40 results on '"Crim, Marcus J"'
Search Results
2. High-mortality epizootic Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar Liflandii in a colony of Zaire Dwarf Clawed Frogs (Hymenochirus boettgeri).
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Boulanger, Matthew, Crim, Marcus J., Keller, Jill, and Hoenerhoff, Mark J.
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ZOONOSES ,FROGS ,MYCOBACTERIUM ,MYCOBACTERIAL diseases ,PUBLIC health ,MYCOBACTERIA ,ENVIRONMENTAL sampling - Abstract
Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar Liflandii (Mu Liflandii) was identified as the causative agent of mycobacteriosis in a research colony of Zaire dwarf clawed frogs (Hymenochirus boettgeri) at the University of Michigan. Clinical presentation included lethargy, generalized septicemia, cutaneous granulomas, coelomic effusion, and acute mortality. Identification of the mycobacterial species was based on molecular, microbiological, and histopathologic characteristics. These findings indicate that Mu Liflandii is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in Zaire dwarf clawed frogs and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sepsis and coelomic effusion in amphibians. Mycobacterial speciation is important given the variability in pathogenesis within the family Mycobacteriaceae and the implications for both animal and human health as potential zoonoses. The Zaire dwarf clawed frog is a species common in the pet trade, and these findings provide consideration for this pathogen as a potentially important public health concern. This is the first report of Mu Liflandii infection in the genus Hymenochirus and illustrates the diagnostic challenges of differentiating among both mycolactone-producing mycobacteria and Mycobacterium marinum. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of environmental sampling for this pathogen within the tank system, suggesting this mode of sampling could replace the need for direct frog surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Comprehensive Colony Health Management and Emerging Pathogens of the Annual Killifish SpeciesNothobranchius furzeri
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Naumann, Uta, primary, Brazzell, Jennifer L, additional, Crim, Marcus J, additional, and Hoppe, Beate, additional
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- 2024
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4. A fish is not a mouse: understanding differences in background genetics is critical for reproducibility
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Crim, Marcus J. and Lawrence, Christian
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- 2021
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5. Molecular and culture-based assessment of the microbiome in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) housing system during set-up and equilibration
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Ericsson, Aaron C., Busi, Susheel B., Davis, Daniel J., Nabli, Henda, Eckhoff, David C., Dorfmeyer, Rebecca A., Turner, Giedre, Oswalt, Payton S., Crim, Marcus J., and Bryda, Elizabeth C.
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- 2021
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6. Viral Diseases
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Crim, Marcus J., primary
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- 2020
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7. Contributors
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Aliucci, John, primary, Aman, Andrew J., additional, Barresi, Michael J.F., additional, Barton, Carrie L., additional, Baumann, Diana P., additional, Braasch, Ingo, additional, Brockerhoff, Susan E., additional, Burgess, Shawn M., additional, Cartner, Samuel C., additional, Castranova, Daniel, additional, Chow, Dawnis M., additional, Cleghorn, Whitney M., additional, Cockington, Jason, additional, Coffin, Allison B., additional, Collymore, Chereen, additional, Cox, James D., additional, Crim, Marcus J., additional, Currie, Peter, additional, D'Abramo, Louis R., additional, Davidson, Alan J., additional, Diep, Cuong Q., additional, Draper, Bruce W., additional, Durboraw, Earle, additional, Eisen, Judith S., additional, Farmer, Susan C., additional, Fetcho, Joseph R., additional, Fischer, Kay, additional, Fowler, L. Adele, additional, Galanternik, Marina Venero, additional, Ganz, Julia, additional, Gorelick, Daniel A., additional, Guillemin, Karen J., additional, Habenicht, Lauren M., additional, Hammer, Hugh S., additional, Hudson, Alexandria M., additional, Jonz, Michael G., additional, Kaslin, Jan, additional, Kent, Michael L., additional, Kimelman, David, additional, Kwon, Ronald Y., additional, Lains, David, additional, Lawrence, Christian, additional, Ledin, Johan, additional, Lee, Carole J., additional, Li, Jianlong, additional, Lieggi, Christine, additional, Löhr, Christiana, additional, McArthur, Kimberly L., additional, McCluskey, Braedan M., additional, Mikeasky, Noriko, additional, Mulrooney, Donna, additional, Murray, Katrina N., additional, Nichols, James T., additional, Pandolfo, Lauren, additional, Parichy, David M., additional, Pathak, Narendra H., additional, Paull, Gregory C., additional, Peterson, Randall T., additional, Phillips, Jennifer B., additional, Postlethwait, John H., additional, Prochaska, Morgan, additional, Raible, David W., additional, Rissone, Alberto, additional, Sanders, Erik, additional, Sanders, George E., additional, Sanders, Justin L., additional, Siegfried, Kellee R., additional, Smith, Natalie L., additional, Spagnoli, Sean T., additional, Stratman, Amber N., additional, Thomas, Eric D., additional, Traver, David, additional, Tulenko, Frank J., additional, Tyler, Charles R., additional, Wallace, Kenneth N., additional, Wang, Chongmin, additional, Watson, Claire J., additional, Watts, Amanda, additional, Watts, Stephen A., additional, Weinstein, Brant M., additional, Westerfield, Monte, additional, Whipps, Christopher M., additional, Wiles, Travis J., additional, Williams, Michael B., additional, Yoder, Jeffrey A., additional, Zhang, Tejia, additional, and Zynda, Jeffrey R., additional
