all ptCVTs based on institutional protocols. The outcomes of interest were hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. Results: Out of 1,039 TBI-patients admitted between 2006 and 2020, 32 met the inclusion criteria. The median time from injury to ptCVT diagnosis was 24 h. ACT was initiated at a median of 9 h after ptCVT diagnosis. Patients were administered either heparin infusion (n = 8) or LMWH at dosages ranging from 28 to 72% of the therapeutic level (n = 24). There were no hemorrhagic complications, even in patients receiving LMWH at ≥ 50% of the therapeutic dose. Thrombotic complications occurred in 3 patients (9.4%) – two cases of thrombus progression and one venous infarct. The patients who developed thrombotic complications differed from those who did not by having a 17-h delay in ACT initiation after diagnosis or by receiving an initial LMWH dose at 28% of the therapeutic level. Conclusion: LMWH at approximately 50% of the therapeutic level was effective for managing ptCVT associated with TBI in our retrospective dataset, with no risk of hematoma expansion. Prospective trials are warranted to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disease of raised intracranial pressure. Contribution of inflammatory mediators has been suggested in IIH pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to estimate certain serum inflammatory markers in IIH patients compared to normal subjects. Also, to examine the correlation between these laboratory parameters and the clinical and radiological characteristics of IIH patients. Results: Body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher among IIH patients compared to controls. Serum LDH, CRP, NLR and PLR were significantly higher, whereas serum iron was significantly lower in IIH patients compared to healthy controls. IIH patients with stenosis in brain MRV had significantly higher mean serum CRP compared with patients with normal MRV. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between serum CRP and the presence of stenosis in MRV, between serum LDH level and grade of papilledema, and between CRP, TIBC, and NLR with BMI. Conclusions: There is a significant elevation of inflammatory markers in IIH patients. Moreover, cerebral venous sinus stenosis and BMI were positively associated with higher markers of inflammation as CRP, LDH and NLR indicating the role of inflammation in thrombosis and obesity associated with IIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a cause of chronic headaches that are probably driven by raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Cerebral venous sinus pressure is thought to play a role in the underlying pathology, but its relation with intracranial pressure requires further investigation. We aimed to evaluate the concordance between lumbar puncture opening pressure (LPOP) as indicator of the ICP and cerebral venous sinus pressure in patients investigated for IIH. Methods: In this case-series replication study, all patients with IIH suspicion and who underwent cerebral venous sinus pressure measurement followed immediately by LP opening pressure (LPOP) measurement were retrospectively included. Pearson's correlation and measurement agreement (Bland-Altman plots) between venous pressure and LPOP were analyzed. Results: 52 consecutive patients (46 women; median age, 31 years [IQR = 25–42]) were included. The mean pressure in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and in the torcular were 20.9mmHg (SD ± 7.3) and 20.8 mmHg (SD ± 6.8), respectively. The mean LPOP was 22mmHg (SD ± 6.4). Pressure measured in the transverse venous sinus, the torcular, and the SSS correlated with LPOP (p < 0.001). Bland-Altman plots showed that torcular pressure strongly agreed with LPOP (mean difference of 1.7mmHg). The limit of agreement (LOA) (mean difference ± 1.96SD) contained 98.1% of the differences between the two methods, confirming the concordance between the two measures. Torcular pressure and LPOP were consistent in patients with a trans-stenotic pressure gradient ≥ or < to 8 mmHg (mean difference: 1mmHg and 2.4mmHg, respectively), and for those with a LP OP ≥ or < to 18mmHg (mean difference: 1.8mmHg and 1.95mmHg, respectively). Conclusions: In patients investigated for IIH, the ICP measured at the LP is correlated and concordant with the torcular pressure. These results confirm previous findings and further corroborate the hypothesis that cerebral venous system plays a major role in CSF dynamics and ICP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical treatment of refractory and extensive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) has limited applications. Here, we describe an open, direct sinus thrombectomy in the early phase of extensive CVST. A 49-year-old man with extensive CVST that occurred after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and affected the drainage of the Labbé vein presented with clinical deterioration and left temporal hemorrhagic infarction. Since the patient had extensive CVST, we determined that systemic anticoagulation and endovascular treatment were not suitable treatment options. Therefore, we decided on an emergency surgical treatment and performed direct surgical thrombectomy. We followed extended suboccipital approach and made multiple incisions on the sinuses, exposing the posterior superior sagittal sinus to the transverse sigmoid junction. Consequently, the clinical condition of the patient dramatically improved, resulting in a favorable outcome with a modified Rankin scale score of 0. Performing emergency open surgical thrombectomy was a technically feasible treatment option that recanalize obstructed sinuses. Importantly, the patient recovered with a good clinical outcome. Early maximal surgical thrombectomy can be an effective and lifesaving method to treat extensive CVST with hemorrhagic infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Otology and neuro-otology surgeries pose significant challenges due to the intricate and variable anatomy of the temporal bone (TB), requiring extensive training. In the last years 3D-printed temporal bone models for otological dissection are becoming increasingly popular. In this study, we presented a new 3D-printed temporal bone model named 'SAPIENS', tailored for educational and surgical simulation purposes. Methods: The 'SAPIENS' model was a collaborative effort involving a multidisciplinary team, including radiologists, software engineers, ENT specialists, and 3D-printing experts. The development process spanned from June 2022 to October 2023 at the Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome. Acquisition of human temporal bone images; temporal bone rendering; 3D-printing; post-printing phase; 3D-printed temporal bone model dissection and validation. Results: The 'SAPIENS' 3D-printed temporal bone model demonstrated a high level of anatomical accuracy, resembling the human temporal bone in both middle and inner ear anatomy. The questionnaire-based assessment by five experienced ENT surgeons yielded an average total score of 49.4 ± 1.8 out of 61, indicating a model highly similar to the human TB for both anatomy and dissection. Specific areas of excellence included external contour, sigmoid sinus contour, cortical mastoidectomy simulation, and its utility as a surgical practice simulator. Conclusion: We have designed and developed a 3D model of the temporal bone that closely resembles the human temporal bone. This model enables the surgical dissection of the middle ear and mastoid with an excellent degree of similarity to the dissection performed on cadaveric temporal bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meningiomas involving the dural venous sinuses present unique therapeutic challenges. While gross total resection remains the mainstay of treatment for meningiomas, involvement of critical vascular structures may limit extent of resection and increase the risk of recurrence. Optimal management of meningiomas with venous sinus involvement has been discussed in the literature, with some advocating for subtotal resection with postoperative surveillance and radiation, if necessary, while others recommend total resection with reconstruction of resection of the involved sinus. We performed a review of our series of 70 patients at a single institution who underwent resection of a meningioma involving the dural venous sinuses with reconstruction as needed, evaluating demographics, preoperative assessment of venous anatomy, surgical technique, and outcomes. In our series, we found successful maximal safe resection was achievable in patients with dural venous sinus involvement. We identified no venous infarctions and a low rate of recurrence. Maximal safe resection, including resection and reconstruction of involved sinuses, may be a safe and effective treatment for many patients. Careful preoperative assessment of venous anatomy and planning extent of resection and reconstruction are essential for safe and successful surgery in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavernous sinus (CS) dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are commonly treated by transvenous