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- 2020
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8. Using Sterile Flocked Swabs as an Alternative Method for Rodent Health Monitoring
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Varela, Mynn Michelle D, primary, Bibay, Jan Irving A, additional, Ogden, Bryan E, additional, Crim, Marcus J, additional, and Htoon, Hla M, additional
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- 2022
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9. Edwardsiella ictaluri in a Colony of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Used in a Teaching Laboratory
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Sun, Francis J, primary, Crim, Marcus J, additional, and Leblanc, Mathias, additional
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- 2021
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10. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Corynebacterium bovis Isolates from Immunodeficient Rodents
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Fagre, Anna C, primary, Pugazhenthi, Uma, additional, Cheleuitte-Nieves, Christopher, additional, Crim, Marcus J, additional, Henderson, Kenneth S, additional, Fong, Derek L, additional, Leszczynski, Jori K, additional, Schurr, Michael J, additional, Daniels, Joshua B, additional, and Manuel, Christopher A, additional
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- 2021
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11. Behavioral and Reproductive Effects of Environmental Enrichment and Pseudoloma neurophilia infection on Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
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Estes, Jenny M, primary, Altemara, Michelle L, additional, Crim, Marcus J, additional, Fletcher, Craig A, additional, and Whitaker, Julia W, additional
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- 2021
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12. Murine and related chapparvoviruses are nephro-tropic and produce novel accessory proteins in infected kidneys
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National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Cancer Institute NSW (Australia), Hillcrest Foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, National Institutes of Health (US), National Cancer Institute (US), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Generalitat de Catalunya, IDEXX BioAnalytics, Lee, Quintin, Padula, Matthew P., Pinello, Natalia, Williams, Simon H., O'Rourke, Matthew B., Fumagalli, Marcilio Jorge, Orkin, Joseph D., Song, Renhua, Shaban, Babak, Brenner, Ori, Pimanda, John E., Weninger, Wolfgang, de Souza, William Marciel, Melin, Amanda D., Wong, Justin J.-L., Crim, Marcus J., Monette, Sébastien, Roediger, Ben, Jolly, Christopher J., National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Cancer Institute NSW (Australia), Hillcrest Foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, National Institutes of Health (US), National Cancer Institute (US), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Generalitat de Catalunya, IDEXX BioAnalytics, Lee, Quintin, Padula, Matthew P., Pinello, Natalia, Williams, Simon H., O'Rourke, Matthew B., Fumagalli, Marcilio Jorge, Orkin, Joseph D., Song, Renhua, Shaban, Babak, Brenner, Ori, Pimanda, John E., Weninger, Wolfgang, de Souza, William Marciel, Melin, Amanda D., Wong, Justin J.-L., Crim, Marcus J., Monette, Sébastien, Roediger, Ben, and Jolly, Christopher J.
- Abstract
[Abstract] Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV) is a member of the provisional genus Chapparvovirus that causes renal disease in immune-compromised mice, with a disease course reminiscent of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in immune-suppressed kidney transplant patients. Here we map four major MKPV transcripts, created by alternative splicing, to a common initiator region, and use mass spectrometry to identify “p10” and “p15” as novel chapparvovirus accessory proteins produced in MKPV-infected kidneys. p15 and the splicing-dependent putative accessory protein NS2 are conserved in all near-complete amniote chapparvovirus genomes currently available (from mammals, birds and a reptile). In contrast, p10 may be encoded only by viruses with >60% amino acid identity to MKPV. We show that MKPV is kidney-tropic and that the bat chapparvovirus DrPV-1 and a non-human primate chapparvovirus, CKPV, are also found in the kidneys of their hosts. We propose, therefore, that many mammal chapparvoviruses are likely to be nephrotropic., [Author summary] Parvoviruses are small, genetically simple single-strand DNA viruses that remain viable outside their hosts for very long periods of time. They cause disease in several domesticated species and in humans. Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV) is a causative agent of kidney failure in immune-compromised mice and is the only member of the provisional Chapparvovirus genus for which the complete genome including telomeres is known. Here, we show that MKPV propagates almost exclusively in the kidneys of mice infected naturally, wherein it produces novel accessory proteins whose coding regions are conserved in amniote-associated chapparvovirus sequences. We assemble a closely related complete viral genome present in DNA extracted from the kidney of a wild Cebus imitator monkey, and show that another related chapparvovirus is preferentially found in kidneys of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. We conclude that many mammal-hosted chapparvovirus are adapted to the kidney niche and may therefore cause disease following kidney stress in multiple species.
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- 2020
13. A fish is not a mouse: understanding differences in background genetics is critical for reproducibility
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Crim, Marcus J., primary and Lawrence, Christian, additional
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- 2020
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14. Diagnosis, Surveillance and Management of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus Infections in Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera)
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Mitchell, Cara M, primary, Johnson, Linda K, additional, Crim, Marcus J, additional, Wiedmeyer, Charles E, additional, Pugazhenthi, Umarani, additional, Tousey, Susan, additional, Tollin, Daniel J, additional, Habenicht, Lauren M, additional, Fink, Michael K, additional, Fong, Derek L, additional, Leszczynski, Jori K, additional, and Manuel, Christopher A, additional
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- 2020
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15. Murine and related chapparvoviruses are nephro-tropic and produce novel accessory proteins in infected kidneys
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Lee, Quintin, primary, Padula, Matthew P., additional, Pinello, Natalia, additional, Williams, Simon H., additional, O'Rourke, Matthew B., additional, Fumagalli, Marcilio Jorge, additional, Orkin, Joseph D., additional, Song, Renhua, additional, Shaban, Babak, additional, Brenner, Ori, additional, Pimanda, John E., additional, Weninger, Wolfgang, additional, Souza, William Marciel de, additional, Melin, Amanda D., additional, Wong, Justin J.-L., additional, Crim, Marcus J., additional, Monette, Sébastien, additional, Roediger, Ben, additional, and Jolly, Christopher J., additional
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- 2020
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16. MKPV (aka MuCPV) and related chapparvoviruses are nephro-tropic and encode novel accessory proteins p15 and NS2
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Jolly, Christopher J., primary, Lee, Quintin, additional, Padula, Matthew P., additional, Pinello, Natalia, additional, Williams, Simon H., additional, O’Rourke, Matthew B., additional, Fumagalli, Marcilio Jorge, additional, Orkin, Joseph D., additional, Shaban, Babak, additional, Brenner, Ori, additional, Weninger, Wolfgang, additional, de Souza, William Marciel, additional, Melin, Amanda D., additional, Wong, Justin J.-L., additional, Crim, Marcus J., additional, Monette, Sébastien, additional, and Roediger, Ben, additional
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- 2019
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17. A Highly Divergent Picornavirus Infecting the Gut Epithelia of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in Research Institutions Worldwide
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Altan, Eda, primary, Kubiski, Steven V., additional, Boros, Ákos, additional, Reuter, Gábor, additional, Sadeghi, Mohammadreza, additional, Deng, Xutao, additional, Creighton, Erica K., additional, Crim, Marcus J., additional, and Delwart, Eric, additional
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- 2019
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18. A highly divergent picornavirus infecting the gut epithelia of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in research institutions world-wide
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Altan, Eda, primary, Kubiski, Steven V., additional, Boros, Ákos, additional, Reuter, Gábor, additional, Sadeghi, Mohammadreza, additional, Deng, Xutao, additional, Creighton, Erica K., additional, Crim, Marcus J., additional, and Delwart, Eric, additional
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- 2018
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19. Comparison of Antemortem and Environmental Samples for Zebrafish Health Monitoring and Quarantine
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Crim, Marcus J, Lawrence, Christian, Livingston, Robert S, Rakitin, Andrei, Hurley, Shane J, and Riley, Lela K
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animal structures ,Embryo, Nonmammalian ,Nematoda ,fungi ,Infections ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Mycobacterium ,Fish Diseases ,Animal Health Surveillance ,embryonic structures ,Microsporidia ,Quarantine ,Animals ,Zebrafish - Abstract
Molecular diagnostic assays offer both exquisite sensitivity and the ability to test a wide variety of sample types. Various types of environmental sample, such as detritus and concentrated water, might provide a useful adjunct to sentinels in routine zebrafish health monitoring. Similarly, antemortem sampling would be advantageous for expediting zebrafish quarantine, without euthanasia of valuable fish. We evaluated the detection of Mycobacterium chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, and Pseudoloma neurophilia in zebrafish, detritus, pooled feces, and filter membranes after filtration of 1000-, 500-, and 150-mL water samples by real-time PCR analysis. Sensitivity varied according to sample type and pathogen, and environmental sampling was significantly more sensitive than zebrafish sampling for detecting Mycobacterium spp. but not for Pseudocapillaria neurophilia or Pseudoloma tomentosa. The results of these experiments provide strong evidence of the utility of multiple sample types for detecting pathogens according to each pathogen's life cycle and ecological niche within zebrafish systems. In a separate experiment, zebrafish subclinically infected with M. chelonae, M. marinum, Pleistophora hyphessobryconis, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, or Pseudoloma neurophilia were pair-spawned and individually tested with subsets of embryos from each clutch that received no rinse, a fluidizing rinse, or were surface-disinfected with sodium hypochlorite. Frequently, one or both parents were subclinically infected with pathogen(s) that were not detected in any embryo subset. Therefore, negative results from embryo samples may not reflect the health status of the parent zebrafish.
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- 2017
20. Stress Leukogram Induced by Acute and Chronic Stress in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
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Grzelak, Agata K, Davis, Daniel J, Caraker, Susan M, Crim, Marcus J, Spitsbergen, Jan M, and Wiedmeyer, Charles E
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Leukocyte Count ,Hydrocortisone ,Stress, Physiological ,Lymphopenia ,Fish Model ,Animals ,Zebrafish - Abstract
The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for experimental studies of stress has increased rapidly over the years. Although many physiologic and behavioral characteristics associated with stress have been defined in zebrafish, the effects of stress on hematologic parameters have not been described. The purpose of our study was to induce a rise in endogenous cortisol through various acute and chronic stressors and compare the effects of these stressors on peripheral WBC populations. Acutely stressed fish underwent dorsal or full-body exposure to air for 3 min, repeated every 30 min over the course of 90 min. Chronically stressed fish underwent exposure to stressors twice daily over a period of 5 d. After the last stressful event, fish were euthanized, and whole blood and plasma were obtained. A drop of whole blood was used to create a blood smear, which was subsequently stained with a modified Wright-Giemsa stain and a 50-WBC differential count determined. Plasma cortisol levels were determined by using a commercially available ELISA. Endogenous cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in both stressed groups as compared with control fish. Acutely stressed fish demonstrated significant lymphopenia, monocytosis, and neutrophilia, compared with unstressed, control fish. Chronic stress induced lymphopenia and monocytosis but no significant changes in relative neutrophil populations in zebrafish. The changes in both stressed groups most likely are due to increases in endogenous cortisol concentrations and represent the first description of a stress leukogram in zebrafish.