embolization, but the details of treatment need to be more clearly defined. We propose a classification of CS-DAVF that can contribute to formulating endovascular treatment process. CS-DAVF was classified into seven categories based on the cumulative CS range and drainage patterns. CS-DAVF angioarchitecture, clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcomes of CS-DAVF patients treated in our hospital from 2012 to 2021 were summarized and analyzed. Among the 116 patients with CS-DAVF: Type 1, 71 (61.2%); Type 2, 9 (7.8%); Type 3, 18 (15.5%); Type 4, 2 (1.7%); Type 5, 8 (6.9%); Type 6, 3 (2.6%); and Type 7, 5 (4.3%). Inter-CS or inferior petrosal sinus drainage was relatively rare in Types 1 and 6 (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001); basilar venous plexus drainage was more prevalent in Types 2, 5, and 7(P = 0.019). Inferior petrosal sinus occlusion was more commonly seen in Types 2, 3, and 5 (P = 0.005). The most frequent first symptoms and symptoms at admission in patients with CS-DAVF is ocular/orbital symptoms, occurring in 64 cases (55.2%) and 104 cases (89.7%), respectively. In this study, 108 patients (93.1%) underwent endovascular embolization. Among those who received endovascular embolization, 96 (88.9%) CS-DAVFs were treated via transvenous embolization. In long-term follow-up, 98 cases (84.5%) achieved cure, and 17 cases (14.7%) showed symptomatic improvement. Our proposed classification system based on cumulative CS range and drainage patterns can assist in formulating treatment strategies for transvenous embolization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The jugular bulb (JB) is the uppermost part of the internal jugular vein receiving the sigmoid sinus. The aim of the present research is to aid the comprehension of the JB, its abnormalities, and surrounding structures for improving both academic and surgical awareness. Materials and Methods: Various studies on this topic were critically reviewed. Cone-beam CT scans and CT and MR angiograms were used to demonstrate each type of the discussed variations. Results: Variations in the JB anatomy were thoroughly documented: high JB, dehiscent JB, hypoplasia and hyperplasia, and diverticula of the JB, as they have significant clinical implications, particularly in the context of otological and neuro-otological surgery, skull base pathology, and diagnostic imaging. Definitions and critical arguments were also specified to clarify existing literature. Additionally, we present a case report illustrating a high and dehiscent JB, an anatomical variation of clinical interest due to its potential for misdiagnosis as a glomus tumor. Another case describes a dehiscent JB with a hypotympanic air cell protruding into it, further highlighting the variability of this condition. Conclusions: It is necessary to proceed with caution when observing abnormal morphological characteristics of the JB. Preoperative assessment of each case is essential for optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumbar puncture opening pressure (LPOP) exceeding 250mmH2O is key in diagnosing idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), per revised Friedman's criteria. Some patients do not meet LPOP criteria (with or without papilledema), despite having IIH-related symptoms and neuroimaging findings. This study aimed to investigate the radiological findings and clinical symptoms in patients suspected of having IIH without meeting the LPOP criteria. We retrospectively evaluated cerebral venous sinus stenosis using the conduit Farb score (CFS) and other radiological findings suggestive of IIH by computed tomography venography and magnetic resonance venography in females ≥ 18 years-old with chronic headaches, suspected IIH, and LPOP < 250 mm. Eighty-eight women (56 with LPOP < 200 mm H2O and 32 with LPOP ranging between 200 and 250mmH2O) were included. Among patients with LPOP 200–250mmH2O, 40% (12) exhibited three or more radiological findings supporting IIH, compared to 17% (8) in the LPOP < 200 mmH2O group (p = 0.048). Cerebral venous stenosis (CFS ≤ 5) was observed in 80% (24) of those with LPOP 200–250 mmH2O, contrasting with 40% (19) of those with LPOP < 200 mmH2O (p < 0.001). Cerebral venous stenosis was significantly more common in patients with LPOP 200–250 mmH2O than < 200 mmH2O, suggesting that they may benefit from IIH treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic had a severe impact on public health worldwide. A rare but serious complication after administration of adenoviral vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 (AstraZeneca–Oxford and Johnson & Johnson) is vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT), which can lead to serious complications such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). CVST itself can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and/or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), leading to high mortality due to herniation of brain parenchyma. In those patients, an emergent decompressive hemicraniectomy (DC) is regularly performed. Herein, the authors want to focus on the patients who survive DC following VITT-associated CVST and shed light on the neurosurgical considerations in those patients. We herein propose a treatment algorithm regarding the timing and the perioperative management of cranioplasty. We describe an exemplary case highlighting that special circumstances may result in a more urgent need for autologous cranioplasty than usual, based on individual risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) illustrates multifactorial aetiology with varied clinical characteristics and is frequently linked to challenging diagnosis and inconstant prognosis, which necessitates for suitable medical skills and great suspicious index. The existing case report depicted the growth of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAF) due to CVST in young female patient with changed biochemical as well as radiological indicators. Twenty nine years old female patient was brought to hospital for dizziness and seizures. Glasgow Coma Scale was documented as E4 V5 M6 on first day of admission. Plain Computed Tomography outlined hypodensities in right basifrontal as well as periventricular areas close to frontal horn of right lateral ventricle. Cerebral Angio scan (DSA) showed elevated flow dural AV fistula of left transverse sigmoid junction. Serum urea (47 mg/dl) and serum creatinine (1.6 mg/dl) levels were found to be elevated. Patient was effectively operated through ‘endovascular embolization with Onyx’ as a part of emergency treatment protocol. She was supplemented with satisfactory postoperative care, followed up and discharged. Early clinical assessment, appropriate imaging technique and careful evaluation and treatment support can be key steps in managing patients of DAF following CVST. Onyx embolization may be practicable, active and lifesaving strategy in effective management of DAF accompanying with CVST in young patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The cerebral venous system consists of dural venous sinuses, superficial cortical veins, deep medullary and subependymal veins [1]. Cerebral veins contain about 70% of the total cerebral blood volume but CVT occurs about thousand times less often than arterial stroke. Arterial and venous stroke cause different neurological deficits and occur in people of different ages. About half of the patients with an arterial stroke are older than 75 years, whereas CVT most often affects young adults and children. Any pathology that alters the Virchow's triads of flow vessel wall and fluid blood physiology can cause thrombosis [2]. Materials & Methods: All patients 50 Patients confirmed by MRI and MRV as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Both Males and females are included. All age groups included. Patients with MR incompatible devices or implants. Patients on life support systems. Patients with claustrophobia. Discussion & Results: In our study done in various tertiary Medical College colleges, Karnataka for two years, between Feb 2022 to Jan 2024, 50 patients were included. All these patients were selected with MR evidence of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. The age range of the affected patients is 18 to 70 with a mean age of 38. There is no statistically significant association of age with poor outcome in our study as against the study of Stolz, Rahimi et al. who showed increasing age to be a poor prognostic indicator. There is no significant association between age of the patients and the prognosis. Conclusion: In our study of cerebral venous thrombosis it can be concluded that MRI is useful in prognostic evaluation. Diffusion weighted images are good prognostic tools. Restriction of diffusion is a poor prognostic indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retrolabyrinthine approach provides shorter working distance and less cerebellar retraction compared with the retrosigmoid approach to the internal acoustic canal (IAC) and cerebellopontine angle cistern. However, exposure of the ventral surface of the brainstem and petroclival region may be