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- 2017
21. Influence of Rack Design and Disease Prevalence on Detection of Rodent Pathogens in Exhaust Debris Samples from Individually Ventilated Caging Systems
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Bauer, Beth A, Besch-Williford, Cynthia, Livingston, Robert S, Crim, Marcus J, Riley, Lela K, and Myles, Matthew H
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Rodent Diseases ,Mice ,Air Filters ,Bacteria ,Animal Health Surveillance ,Viruses ,Animals ,Parasites ,Infections ,Housing, Animal ,Polymerase Chain Reaction - Abstract
Sampling of bedding debris within the exhaust systems of ventilated racks may be a mechanism for detecting murine pathogens in colony animals. This study examined the effectiveness of detecting pathogens by PCR analysis of exhaust debris samples collected from ventilated racks of 2 different rack designs, one with unfiltered air flow from within the cage to the air-exhaust pathway, and the other had a filter between the cage and the air-exhaust pathway. For 12 wk, racks were populated with either 1 or 5 cages of mice (3 mice per cage) infected with one of the following pathogens: mouse norovirus (MNV), mouse parvovirus (MPV), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Helicobacter spp., Pasteurella pneumotropica, pinworms, Entamoeba muris, Tritrichomonas muris, and fur mites. Pathogen shedding by infected mice was monitored throughout the study. In the filter-containing rack, PCR testing of exhaust plenums yielded negative results for all pathogens at all time points of the study. In the rack with open air flow, pathogens detected by PCR analysis of exhaust debris included MHV, Helicobacter spp., P. pneumotropica, pinworms, enteric protozoa, and fur mites; these pathogens were detected in racks housing either 1 or 5 cages of infected mice. Neither MPV nor MNV was detected in exhaust debris, even though prolonged viral shedding was confirmed. These results demonstrate that testing rack exhaust debris from racks with unfiltered air flow detected MHV, enteric bacteria and parasites, and fur mites. However, this method failed to reliably detect MNV or MPV infection of colony animals.
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- 2016
22. Comparison of Aqueous and Alcohol-based Agents for Presurgical Skin Preparation Methods in Mice
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Del Valle, Jacquelyn M, primary, Fisk, Elizabeth A, additional, Noland, Erica L, additional, Pak, Daewoo, additional, Zhang, Jingyi, additional, Crim, Marcus J, additional, Lawrence, Frank R, additional, and Hankenson, F Claire, additional
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- 2018
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23. Evaluation of Presurgical Skin Preparation Agents in African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)
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Philips, Blythe H, Crim, Marcus J, Hankenson, F Claire, Steffen, Earl K, Klein, Peter S, Brice, Angela K, and Carty, Anthony J
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Xenopus laevis ,integumentary system ,Bacteria ,Surgical Procedures, Operative ,Chlorhexidine ,Preoperative Care ,Animals ,Female ,Experimental Use ,Povidone-Iodine ,Skin - Abstract
Despite the routine collection of oocytes from African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) for use in research, few studies have evaluated methods for preparing their skin for surgery. We evaluated 3 skin preparatory agents by examining their antibacterial efficacy and the gross and microscopic appearance of Xenopus skin after exposure. Frogs (n = 14) were sedated and treated (contact time, 10 min) with 0.9% sterile NaCl on one-half of the ventrum and with 0.5% povidone-iodine or 0.75% chlorhexidine on the other half. Bacterial cultures were obtained before and after skin treatment; bacteria were identified by mass spectrometry. To assess inflammation and degenerative changes, the incision sites were photographed and biopsied at 0, 1, and 7 d after surgery. We isolated at least 22 genera of bacteria from the skin of our frog population (mean ± SE, 5.21 ± 0.82 genera per frog). Iodine (2.00 ± 0.44 genera) and chlorhexidine (0.29 ± 0.76 genera) both had greater antimicrobial activity than did saline. Skin erythema did not correlate with treatment group. Histologic evidence of epidermal degeneration and necrosis was greater on days 1 and 7 after chlorhexidine treatment than after iodine or saline. In addition, frogs treated with chlorhexidine had a higher incidence of clinical illness associated with the exposure site. In summary, although chlorhexidine has adequate antimicrobial activity against organisms on X. laevis skin, it leads to skin damage and subsequent clinical complications. We therefore do not recommend chlorhexidine as a preoperative preparation agent in Xenopus.
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- 2015
24. Pathogenicity of Helicobacter ganmani in Mice Susceptible and Resistant to Infection with H. hepaticus
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Alvarado, Cynthia G, Kocsis, Andrew G, Hart, Marcia L, Crim, Marcus J, Myles, Matthew H, and Franklin, Craig L
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Mice ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Species Specificity ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,Animals ,Mouse Models ,Disease Susceptibility ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Cecum ,Bacterial Load ,Disease Resistance ,Helicobacter Infections - Abstract
Helicobacter spp. are some of the most prevalent bacterial contaminants of laboratory mice. Although abundant data regarding the diseases associated with H. hepaticus infection are available, little is known about the pathogenicity of H. ganmani, which was first isolated in 2001 from the intestines of laboratory mice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the host response to H. ganmani colonization in H. hepaticus disease-resistant C57BL/6 and disease-susceptible A/J and IL10-deficient mice. Mice were inoculated with H. ganmani, H. hepaticus, or Brucella broth. Cecal lesion scores, cecal gene expression, and Helicobacter load were measured at 4 and 90 d after inoculation. At both time points, mice inoculated with H. ganmani had similar or significantly more copies of cecum-associated Helicobacter DNA than did mice inoculated with H. hepaticus. When compared with those of sham-inoculated control mice, cecal lesion scores at 4 and 90 d after inoculation were not significantly greater in H. ganmani-inoculated A/J, C57BL/6, or IL10-deficient mice. Analysis of cecal gene expression demonstrated that H. ganmani infection failed to cause significant elevations of IFNγ in A/J, C57BL/6, or IL10-deficient mice. However, in IL10-deficient mice, H. ganmani infection was associated with a significant increase in the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL12/23p40. Although H. ganmani infection in this study failed to induce the typhlitis that is the hallmark of H. hepaticus infection, infection with H. ganmani was associated with alterations in inflammatory cytokines in IL10-deficient mice.