restricted. Trautmann's triangle (TT), an area intimately related to this region, demonstrates significant anatomical variability, which may adversely affect the ease of the approach. The aim of this study is to evaluate anatomic parameters of the posterior fossa that may anticipate a challenging situation in approaching the IAC and the petroclival region through the retrolabyrinthine approach. It was performed a radioanatomic analysis of 75 cerebral angiotomography exams to identify parameters that could potentially reduce areas of surgical exposure. Large variations were observed in the area of exposure of the TT (553%) and the height of the jugular bulb (234%). Shorter distances from the sigmoid sinus to the posterior semicircular canal and high-riding jugular bulb were associated with smaller areas of exposure. Dominant and laterally positioned sigmoid sinuses and less pneumatized mastoids were associated with potentially unfavorable conditions, including a narrower angle of attack to the IAC. Increased petrous slopes and petroclival angles were associated with smaller petroclival areas and shallower clival depths. This study of the posterior fossa reveals remarkable anatomic variation in the region. These findings should be taken into consideration during the preoperative planning of retrolabyrinthine approaches in order to offer safer and more effective surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebrovascular complications from blunt trauma to the skull base, though rare, can lead to potentially devastating outcomes, emphasizing the importance of timely diagnosis and management. Due to the insidious clinical presentation, subtle nature of imaging findings, and complex anatomy of the skull base, diagnosing cerebrovascular injuries and their complications poses considerable challenges. This article offers a comprehensive review of skull base anatomy and pathophysiology pertinent to recognizing cerebrovascular injuries and their complications, up-to-date screening criteria and imaging techniques for assessing these injuries, and a case-based review of the spectrum of cerebrovascular complications arising from skull base trauma. This review will enhance understanding of cerebrovascular injuries and their complications from blunt skull base trauma to facilitate diagnosis and timely treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dural sinus malformation (DSM) is a rare vascular malformation characterized by the dilatation of a dural venous sinus with or without an anomalous jugular bulb. Its presentation with venous-reflux-related secondary proptosis is anecdotal, with only six such cases reported so far. We report a 17-month-old boy who presented with a progressive proptosis of the right eye secondary to a DSM of the transverse sinus and torcula. Following endovascular embolization of the arterio-venous fistula, complete thrombosis of the venous lake and improvement in proptosis was noted at 6-month follow-up. Prognosis of this rare malformation is variable and dependent on specific angio-architectural features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a potentially serious complication following surgical treatment of vestibular schwannoma, a benign tumor originating from Schwann cells of the vestibulocochlear nerve. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CVST following surgical treatment of vestibular schwannoma and the factors contributing to its occurrence. Method: Two independent researchers searched the global databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library up to September 01, 2023. We employed a random-effects model for data analysis. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test. To assess the quality of the studies meeting our inclusion criteria, we employed the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Results: We included 23 articles in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of CVST after vestibular schwannoma surgery was 6.4% (95%CI 3.4–11.5%). The pooled prevalence of CVST following the retrosigmoid (RS), translabyrinthine (TL), and middle cranial fossa (MCF) approaches was 4.8% (95%CI 2.0–11.0%), 9.6% (95%CI 4.3–20.3%) and 9.9% (95%CI 1.6–42.2%), respectively, revealing a significant difference between the TL and the RS approaches (Odds ratio = 2.10, 95%CI 1.45–3.04, P < 0.001). The sigmoid sinus exhibited the highest post-operative thrombosis rate (7.9%), surpassing the transverse sinus (3.7%) and involvement of both sigmoid and transverse sinuses (1.6%), respectively. No significant associations were found with demographic or surgical factors. Conclusion: In the current meta-analysis, we identified a 6.4% CVST prevalence following vestibular schwannoma surgery, with varying rates depending on the surgical approach. No significant associations with patient or surgical factors were found, emphasizing the need for heightened clinical vigilance and further research in this context. Trail Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42023453513. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: First-generation bone bridges (BBs) have demonstrated favorable safety and audiological benefits in patients with conductive hearing loss. However, studies on the effects of second-generation BBs are limited, especially among children. In this study, we aimed to explore the surgical and audiological effects of second-generation BBs in patients with bilateral congenital microtia. Methods: This single-center prospective study included nine Mandarin-speaking patients with bilateral microtia. All the patients underwent BCI Generation 602 (BCI602; MED-EL, Innsbruck, Austria) implant surgery between September 2021 and June 2023. Audiological and sound localization tests were performed under unaided and BB-aided conditions. Results: The transmastoid and retrosigmoid sinus approaches were implemented in three and six patients, respectively. No patient underwent preoperative planning, lifts were unnecessary, and no sigmoid sinus or dural compression occurred. The mean function gain at 0.5–4.0 kHz was 28.06 ± 4.55-dB HL. The word recognition scores improved significantly in quiet under the BB aided condition. Signal-to-noise ratio reduction by 10.56 ± 2.30 dB improved the speech reception threshold in noise. Patients fitted with a unilateral BB demonstrated inferior sound source localization after the initial activation. Conclusions: Second-generation BBs are safe and effective for patients with bilateral congenital microtia and may be suitable for children with mastoid hypoplasia without preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A neurovascular conflict (NVC) is considered the cause of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in 75% of cases, and if so, a microvascular decompression (MVD) can lead to significant pain relief. A reliable preoperative detection of NVC is essential for clinical decision-making and surgical planning, making detailed neuroradiologic imaging an important component. We present our experiences and clinical outcomes with preoperative planning of the MVD procedure in a virtual reality (VR) environment, based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) sequences. Methods We analyzed the data of 30 consecutive MVDs in patients treated for TN, in a retrospective single-surgeon (R.A. Kockro) study. Out of the 30 cases, 26 were included. Preoperatively, MRA/MRV and MRI series were fused and three dimensionally reconstructed in a VR environment. All critical structures such as the trigeminal nerve as well as the arteries and veins of the cerebellopontine angle, the brainstem, the neighboring cranial nerves, and the transverse and sigmoid sinus were segmented. The NVC was visualized and a simulation of a retrosigmoid approach, with varying trajectories, to the NVC was performed. The intraoperative findings were then compared with the data of the simulation. The clinical outcome was assessed by a detailed review of medical reports, and follow-up-interviews were conducted in all available patients (20/26). Results The VR planning was well integrated into the clinical workflow, and imaging processing time was 30 to 40 minutes. There was a sole arterial conflict in 13 patients, a venous conflict in 4 patients, and a combined arteriovenous conflict in 9 patients. The preoperative simulations provided a precise visualization of the anatomical relationships of the offending vessels and the trigeminal nerves as well as the surrounding structures. For each case, the approach along the most suitable surgical corridor was simulated and the exact steps of the decompression were planned. The NVC and the anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle as seen intraoperatively matched with the preoperative simulations in all cases and the MVC could be performed as planned. At follow-up, 92.3% (24/26) of patients were pain free and all the patients who completed the questionnaire would undergo the surgery again (20/20). The surgical complication rate was zero. Conclusion Current imaging technology allows detailed preoperative visualization of the pathoanatomical spatial relationships in cases of TN. 3D interactive VR technology allows establishing a clear dissection and decompression strategy, resulting in safe vascular microsurgery and excellent clinical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sinus thrombosis is a common post-operative finding after posterior fossa surgery performed in the vicinity of the dural venous sinuses. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been shown to confer an increased risk of venous thromboembolic events owing to eliciting a hyper-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state. In this study, we examine the incidence of post-operative venous sinus thrombosis in patients undergoing peri-sigmoid posterior fossa surgery in the pre- and post-COVID era and investigate whether COVID infection confers an increased risk of sinus thrombosis. Methods: A retrospective review of a single institution case series of patients underwent peri-sigmoid surgery (retrosigmoid, translabyrinthine, or far lateral) approach. Relevant clinical variables were investigated that may confer an increased risk of sinus thrombosis. Results: A total of 311 patients (178 in the pre-COVID era, and 133 operated on after the pandemic began in March 2020) are included in the study. The composite incidence of sinus thrombosis seen on post-operative imaging was 7.8%. The incidence of sinus thrombosis in the pre-COVID cohort was N = 12 patients (6.7%) versus N = 12 (9%) in the post-COVID cohort (p = 0.46). A history of COVID infection was not shown to confer an increased risk of post-operative sinus thrombosis (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.08–4.79, p = 0.64). Only a small number of patients (N = 7, 2.3%) required either medical or surgical intervention for post-operative sinus thrombosis. Conclusion: The overall incidence of post-operative sinus thrombosis is similar in the pre- and post-COVID era. The findings of this study suggest that COVID infection is not associated with a higher risk of venous sinus thrombosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central nervous system (CNS) dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) have been reported in PTEN‐related hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS). However, PHTS‐associated DAVF remain an underexplored field of the PHTS clinical landscape. Here, we studied cases with a PTEN pathogenic variant identified between 2007 and 2020 in our laboratory (n = 58), and for whom brain imaging was available. Two patients had DAVF (2/58, 3.4%), both presenting at advanced stages: a 34‐year‐old man with a left lateral sinus DAVF at immediate risk of hemorrhage, and a 21‐year‐old woman with acute intracranial hypertension due to a torcular DAVF. Interestingly, not all patients had 3D TOF/MRA, the optimal sequences to detect DAVF. Early diagnosis of DAVF can be lifesaving, and is easier to treat compared to developed, proliferative, or complex lesions. As a result, one should consider brain MRI with 3D TOF/MRA in PHTS patients at genetic diagnosis, with subsequent surveillance on a case‐by‐case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) with skull fractures parallel to or crossing venous sinuses is a recognized risk factor for traumatic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (tCVST). Despite the recognition of this traumatic pathology in the literature, no consensus regarding management has been achieved. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of tCVST on TBI outcomes and related complications. Patients within a prospective registry at a level I trauma center from 2014 to 2023 were reviewed to identify tCVST cases. The impact of tCVST presence on Glasgow Outcome Scale scores at 6 months, 30-day mortality, and hospital length of stay were evaluated in multivariable-adjusted analyses. Among 607 patients with TBI, 61 patients were identified with skull fractures extending to the vicinity of venous sinuses with dedicated venography. Twenty-eight of these 61 patients (44.3%) had tCVST. The majority (96.4%) of tCVST were located in a unilateral transverse or sigmoid sinus. Complete recanalization was observed in 28% of patients on follow-up imaging (7/25 with follow-up imaging). None of the 28 patients suffered attributable venous infarcts or thrombus propagation. In the adjusted analysis, there was no difference in the 30-day mortality or Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months between patients with and without tCVST. Unilateral tCVST follows a benign clinical course without associated increased mortality or morbidity. The management of tCVST should be distinct as compared to spontaneous CVST, likely without the need for anticoagulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The chordae Willisii (CWs), trabecular projections into the lumen of the dural sinuses, are not well understood. We aimed to explore them using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Eighty-five patients underwent volumetric contrast-enhanced MRI, while another 30 underwent a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence in the coronal section. Results: The CWs were detected as linear filling defects lying in the dural sinuses, adjacent to the surrounding dura mater. They were found in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) in 68.2% of the patients, most frequently in the middle third, with laminar appearance. In 27.1% of the patients, the CWs divided the SSS lumen into separate channels. The CWs were identified in the transverse sinus, transverse-sigmoid sinus junctional area and sigmoid sinus, and straight sinus in 54.1, 47.1, and 8.2%, respectively. On the FLAIR images, dural septi partially dividing the SSS lumen were identified in all patients. In addition, in 73.3% of the patients, fine linear structures were observed in the lumen with inconstant arrangements. Conclusions: The CWs may be constant structures distributed over the lumen of the intracranial dural sinuses. Contrast-enhanced MRI may be useful for detecting laminar CWs. The FLAIR sequence may be advantageous for delineating the dural septi projecting into the lumen of the dural sinuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Intravenous corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment of patients hospitalized with acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC). However, 30%-40% of the patients are refractory to corticosteroids. We investigated whether addition of tofacitinib to corticosteroids improved the treatment responsiveness in patients with ASUC. METHODS: This single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized adult patients with ASUC (defined by the Truelove Witts severity criteria) to receive either tofacitinib (10 mg thrice daily) or a matching placebo for 7 days while continuing intravenous corticosteroids (hydrocortisone 100mgevery 6 hours). The primary end point was response to treatment (decline in the Lichtiger index by >3 points and an absolute score <10 for 2 consecutive days without the need for rescue therapy) by day 7. The key secondary outcome was the cumulative probability of requiring initiation of infliximab or undergoing colectomy within 90 days following randomization. All analyses were performed in the intention-to-treat population. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group (53 to tofacitinib and 51 to placebo). At day 7, response to treatment was achieved in 44/53 (83.01%) patients receiving tofacitinib vs 30/51 (58.82%) patients receiving placebo (odds ratio 3.42, 95% confidence interval 1.37-8.48, P 5 0.007). The need for rescue therapy by day 7 was lower in the tofacitinib arm (odds ratio 0.27, 95% confidence interval 0.09-0.78, P 5 0.01). The cumulative probability of need for rescue therapy at day 90 was 0.13 in patients who received tofacitinib vs 0.38 in patients receiving placebo (log-rank P 5 0.003). Most of the treatment-related adverse effects were mild. One patient, receiving tofacitinib, developed dural venous sinus thrombosis. DISCUSSION: In patients with ASUC, combination of tofacitinib and corticosteroids improved treatment responsiveness and decreased the need for rescue therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To measure the size of jugular foramina in infants affected by external hydrocephalus (EH) and in a control group, to support the hypothesis that a jugular foramen (JF) stenosis may determine dural venous sinus alterations and increased venous outflow resistance as main pathophysiological factor. Methods: Minimum, maximum, and mean values of JF areas were measured in a series of phase-contrast magnetic resonance venous angiography (angio MRV PCA3D) performed on 81 infants affected by EH. Results were compared with a group of 54 controls. Results: Smaller JF area was significantly smaller in patients versus controls (43.1 ± 14.6 vs. 52.7 ± 17.8; p < 0.001) resulting in a significantly smaller mean JF areas in patients vs. controls (51.6 ± 15.8 vs. 57.0 ± 18.3; p = 0.043). In patients, smaller JF areas were significantly associated with higher venous obstruction grading score (VOGS) both on the right (p = 0.018) and on the left side (p = 0.005). Positional plagiocephaly (cranial vault asymmetry index > 3.5%) was more frequent among EH patients than controls (38/17) but the difference was not significant (p = 0.07). In the 38 plagiocephalic patients, JF area was smaller on the flattened side than the contralateral in a significant number of cases both in right (21/7) and left (9/1) plagiocephaly (p < 0.0005) as well as the mean area (48.2 + 16.4 mm2 vs. 57.5 + 20.7 mm2, p = 0.002) and VOGS was significantly higher on the plagiocephalic side than on the contralateral side (1.6 ± 1.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.9, p = 0.019). Conclusion: In this series of infants affected by EH, the mean size of the ostium of both JF resulted significantly smaller than controls. JF stenosis was significantly associated with higher degrees of venous obstruction on both sides, suggesting a direct extrinsic effect of JF size on dural sinus lumen and possible consequent effect on venous outflow resistance. Positional plagiocephaly, when present, was associated with a decreased JF area and increased VOGS on the flattened side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter to the editors of the Journal of Neurology discusses a case of a patient who developed cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and thrombocytopenia after receiving the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine. The patient initially presented with an intracerebral hemorrhage and unexplained pulmonary embolism. The diagnosis of CVST was confirmed through radiological workup and laboratory testing for anti-PF4 antibodies. The authors emphasize the importance of considering CVST in cases of unusual hematoma location and low platelet counts, and recommend immediate radiological workup and anti-PF4 antibody testing for patients with unclear thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and elevated d-dimers. [Extracted from the article]

Background and purpose: Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare but life-threatening disease and its diagnosis remains challenging. Blood biomarkers, including D-Dimer are currently not recommended in guidelines. Soluble endothelial receptor proteins (sICAM-1, sPECAM-1 and sVCAM-1) have been shown to be promising diagnostic biomarkers in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, we examined endothelial receptor proteins as potential biomarkers for detecting CSVT. Methods: In this bi-centre, prospective study, we quantified D-Dimer as well as sICAM-1, sPECAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in plasma of patients with clinically suspected CSVT managed in the neurological emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care hospital. All patients underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were followed up after 3, 6 and 12 months to detect thrombus resolution. Results: Twenty-four out of 75 (32%) patients with clinically suspected CSVT presenting with headache to the ED were diagnosed with acute CSVT. These patients had a mean age of 45 ± 16 years and 78% were female. In patients with CSVT, mean baseline D-dimer (p < 0.001) and sPECAM-1 (p < 0.001) were significantly higher compared to patients without CSVT. The combination of D-Dimer and sPECAM-1 yielded the best ROC-AUC (0.994; < 0.001) with a negative predictive value of 95.7% and a positive predictive value of 95.5%. In addition, higher baseline sPECAM-1 levels (> 198 ng/ml) on admission were associated with delayed venous thrombus resolution at 3 months (AUC = 0.83). Conclusion: sPECAM-1 in combination with D-Dimer should be used to improve the diagnostic accuracy of acute CSVT and sPECAM-1 may predict long-term outcome of CSVT. Confirmatory results are needed in other settings in order to show their value in the management concept of CSVT patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the relative narrowing of the dural venous sinuses by arachnoid granulations (AGs) is more pronounced in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) compared to healthy controls. Background: IIH is characterized by increased intracranial pressure, which is associated with symptoms such as headache and visual disturbances. The role of cerebral venous drainage obstruction in IIH is the subject of ongoing research. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective case–control study, 3D contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance images of a cohort of 43 patients with IIH were evaluated for (1) the number of AGs per venous sinus and (2) the diameters of the dural venous sinuses at the site of an AG and at standardized measurement points. In addition, the minimum width of the transverse/sigmoid sinus was measured. All data were compared to the same data from a cohort of 43 control participants. Results: Patients with IIH showed less relative sinus narrowing by AG compared to controls (median: 7%, interquartile range [IQR] 10% vs. 11%, IQR 9% in controls; p = 0.009). In patients with IIH, sinus diameter was larger at the site of an AG (70 ± 25 mm2) compared to its diameter at the standardized measurement point (48 ± 23 mm2; p = 0.010). In the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), patients with IIH had smaller AGs (median: 3 mm2, IQR 2 mm2 vs. 5 mm2, IQR 3 mm2 in controls; p = 0.023) while the respective sinus segment was larger (median: 69 mm2; IQR 21 mm2 vs. 52 mm2, IQR 26 mm2 in controls; p = 0.002). The right transverse sinus was narrower in patients with IIH (41 ± 21 mm vs. 57 ± 20 mm in controls; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In contrast to our hypothesis, patients with IIH showed less pronounced relative sinus narrowing by AG compared to controls, especially within the SSS, where AGs were smaller and the corresponding sinus segment wider. Smaller AGs could result in lower cerebrospinal fluid resorption, favoring the development of IIH. Conversely, the smaller AGs could also be a consequence of IIH due to backpressure in the SSS because of the narrower transverse/sigmoid sinus, which widens the SSS and compresses the AG. Plain Language Summary: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the fluid pressure around the brain is too high, leading to headaches and vision problems. In our study, we found that arachnoid granulations, which help drain this fluid into the bloodstream, are smaller in patients with IIH, but do not significantly narrow the blood‐draining spaces of the brain. This suggests that although these structures are smaller in people with IIH, they may not be the main cause of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research reported reversal of the prototypical brain torque in individuals with mirrored visceral topology (situs inversus totalis, SIT). Here, we investigate if typical asymmetry of the posterior intracranial venous system is also reversed in SIT and whether the direction and magnitude of this asymmetry is related to the direction and magnitude of the brain torque. Brain structural MRI images of 38 participants with SIT were compared with those of 38 matched control participants. Occipital and frontal petalia and bending were measured using a standardized procedure. In addition, representative sections of the left and right transverse sinuses were segmented, and their respective volumes determined. Participants with SIT showed general reversal of occipital and frontal petalia and occipital bending, as well as reversal of typical transverse sinus asymmetry. Transverse sinus volume was significantly correlated with several torque measures, such that the smaller transverse sinus was associated with a larger ipsilateral occipital petalia, contralateral occipital bending, and ipsilateral frontal bending. We propose an anatomical mechanism to explain occipital petalia and bending, and conclude that anatomical constraints imposed by the asymmetry of the posterior venous system provide and additional account to elucidate the formation of the human brain torque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) has substantial clinical heterogeneity and leads to any organ dysfunction and can be fatal without timely treatment. HES is associated with an extremely poor prognosis, with the survival rate at 60 days after intensive care unit (ICU) admission around 20%. A high index of suspicion is needed for timely diagnosis and early initiation of treatment to improve outcomes. Treatment strategies are aimed at symptom control and limiting end-organ damage by lowering blood eosinophils. The combination of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in the setting of eosinophil-related diseases has seldom been reported. Here, we report a case of a young female who developed eosinophilic pneumonia, DVT, CSVT, and ITP managed successfully with steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and anticoagulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arachnoid granulations (AGs) are generally benign structures within the subarachnoid space that extend into the dural sinuses and calvarial bone. They can present in a variety of sizes but are termed 'giant' arachnoid granulations (GAGs) when they are larger than 1 cm in diameter or take up a significant portion