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- 2015
25. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities
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Collymore, Chereen, primary, Crim, Marcus J., additional, and Lieggi, Christine, additional
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- 2016
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26. Histologic and molecular characterization of Edwardsiella piscicida infection in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
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Fogelson, Susan B., primary, Petty, Barbara D., additional, Reichley, Stephen R., additional, Ware, Cynthia, additional, Bowser, Paul R., additional, Crim, Marcus J., additional, Getchell, Rodman G., additional, Sams, Kelly L., additional, Marquis, Hélène, additional, and Griffin, Matt J., additional
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- 2016
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27. A Brief History of Animal Modeling
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Ericsson, Aaron C., Crim, Marcus J., and Franklin, Craig L.
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History, 17th Century ,Translational Research, Biomedical ,History, 16th Century ,Models, Animal ,Animals ,Humans ,History, 19th Century ,History, 20th Century ,History, 18th Century ,History, 21st Century ,Article ,History, Ancient ,History, 15th Century - Abstract
Comparative medicine is founded on the concept that other animal species share physiological, behavioral, or other characteristics with humans. Over 2,400 years ago it was recognized that by studying animals, we could learn much about ourselves. This technique has now developed to the point that animal models are employed in virtually all fields of biomedical research including, but not limited to, basic biology, immunology and infectious disease, oncology, and behavior.
- Published
- 2013
28. Pneumocystis carinii Infection Causes Lung Lesions Historically Attributed to Rat Respiratory Virus
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Livingston, Robert S, Besch-Williford, Cynthia L, Myles, Matthew H, Franklin, Craig L, Crim, Marcus J, and Riley, Lela K
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Diagnosis, Differential ,Rodent Diseases ,Rat Models ,Virus Diseases ,Pneumonia, Pneumocystis ,Animals ,Female ,Pneumocystis carinii ,Lung ,respiratory tract diseases ,Rats - Abstract
Idiopathic lung lesions characterized by dense perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and a lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia have been noted in research rats since the 1990s. Although the etiology of this disease has remained elusive, a putative viral etiology was suspected and the term 'rat respiratory virus' (RRV) has been used in reference to this disease agent. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Pneumocystis carinii infection in immunocompetent rats can cause idiopathic lung lesions previously attributed to RRV. In archived paraffin-embedded lungs (n = 43), a significant association was seen between idiopathic lung lesions and Pneumocystis DNA detected by PCR. In experimental studies, lung lesions of RRV developed in 9 of 10 CD rats 5 wk after intratracheal inoculation with P. carinii. No lung lesions developed in CD rats (n = 10) dosed with a 0.22-μm filtrate of the P. carinii inoculum, thus ruling out viral etiologies, or in sham-inoculated rats (n = 6). Moreover, 13 of 16 CD rats cohoused with immunosuppressed rats inoculated with P. carinii developed characteristic lung lesions from 3 to 7 wk after cohousing, whereas no lesions developed in rats cohoused with immunosuppressed sham-inoculated rats (n = 7). Both experimental infection studies revealed a statistically significant association between lung lesion development and exposure to P. carinii. These data strongly support the conclusion that P. carinii infection in rats causes lung lesions that previously have been attributed to RRV.
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- 2011
29. Histologic and molecular characterization of Edwardsiella piscicidainfection in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
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Fogelson, Susan B., Petty, Barbara D., Reichley, Stephen R., Ware, Cynthia, Bowser, Paul R., Crim, Marcus J., Getchell, Rodman G., Sams, Kelly L., Marquis, Hélène, and Griffin, Matt J.
- Abstract
The genus Edwardsiellais composed of a diverse group of facultative anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria that can produce disease in a wide variety of hosts, including birds, reptiles, mammals, and fish. Our report describes the isolation and identification of Edwardsiella piscicidaassociated with chronic mortality events in 2 separate captive largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) populations in New York and Florida. Wet-mount biopsies of skin mucus, gill, kidney, and spleen from several affected largemouth bass contained significant numbers of motile bacteria. Histologic examination revealed multifocal areas of necrosis scattered throughout the heart, liver, anterior kidney, posterior kidney, and spleen. Many of the necrotic foci were encapsulated or replaced by discrete granulomas and associated with colonies of gram-negative bacteria. Initial phenotypic and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometric analysis against existing spectral databases of recovered isolates identified these bacteria as Edwardsiella tarda. Subsequent molecular analysis using repetitive sequence mediated and species-specific PCR, as well as 16S rRNA, rpoB, and gyrBsequences, classified these isolates as E. piscicida. As a newly designated taxon, E. piscicidashould be considered as a differential for multiorgan necrosis and granulomas in largemouth bass.
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- 2016
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30. Comprehensive Colony Health Management and Emerging Pathogens of the Annual Killifish Species Nothobranchius furzeri .