of the dural sinus' lumen. Vermiform giant arachnoid granulations are a specific type of GAG that are known for their worm-like appearance. Specifically, these vermiform GAGs can be challenging to diagnose as they can mimic other pathologies like dural sinus thrombosis, sinus cavernomas, or brain tumors. In this case series, we present two cases of vermiform giant arachnoid granulations, discuss their imaging characteristics and highlight the diagnostic challenges to improve identification and prevent misdiagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We conducted an overview to assess immune adverse effects associated with the COVID-19 vaccine, guiding safer choices and providing evidence-based information to clinicians. Methods: Forty-three studies on adverse effects of vaccines were reviewed from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Single-arm meta-analyses estimated summary effects, incidence, presentation, etc. An overview using single-arm metaanalysis and reported the findings following the guidelines outlined in the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) specifically focusing on myocarditis and thrombosis. After screening 2,591 articles, 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR 2. Disagreements were resolved via consensus. Data analysis utilized a random-effects model in R software to estimate incidence rates of selected adverse events. Results: After removing 1,198 duplicates and screening out irrelevant articles from a total of 2,591, we included 42 studies. Adverse reactions to vaccinations include myocarditis, thrombosis, skin reactions, GBS, etc. thrombosis and myocarditis are the most dangerous diseases associated with vaccination. Myocarditis occurred in 6% of Vector vaccine recipients, compared to 61% of mRNA vaccine recipients. Thrombosis was more common after Vector vaccination (91%) than after mRNA vaccination (9%). Furthermore, eight studies conducted anti-PF4 antibody tests and yielded a positivity rate of 67%. Meta-analysis showed that among all patients with Vaccine-induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis occurred in 66%, and intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 43%. The rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism in vaccinated patients were 13% and 23%, respectively, with a pooled case fatality rate of 30%. Conclusion: The results of this overview indicate the majority of adverse reactions are self-limiting and require minimal intervention, while rare occurrences such as myocarditis and thrombosis pose a potentially fatal threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nocebo effects describe all negative outcomes for well-being brought about by negative health-related expectations. Media coverage of drug side effects can fuel nocebo effects and lead to increased symptom reports. This retrospective observational analysis of emergency reports at the neurological emergency room at University Hospital Essen, Germany, examines whether media communication about a cumulation of very rare cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) after COVID-19 vaccination with the AstraZeneca compound (ChAdOx-1 nCoV-19) was followed by an increase in weekly presentation rates of patients with the main complaint of headache, a symptom commonly occurring as a vaccination reaction but also communicated as a warning symptom for CVST. The rate of headache presentations increased by 171.7% during the five weeks after the first announcement of CVSTs in Germany on 11 March 2021, compared to the five weeks immediately prior. Furthermore, more young women sought consultation for headache, reflecting the communicated at-risk profile for CVST. The increased rate of headache presenters contributed to a 32.1% rise in total neurological emergency cases, causing an increased strain on the emergency facility after the side effect risk was publicized. We discuss a causal role of negative side effect expectations after vaccination with AstraZeneca as a driver for this increase. While transparent communication about benefits and potential side effects is crucial for vaccination acceptance, increased vigilance toward nocebo effects in health-related media communication is needed due to its potential harm to the individual and society, especially when emergency medical resources are stretched thin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sigmoid sinus wall dehiscence can lead to pulsatile tinnitus with a significant decrease in quality of life, occasionally leading to psychiatric disorders. Several surgical and endovascular procedures have been described for resolving dehiscence. Within endovascular procedures, the sagittal sinus approach could be a technical alternative for tracking and accurate stent positioning within the sigmoid sinus when the jugular bulb anatomy is unfavorable. Case presentation: A retrospective case series of three patients with pulsatile tinnitus due to sigmoid sinus wall dehiscence without intracranial hypertension was reviewed from January 2018 to January 2022. From the participants enrolled, the median age was 50.3 years (range 43–63), with 67% self-identifying as female and 33% as male. They self-identified as Hispanic. Sigmoid sinus dehiscence was diagnosed using angiotomography, and contralateral transverse sinus stenosis was observed in all patients. Patients underwent surgery via a navigated endovascular sagittal sinus approach for sigmoid sinus stenting. No neurological complications were associated with the procedure. Pulsatile tinnitus improved after the procedure in all patients. Conclusions: Superior sagittal sinus resection for sigmoid sinus wall stenting is a safe and effective technique. Pulsatile tinnitus due to sigmoid sinus wall dehiscence could be treated using the endovascular resurfacing stenting technique. However, further research is needed to evaluate the potential benefit of contralateral stenting for removing sinus dehiscence when venous stenosis is detected. However, resurfacing sigmoid sinus wall dehiscence results in symptomatic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuronavigation systems coupled with previously reported external anatomical landmarks assist neurosurgeons during intracranial procedures. We aimed to verify whether the posterior auricularis muscle (PAM) could be used as an external landmark for identifying the sigmoid sinus (SS) and the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction (TSSJ) during posterior cranial fossa surgery. The PAM was dissected in 10 adult cadaveric heads and after drilling the underlying bone, the relationships with the underlying SS and TSSJ were noted. The width and length of the PAM, and the distance between the muscle and reference points (asterion, mastoid tip, and midline), were measured. The PAM was identified in 18 sides (9 left, 9 right). The first 20 mm of the muscle length (mean 28.28 mm) consistently overlay the mastoid process anteriorly and the proximal half of the SS slightly posteriorly on all sides. The superior border was a mean of 2.22 mm inferior to the TSSJ and, especially when the muscle length exceeded 20 mm, this border extended closer to the transverse sinus; it was usually found at a mean of 3.11 mm (range 0.0–13.80 mm) inferior to the distal third of the transverse sinus. Superficial landmarks give surgeons improved surgical access, avoiding overexposure of deep neurovascular structures and reducing brain retraction. On the basis of our cadaveric study, the PAM is a reliable and accurate direct landmark for identifying the SS and TSSJ. The PAM could potentially be used for guiding the retrosigmoid approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venous sinus thromboses (VSTs) are rare complications of neurosurgical procedures in the proximity of the dural sinuses. Surgery of the posterior cranial fossa (PCF) and particularly of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) shows increased risk of VST. VST management is challenging because anticoagulant therapy must be balanced with the risk of postoperative bleeding. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the most important neuroradiologic and clinical aspects of VST after PCF/CPA surgery. We performed a comprehensive literature search to identify articles reporting data on VST after PCF/CPA surgery. We selected only comparative studies providing adequate neuroimaging assessing VST and a control group. We included 13 articles reporting 1855 patients. VST occurred in 251/1855 cases (estimated incidence, 17.