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Naumann U, Brazzell JL, Crim MJ, and Hoppe B
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- Animals, Fishes, Aging, Fundulus heteroclitus, Killifishes
- Abstract
The Leibniz Institute on Aging has maintained killifish colonies for over 15 y. Our veterinarians, scientists, and animal technicians developed a fish health scoring system and routine colony health surveillance program for our colonies. Over a 4-y period, health data from the African turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri colony were systematically collected and analyzed. The fish health assessment system facilitated categorization of clinical signs and differentiation of fish with mild clinical signs from fish that required euthanasia. This report provides new information on clinical signs and conditions that may occur in young and aged N. furzeri . To be comprehensive, a colony health surveillance program incorporates animal health at both the individual and the population levels. The quarterly routine health monitoring program identified Mycobacterium spp. as the most common agent in our facility and identified the killifish pathogen ( Loma acerinae ) for the first time. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive colony health management system in a fish research facility. By improving the health and welfare of fish used for research, the scientific community will benefit from less variable and more reliably reproducible research results.
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- 2024
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31. Health Monitoring for Laboratory Salamanders.
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Crim MJ and Hart ML
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- Animals, Humans, Urodela
- Abstract
Laboratory animal health monitoring programs are necessary to protect animal health and welfare, the validity of experimental data, and human health against zoonotic infections. Health monitoring programs should be designed based on a risk assessment and knowledge about the biology and transmission of salamander pathogens. Both traditional and molecular diagnostic platforms are available for salamanders, and they provide complementary information. A comprehensive approach to health monitoring leverages the advantages of multiple platforms to provide a more complete picture of colony health and pathogen status. This chapter presents key considerations in the design and implementation of a colony health monitoring program for laboratory salamanders, including protocols for necropsy and sample collection., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Comparison of Antemortem and Environmental Samples for Zebrafish Health Monitoring and Quarantine.
- Author
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Crim MJ, Lawrence C, Livingston RS, Rakitin A, Hurley SJ, and Riley LK
- Subjects
- Animals, Embryo, Nonmammalian microbiology, Embryo, Nonmammalian parasitology, Infections microbiology, Infections parasitology, Microsporidia classification, Microsporidia isolation & purification, Mycobacterium classification, Mycobacterium isolation & purification, Nematoda classification, Nematoda isolation & purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Fish Diseases microbiology, Fish Diseases parasitology, Infections veterinary, Quarantine veterinary, Zebrafish
- Abstract
Molecular diagnostic assays offer both exquisite sensitivity and the ability to test a wide variety of sample types. Various types of environmental sample, such as detritus and concentrated water, might provide a useful adjunct to sentinels in routine zebrafish health monitoring. Similarly, antemortem sampling would be advantageous for expediting zebrafish quarantine, without euthanasia of valuable fish. We evaluated the detection of Mycobacterium chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, and Pseudoloma neurophilia in zebrafish, detritus, pooled feces, and filter membranes after filtration of 1000-, 500-, and 150-mL water samples by real-time PCR analysis. Sensitivity varied according to sample type and pathogen, and environmental sampling was significantly more sensitive than zebrafish sampling for detecting Mycobacterium spp. but not for Pseudocapillaria neurophilia or Pseudoloma tomentosa. The results of these experiments provide strong evidence of the utility of multiple sample types for detecting pathogens according to each pathogen's life cycle and ecological niche within zebrafish systems. In a separate experiment, zebrafish subclinically infected with M. chelonae, M. marinum, Pleistophora hyphessobryconis, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, or Pseudoloma neurophilia were pair-spawned and individually tested with subsets of embryos from each clutch that received no rinse, a fluidizing rinse, or were surface-disinfected with sodium hypochlorite. Frequently, one or both parents were subclinically infected with pathogen(s) that were not detected in any embryo subset. Therefore, negative results from embryo samples may not reflect the health status of the parent zebrafish.
- Published
- 2017
33. Stress Leukogram Induced by Acute and Chronic Stress in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ).
- Author
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Grzelak AK, Davis DJ, Caraker SM, Crim MJ, Spitsbergen JM, and Wiedmeyer CE
- Subjects
- Animals, Hydrocortisone blood, Leukocyte Count, Lymphopenia etiology, Zebrafish blood, Stress, Physiological, Zebrafish physiology
- Abstract
The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for experimental studies of stress has increased rapidly over the years. Although many physiologic and behavioral characteristics associated with stress have been defined in zebrafish, the effects of stress on hematologic parameters have not been described. The purpose of our study was to induce a rise in endogenous cortisol through various acute and chronic stressors and compare the effects of these stressors on peripheral WBC populations. Acutely stressed fish underwent dorsal or full-body exposure to air for 3 min, repeated every 30 min over the course of 90 min. Chronically stressed fish underwent exposure to stressors twice daily over a period of 5 d. After the last stressful event, fish were euthanized, and whole blood and plasma were obtained. A drop of whole blood was used to create a blood smear, which was subsequently stained with a modified Wright-Giemsa stain and a 50-WBC differential count determined. Plasma cortisol levels were determined by using a commercially available ELISA. Endogenous cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in both stressed groups as compared with control fish. Acutely stressed fish demonstrated significant lymphopenia, monocytosis, and neutrophilia, compared with unstressed, control fish. Chronic stress induced lymphopenia and monocytosis but no significant changes in relative neutrophil populations in zebrafish. The changes in both stressed groups most likely are due to increases in endogenous cortisol concentrations and represent the first description of a stress leukogram in zebrafish.
- Published
- 2017
34. Influence of Rack Design and Disease Prevalence on Detection of Rodent Pathogens in Exhaust Debris Samples from Individually Ventilated Caging Systems.