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.4%–22.2%). Only presigmoid approach (odds ratio [OR], 2.505; 95% CI, 1.161–5.404; P = 0.019) and intraoperative sinus injury (OR, 8.95; 95% CI, 3.43–23.34; P < 0.001) showed a significant association with VST. VST-related symptoms were reported in 12/251 patients with VST (pooled incidence, 3.1%; 95% CI, 1%–5.2%). In particular, we found a significantly increased OR of cerebrospinal fluid leak (OR, 3.197; 95% CI, 1.899–5.382; P < 0.001) and cerebrospinal fluid dynamic alterations in general (OR, 3.625; 95% CI, 2.370–5.543; P < 0.001). Indications for VST treatment were heterogeneous: 58/251 patients underwent antithrombotics, with 6 treatment-related bleedings. Recanalization overall occurred in 56.4% (95% CI, 40.6%–72.2%), with no significant difference between treated and untreated patients. However, untreated patients had a favorable outcome. VST is a relatively frequent complication after PCF/CPA surgery and a presigmoid approach and intraoperative sinus injury represent the most significant risk factors. However, the clinical course is generally benign, with no advantage of antithrombotic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the clinical and neuroimaging features, risk factors, treatment choices, and long-term clinical outcomes in children with cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT). This is a retrospective cohort study of children diagnosed with CSVT between 2002 and 2018 at Texas Children's Hospital. A total of 183 children (male: 62.3%) with CSVT were included. The average presenting age was 7.7 years (S.D.: 5.6). The mean follow-up duration was 33.7 months (S.D.: 38.6). The most common presenting clinical feature was headache (36.6%). Head and neck infections other than meningitis (36.6%) were the most common risk factors. Prevalent neurological examination findings included motor deficit (21.3%) and altered mental status (AMS, 20.2%). Neuroimaging features included hemorrhagic infarction (19.6%), ischemic infarction (8.2%), and intracranial hemorrhage without infarction (5.5%). The most common site of thrombosis was the superior sagittal sinus (37.2%), with 78.2% of patients demonstrating involvement of multiple sinuses. Treatment of choice was low-molecular-weight heparin in 69.4% of patients. Factors associated with worse clinical outcomes included head and neck infections, malignancy (other than hematologic), cardiac disease, and recent surgery; seizure and dehydration on initial presentation; motor abnormalities and AMS on initial examination; ischemic infarct only; and involvement of vein of Trolard on neuroimaging. Thrombus condition on repeat imaging, receiving any anticoagulant/antithrombotic treatment, treatment duration, or follow-up duration was not associated with severity of long-term outcome. CSVT may lead to unfavorable long-term outcomes in a remarkable portion of pediatric patients. Thus, a high index of suspicion and early and appropriate management of pediatric CSVT is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the transverse sinus (TS) stenosis (TSS) position caused by arachnoid granulation on patients with venous pulsatile tinnitus (VPT) and to further identify the types of TSS that are of therapeutic significance for patients. Multiphysics interaction models of six patients with moderate TSS caused by arachnoid granulation and virtual stent placement in TSS were reconstructed, including three patients with TSS located in the middle segment of the TS (group 1) and three patients with TTS in the middle and proximal involvement segment of the TS (group 2). The transient multiphysics interaction simulation method was applied to elucidate the differences in biomechanical and acoustic parameters between the two groups. The results revealed that the blood flow pattern at the TS and sigmoid sinus junction was significantly changed depending on the stenosis position. Preoperative patients had increased blood flow in the TSS region and TSS downstream where the blood flow impacted the vessel wall. In group 1, the postoperative blood flow pattern, average wall pressure, vessel wall vibration, and sound pressure level of the three patients were comparable to the preoperative state. However, the postoperative blood flow velocity decreased in group 2. The postoperative average wall pressure, vessel wall vibration, and sound pressure level of the three patients were significantly improved compared with the preoperative state. Intravascular intervention therapy should be considered for patients with moderate TSS caused by arachnoid granulations in the middle and proximal involvement segment of the TS. TSS might not be considered the cause of VPT symptoms in patients with moderate TSS caused by arachnoid granulation in the middle segment of the TS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in itself is rarely encountered clinical entity and its association with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) makes it more unusual presentation. No any as such standard guidelines exist that guides the prompt evidence based management in such concurrent cases but neuroendovascular modality can play a pivotal role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document contains abstracts from various medical studies, providing concise information on various research topics. The summaries cover a range of topics, including improving the time from a patient's arrival at the hospital to vascular puncture for mechanical thrombectomy, the appropriateness of computed tomography head scans for blunt trauma, the MRI features of osmotic demyelination syndrome, the use of flow diverting stents for treating acute carotid dissections, the distribution of punctate white matter injury in different infant groups, and repeat venous sinus stenting for managing recurrent sinus stenosis in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Sigmoid sinus diverticulum/dehiscence (SSD) is one of the treatable causes of venous pulsatile tinnitus. It can be diagnosed using temporal bone computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance angiography/venography (MRA). In cases where patients find their symptoms intolerable, surgical treatment is typically preferred. Here, we have presented a novel surgical technique involving sigmoid sinus re-roofing and have analyzed its feasibility. Methods: Between January 2020 and July 2023, approximately 150 patients with pulsatile tinnitus were evaluated at two different tertiary hospitals. Of these, 12 patients were diagnosed with SSD, and seven underwent surgical treatment. Five patients were treated with tailored reroofing (TRR) of the sigmoid sinus and two with transmastoid resurfacing (MRS) of the sigmoid sinus. We compared the Korean tinnitus handicap inventory (K-THI) score, pure tone audiogram (PTA) threshold, and CT findings before and a month after surgeries for these two techniques. The operation time was also analyzed. Results: In TRR cases, the K-THI score reduced from 55.0 ± 31.4 preoperatively to 4.0 ± 3.0 postoperatively, and the SSD was well-repositioned and covered by a bone chip postoperatively. In MRS cases, the K-THI score reduced from 41.0 ± 9.9 preoperatively to 15.0 ± 21.2 postoperatively, and the SSD was well-covered with bone cement postoperatively. The average surgical time of five TRR and two MRS cases were 77.5 ± 32.5 and 174.0 ± 75.0 min, respectively. No complications were noted. Conclusions: Despite the insufficient number of cases, we noted that TRR requires a reasonable amount of time, involves a smaller incision, and may provide favorable outcomes compared to conventional MRS in cases of pulsatile tinnitus associated with SSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to use multimodal imaging (contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (T1C), T2-weighted (T2), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)) to develop a radiomics model for preoperatively predicting venous sinus invasion in meningiomas. This prediction would assist in selecting the appropriate surgical approach and forecasting the prognosis of meningiomas. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 331 participants who had been pathologically diagnosed with meningiomas. For each participant, 3948 radiomics features were acquired from the T1C, T2, and DWI images. Minimum redundancy maximum correlation, rank sum test, and multi-factor recursive elimination were used to extract the most significant features of different models. Then, multivariate logistic regression was used to build classification models to predict meningioma venous sinus invasion. The diagnostic capabilities were assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. In addition, a nomogram was constructed by incorporating clinical and radiological characteristics and a radiomics signature. To assess the clinical usefulness of the nomogram, a decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed. Tumor shape, boundary, and enhancement features were independent predictors of meningioma venous sinus invasion (p = 0.013, p = 0.013, p = 0.005, respectively). Eleven (T2:1, T1C:4, DWI:6) of the 3948 radiomics features were screened for strong association with meningioma sinus invasion. The areas under the ROC curves for the training and external test sets were 0.946 and 0.874, respectively. The clinicoradiomic model showed excellent predictive performance for invasive meningioma, which may help to guide surgical approaches and predict prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although rare, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) can result in significant neurological complications, particularly after childbirth. Early diagnosis poses a challenge due to symptom overlap with other