- Author
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Bauer BA, Besch-Williford C, Livingston RS, Crim MJ, Riley LK, and Myles MH
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacteria classification, Bacteria isolation & purification, Infections microbiology, Infections parasitology, Infections virology, Mice, Parasites classification, Parasites isolation & purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rodent Diseases virology, Viruses classification, Viruses isolation & purification, Air Filters microbiology, Air Filters parasitology, Housing, Animal, Infections veterinary, Rodent Diseases microbiology, Rodent Diseases parasitology
- Abstract
Sampling of bedding debris within the exhaust systems of ventilated racks may be a mechanism for detecting murine pathogens in colony animals. This study examined the effectiveness of detecting pathogens by PCR analysis of exhaust debris samples collected from ventilated racks of 2 different rack designs, one with unfiltered air flow from within the cage to the air-exhaust pathway, and the other had a filter between the cage and the air-exhaust pathway. For 12 wk, racks were populated with either 1 or 5 cages of mice (3 mice per cage) infected with one of the following pathogens: mouse norovirus (MNV), mouse parvovirus (MPV), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Helicobacter spp., Pasteurella pneumotropica, pinworms, Entamoeba muris, Tritrichomonas muris, and fur mites. Pathogen shedding by infected mice was monitored throughout the study. In the filter-containing rack, PCR testing of exhaust plenums yielded negative results for all pathogens at all time points of the study. In the rack with open air flow, pathogens detected by PCR analysis of exhaust debris included MHV, Helicobacter spp., P. pneumotropica, pinworms, enteric protozoa, and fur mites; these pathogens were detected in racks housing either 1 or 5 cages of infected mice. Neither MPV nor MNV was detected in exhaust debris, even though prolonged viral shedding was confirmed. These results demonstrate that testing rack exhaust debris from racks with unfiltered air flow detected MHV, enteric bacteria and parasites, and fur mites. However, this method failed to reliably detect MNV or MPV infection of colony animals.
- Published
- 2016
35. Bordetella pseudohinzii as a Confounding Organism in Murine Models of Pulmonary Disease.
- Author
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Clark SE, Purcell JE, Sammani S, Steffen EK, Crim MJ, Livingston RS, Besch-Williford C, and Fortman JD
- Subjects
- Animals, Bordetella drug effects, Bordetella genetics, Bordetella isolation & purification, Bordetella Infections diagnosis, Lung Diseases microbiology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Rodent Diseases diagnosis, Bordetella Infections veterinary, Lung Diseases complications, Rodent Diseases microbiology
- Abstract
A group studying acute lung injury observed an increased percentage of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of mice. BAL was performed, and lung samples were collected sterilely from 5 C57BL/6 mice that had been bred inhouse. Pure colonies of bacteria, initially identified as Bordetella hinzii were cultured from 2 of the 5 mice which had the highest percentages of neutrophils (21% and 26%) in the BAL fluid. Subsequent sequencing of a portion of the ompA gene from this isolate demonstrated 100% homology with the published B. pseudohinzii sequence. We then selected 10 mice from the investigator's colony to determine the best test to screen for B. pseudohinzii in the facility. BAL was performed, the left lung lobe was collected for culture and PCR analysis, the right lung lobe and nasal passages were collected for histopathology, an oral swab was collected for culture, and an oral swab and fecal pellets were collected for PCR analysis. B. pseudohinzii was cultured from the oral cavity, lung, or both in 8 of the 10 mice analyzed. All 8 of these mice were fecal PCR positive for B. pseudohinzii; 7 had increased neutrophils (5% to 20%) in the BAL fluid, whereas the 8th mouse had a normal neutrophil percentage (2%). Active bronchopneumonia was not observed, but some infected mice had mild to moderate rhinitis. B. pseudohinzii appears to be a microbial agent of importance in mouse colonies that can confound pulmonary research. Commercial vendors and institutions should consider colony screening, routine reporting, and exclusion of B. pseudohinzii.
- Published
- 2016
36. Evaluation of Presurgical Skin Preparation Agents in African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis).
- Author
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Philips BH, Crim MJ, Hankenson FC, Steffen EK, Klein PS, Brice AK, and Carty AJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacteria classification, Bacteria isolation & purification, Chlorhexidine administration & dosage, Female, Povidone-Iodine administration & dosage, Surgical Procedures, Operative veterinary, Preoperative Care veterinary, Skin microbiology, Xenopus laevis
- Abstract
Despite the routine collection of oocytes from African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) for use in research, few studies have evaluated methods for preparing their skin for surgery. We evaluated 3 skin preparatory agents by examining their antibacterial efficacy and the gross and microscopic appearance of Xenopus skin after exposure. Frogs (n = 14) were sedated and treated (contact time, 10 min) with 0.9% sterile NaCl on one-half of the ventrum and with 0.5% povidone-iodine or 0.75% chlorhexidine on the other half. Bacterial cultures were obtained before and after skin treatment; bacteria were identified by mass spectrometry. To assess inflammation and degenerative changes, the incision sites were photographed and biopsied at 0, 1, and 7 d after surgery. We isolated at least 22 genera of bacteria from the skin of our frog population (mean ± SE, 5.21 ± 0.82 genera per frog). Iodine (2.00 ± 0.44 genera) and chlorhexidine (0.29 ± 0.76 genera) both had greater antimicrobial activity than did saline. Skin erythema did not correlate with treatment group. Histologic evidence of epidermal degeneration and necrosis was greater on days 1 and 7 after chlorhexidine treatment than after iodine or saline. In addition, frogs treated with chlorhexidine had a higher incidence of clinical illness associated with the exposure site. In summary, although chlorhexidine has adequate antimicrobial activity against organisms on X. laevis skin, it leads to skin damage and subsequent clinical complications. We therefore do not recommend chlorhexidine as a preoperative preparation agent in Xenopus.