conditions. Limited publications and underdiagnosis of CVT are prevalent in developing nations, notably in Ethiopia. Case: A 29-year-old mother, having given birth four times, presented to the emergency department in her second month postpartum with complaints of persistent headaches and blurred vision over three weeks. Additionally, she reported sudden weakness on her right side for one day. Despite previous treatments for migraine headaches, she was diagnosed with CVT after magnetic resonance imaging/venography revealed blockage in the right anastomotic vein and the posterior segment of the superior sagittal sinus. Treatment commenced with the anticoagulant enoxaparin. During hospitalization, she experienced one episode of generalized seizures, leading to transfer to the intensive care unit where phenytoin was added. Subsequent diagnosis of papilledema occurred. After a 16-day hospital stay, she was discharged with warfarin, phenytoin, and acetazolamide. Oral anticoagulation and other medications ceased after six months of treatment, considering the postpartum period as a temporary risk factor for CVT. The patient currently maintains good health and has resumed normal activities. Conclusion: Maintaining a high index of suspicion for CVT during the postpartum period and promptly conducting imaging scans are crucial for early diagnosis. This approach can halt neurological decline and facilitate immediate recovery through early therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Microsurgical resection with intraoperative neuromonitoring is the gold standard for acoustic neurinomas (ANs) which are classified as T3 or T4 tumors according to the Hannover Classification. Microscope-based augmented reality (AR) can be beneficial in cerebellopontine angle and lateral skull base surgery, since these are small areas packed with anatomical structures and the use of this technology enables automatic 3D building of a model without the need for a surgeon to mentally perform this task of transferring 2D images seen on the microscope into imaginary 3D images, which then reduces the possibility of error and provides better orientation in the operative field. Materials and Methods: All patients who underwent surgery for resection of ANs in our department were included in this study. Clinical outcomes in terms of postoperative neurological deficits and complications were evaluated, as well as neuroradiological outcomes for tumor remnants and recurrence. Results: A total of 43 consecutive patients (25 female, median age 60.5 ± 16 years) who underwent resection of ANs via retrosigmoid osteoclastic craniotomy with the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (22 right-sided, 14 giant tumors, 10 cystic, 7 with hydrocephalus) by a single surgeon were included in this study, with a median follow up of 41.2 ± 32.2 months. A total of 18 patients underwent subtotal resection, 1 patient partial resection and 24 patients gross total resection. A total of 27 patients underwent resection in sitting position and the rest in semi-sitting position. Out of 37 patients who had no facial nerve deficit prior to surgery, 19 patients were intact following surgery, 7 patients had House Brackmann (HB) Grade II paresis, 3 patients HB III, 7 patients HB IV and 1 patient HB V. Wound healing deficit with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurred in 8 patients (18.6%). Operative time was 317.3 ± 99 min. One patient which had recurrence and one further patient with partial resection underwent radiotherapy following surgery. A total of 16 patients (37.2%) underwent resection using fiducial-based navigation and microscope-based AR, all in sitting position. Segmented objects of interest in AR were the sigmoid and transverse sinus, tumor outline, cranial nerves (CN) VII, VIII and V, petrous vein, cochlea and semicircular canals and brain stem. Operative time and clinical outcome did not differ between the AR and the non-AR group. However, use of AR improved orientation in the operative field for craniotomy planning and microsurgical resection by identification of important neurovascular structures. Conclusions: The single-center experience of resection of ANs showed a high rate of gross total (GTR) and subtotal resection (STR) with low recurrence. Use of AR improves intraoperative orientation and facilitates craniotomy planning and AN resection through early improved identification of important anatomical relations to structures of the inner auditory canal, venous sinuses, petrous vein, brain stem and the course of cranial nerves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Information regarding the safety and efficacy of specific direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in the treatment of cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis (CSVT) is scarce. Apixaban is one of the most frequently prescribed DOACs. Therefore, we aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of Apixaban with those of vitamin k antagonists (VKA) in patients with CSVT. Methods: Prospective CSVT databases from seven academic medical centers were retrospectively analyzed. Patients treated with Apixaban were compared to those treated with VKA. Data on demographics, clinical presentations, risk factors, radiological and outcome parameters were studied. Results: Overall, 403 patients were included in the analysis. Of them, 48 (12%) were treated with Apixaban, and 355 (88%) were treated with VKA. Rates of coagulopathies were significantly higher in the VKA-treated patients but no other differences between the groups were found in baseline characteristics and underlying etiology. No significant differences were found between groups in efficacy or safety parameters including the rates of recanalization, favorable outcomes, one-year mortality, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage or CSVT recurrences. Conclusion: Our data suggests that Apixaban may be safe and effective for patients with CSVT. These results should be tested in prospective randomized clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calvarial bone marrow has been found to be central in the brain immune response, being connected to the dura through channels which allow leukocyte trafficking. Temporal bone marrow is thought to play important roles in relation to the inner ear, but is still largely uncharacterized, given this bone complex anatomy. We characterized the geometry and connectivity of rat temporal bone marrow using lightsheet imaging of cleared samples and microCT. Bone marrow was identified in cleared tissue by cellular content (and in particular by the presence of megakaryocytes); since air-filled cavities are absent in rodents, marrow clusters could be recognized in microCT scans by their geometry. In cleared petrosal bone, autofluorescence allowed delineation of the otic capsule layers. Within the endochondral layer, bone marrow was observed in association to the cochlear base and vestibule, and to the cochlear apex. Cochlear apex endochondral marrow (CAEM) was a separated cluster from the remaining endochondral marrow, which was therefore defined as "vestibular endochondral marrow" (VEM). A much larger marrow island (petrosal nonendochondral marrow, PNEM) extended outside the otic capsule surrounding semicircular canal arms. PNEM was mainly connected to the dura, through bone channels similar to those of calvarial bone, and only a few channels were directed toward the canal periosteum. On the contrary, endochondral bone marrow was well connected to the labyrinth through vascular loops (directed to the spiral ligament for CAEM and to the bony labyrinth periosteum for VEM), and to dural sinuses. In addition, CAEM was also connected to the tensor tympani fossa of the middle ear and VEM to the endolymphatic sac. Endochondral marrow was made up of small lobules connected to each other and to other structures by channels lined by elongated macrophages, whereas PNEM displayed larger lobules connected by channels with a sparse macrophage population. Our data suggest that the rat inner ear is surrounded by bone marrow at the junctions with middle ear and brain, most likely with "customs" role, restricting pathogen spread; a second marrow network with different structural features is found within the endochondral bone layer of the otic capsule and may play different functional roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High intracranial pressure (ICP) can be induced by stroke, brain trauma, and brain tumor, and lead to cerebral injury. Monitoring the blood flow of a damaged brain is important for detecting intracranial lesions. Blood sampling is a better way to monitor changes in brain oxygen and blood flow than computed tomography perfusion and magnetic resonance imaging. This article describes how to take blood samples from the transverse sinus in a high ICP rat model. Also, it compares the blood samples from the transverse sinus and femoral artery/vein through blood gas analysis and neuronal cell staining. The findings may be of significance to the monitoring of the oxygen and blood flow of intracranial lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]