- Published
- 2015
37. Pathogenicity of Helicobacter ganmani in mice susceptible and resistant to infection with H. hepaticus.
- Author
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Alvarado CG, Kocsis AG, Hart ML, Crim MJ, Myles MH, and Franklin CL
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacterial Load, Cecum microbiology, Cecum pathology, Helicobacter Infections pathology, Mice, Species Specificity, Disease Resistance immunology, Disease Susceptibility microbiology, Gene Expression Regulation immunology, Helicobacter Infections immunology, Helicobacter Infections microbiology, Host-Pathogen Interactions physiology
- Abstract
Helicobacter spp. are some of the most prevalent bacterial contaminants of laboratory mice. Although abundant data regarding the diseases associated with H. hepaticus infection are available, little is known about the pathogenicity of H. ganmani, which was first isolated in 2001 from the intestines of laboratory mice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the host response to H. ganmani colonization in H. hepaticus disease-resistant C57BL/6 and disease-susceptible A/J and IL10-deficient mice. Mice were inoculated with H. ganmani, H. hepaticus, or Brucella broth. Cecal lesion scores, cecal gene expression, and Helicobacter load were measured at 4 and 90 d after inoculation. At both time points, mice inoculated with H. ganmani had similar or significantly more copies of cecum-associated Helicobacter DNA than did mice inoculated with H. hepaticus. When compared with those of sham-inoculated control mice, cecal lesion scores at 4 and 90 d after inoculation were not significantly greater in H. ganmani-inoculated A/J, C57BL/6, or IL10-deficient mice. Analysis of cecal gene expression demonstrated that H. ganmani infection failed to cause significant elevations of IFNγ in A/J, C57BL/6, or IL10-deficient mice. However, in IL10-deficient mice, H. ganmani infection was associated with a significant increase in the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL12/23p40. Although H. ganmani infection in this study failed to induce the typhlitis that is the hallmark of H. hepaticus infection, infection with H. ganmani was associated with alterations in inflammatory cytokines in IL10-deficient mice.
- Published
- 2015
38. A brief history of animal modeling.
- Author
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Ericsson AC, Crim MJ, and Franklin CL
- Subjects
- Animals, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Ancient, Humans, Models, Animal, Translational Research, Biomedical history
- Abstract
Comparative medicine is founded on the concept that other animal species share physiological, behavioral, or other characteristics with humans. Over 2,400 years ago it was recognized that by studying animals, we could learn much about ourselves. This technique has now developed to the point that animal models are employed in virtually all fields of biomedical research including, but not limited to, basic biology, immunology and infectious disease, oncology, and behavior.
- Published
- 2013
39. Viral diseases in zebrafish: what is known and unknown.
- Author
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Crim MJ and Riley LK
- Subjects
- Animals, Biomedical Research, Disease Models, Animal, Zebrafish, Fish Diseases virology, Virus Diseases virology
- Abstract
Naturally occurring viral infections have the potential to introduce confounding variability that leads to invalid and misinterpreted data. Whereas the viral diseases of research rodents are well characterized and closely monitored, no naturally occurring viral infections have been characterized for the laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio), an increasingly important biomedical research model. Despite the ignorance about naturally occurring zebrafish viruses, zebrafish models are rapidly expanding in areas of biomedical research where the confounding effects of unknown infectious agents present a serious concern. In addition, many zebrafish research colonies remain linked to the ornamental (pet) zebrafish trade, which can contribute to the introduction of new pathogens into research colonies, whereas mice used for research are purpose bred, with no introduction of new mice from the pet industry. Identification, characterization, and monitoring of naturally occurring viruses in zebrafish are crucial to the improvement of zebrafish health, the reduction of unwanted variability, and the continued development of the zebrafish as a model organism. This article addresses the importance of identifying and characterizing the viral diseases of zebrafish as the scope of zebrafish models expands into new research areas and also briefly addresses zebrafish susceptibility to experimental viral infection and the utility of the zebrafish as an infection and immunology model.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Pneumocystis carinii infection causes lung lesions historically attributed to rat respiratory virus.
- Author
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Livingston RS, Besch-Williford CL, Myles MH, Franklin CL, Crim MJ, and Riley LK
- Subjects
- Animals, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Lung pathology, Lung virology, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis pathology, Rodent Diseases pathology, Rodent Diseases virology, Virus Diseases pathology, Lung microbiology, Pneumocystis carinii, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis veterinary, Rats, Rodent Diseases microbiology, Virus Diseases veterinary
- Abstract
Idiopathic lung lesions characterized by dense perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and a lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia have been noted in research rats since the 1990s. Although the etiology of this disease has remained elusive, a putative viral etiology was suspected and the term 'rat respiratory virus' (RRV) has been used in reference to this disease agent. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Pneumocystis carinii infection in immunocompetent rats can cause idiopathic lung lesions previously attributed to RRV. In archived paraffin-embedded lungs (n = 43), a significant association was seen between idiopathic lung lesions and Pneumocystis DNA detected by PCR. In experimental studies, lung lesions of RRV developed in 9 of 10 CD rats 5 wk after intratracheal inoculation with P. carinii. No lung lesions developed in CD rats (n = 10) dosed with a 0.22-μm filtrate of the P. carinii inoculum, thus ruling out viral etiologies, or in sham-inoculated rats (n = 6). Moreover, 13 of 16 CD rats cohoused with immunosuppressed rats inoculated with P. carinii developed characteristic lung lesions from 3 to 7 wk after cohousing, whereas no lesions developed in rats cohoused with immunosuppressed sham-inoculated rats (n = 7). Both experimental infection studies revealed a statistically significant association between lung lesion development and exposure to P. carinii. These data strongly support the conclusion that P. carinii infection in rats causes lung lesions that previously have been attributed to RRV.
- Published
- 2011
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