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The Psychology of Criminal Conduct and its associated components (e.g. the Risk Need Responsivity model, the Central Eight risk factors) has been hugely influential in the criminal justice sector. However, like any theory it has relative strengths and weakness, one weakness being that assumptions have been made about the causal nature and conceptual coherence of its foundational constructs, dynamic risk factors. The numerous issues with the conceptualisation of dynamic risk factors have implications for the widespread practice of using them as explanations of offending and to inform intervention planning. Recently some attention has been given to exploring the conceptualisation and definitions, scope and use of dynamic risk factors. Some key advancements in this area are considered and we illustrate how the weaknesses encountered by dynamic risk factors may impact our understanding and application of these concepts, using the example of Antisocial Personality Pattern.

This article examines dousing threats as criminal conduct and a form of domestic and family violence. It points to recent cases of dousing and highlights concerns that the low penalties of applicable offences in Queensland may not reflect the gravity of the harm caused nor the culpability of offenders. The article analyses the current legal framework and argues that a new dousing offence in Queensland would fill a gap in the criminal law, more accurately label such offending and may also contribute to improved police responses to dousing threats.

espanolLos matrimonios ilegales, y mas concreto el previsto en el articulo 217 del Codigo penal, sigue estando de actualidad sobre todo en los con denominados matrimonios de conveniencia.Especial consideracion tiene el elemento subjetivo que concurre en el mencionado delito, amen de la la cuestion referida a la existencia posible de error de tipo penal.Cuestiones relativas al bien juridico protegido, la descripcion de la conducta delictiva, el lugar de comision del delito, asi como un exhaustivo analisis jurisprudencial, vienen a vertebrar el presente trabajo que, lejos de considerar que se trata de un delito vetusto, se encuentra mas en la vida diaria de lo que podemos considerar. EnglishIllegal marriages, and more specifically the one provided for in Article 217 of the Criminal Code, are still topical, especially in so-called marriages of convenience. Special consideration must be given to the subjective element involved in this offence, in addition to the question of the possible existence of criminal misconduct.Questions relating to the protected legal right, the description of the criminal conduct, the place of commission of the crime, as well as an exhaustive jurisprudential analysis, form the backbone of this work which, far from considering it to be an outdated crime, is more common in everyday life than we might think.

espanolEn este trabajo se analiza la justicia transicional como una forma diferente de hacer justicia, que se aplica de manera excepcional y durante un determinado tiempo. Historicamente se ha entendido como el conjunto de acciones de todo tipo a las que el Estado acude para superar situaciones largas de conflicto armado, y en las que la solucion es el dialogo entre partes. Es una justicia muy distinta al modelo clasico de derecho penal ordinario, el cual es se emplea en todo tiempo y lugar del territorio nacional; es claro que, a pesar de existir una jurisdiccion especial para la paz, el derecho penal sigue vigente. Aun asi, a raiz del Acuerdo de Paz entre las Farc Ep y el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos en la actualidad la preferencia la tiene la Jurisdiccion Especial para la Paz para conocer conductas criminales cometidas con anterioridad al 1 de diciembre de 2016 perpetradas con ocasion y en desarrollo del conflicto armado interno en Colombia. Este articulo se enfoca en analizar las tensiones y estudia si se complementan la justicia restaurativa en la justicia penal convencional y la justicia de transicion y su componente de justicia restaurativa, modelos actualmente vigentes en Colombia. Se concluye que no existe tension y que ambas formas de justicia integran un hibrido que es un modelo de justicia especificamente destinada a solventar los problemas derivados de haber vivido decadas de conflicto armado no internacional en los que hubo millones de victimas y en las que el derecho penal ha resultado insignificante. EnglishIn this paper, transitional justice is analyzed as a different way of doing justice, which is applied exceptionally and for a certain time. Historically, it has been understood as the set of actions of all kinds to which the State goes to overcome long situations of armed conflict, and in which the solution is dialogue between the parties. It is a very different kind of justice from the classic model of ordinary criminal law, which is a right that is used in all times and places in the national territory; It is clear that, despite the existence of a special jurisdiction for peace, criminal law is still in force. Even so, as a result of the peace agreement between the FARC EP and the government of Juan Manuel Santos, the preference currently goes to the Special Jurisdiction for Peace to hear criminal conduct committed prior to December 1, 2016 perpetrated on the occasion and in development of the internal armed conflict in Colombia. This article focuses on analyzing tensions and studies whether restorative justice complements conventional criminal justice and transitional justice and its restorative justice component, models currently in force in Colombia. It is concluded that there is no tension and that both forms of justice integrate a hybrid that is a model of justice specifically designed to solve the problems derived from having lived through decades of non-international armed conflict in which there were millions of victims and in which the law criminal has been insignificant.

El derecho penal y el derecho civil no son ramas parecidas, pero cuando estas dos colisionan vamos a encontrar las bases del derecho en conflicto. Este es el caso que sucede con el dolo como vicio de la voluntad y el delito de estafa; ambas figuras jurídicas enfocan los mismos elementos pero su tratamiento, o su procedimiento o sus consecuencias son bastamente distintas. Además que la propia razón de existir ambas estructuras son propias a cada rama del derecho. Pero este conflicto puede provocar que el derecho civil entre a dejar en impunidad conductas delictivas que deben ser valoradas por el estado y además ser juzgadas; o que conductas civiles sean sancionadas como un delito. Es necesario crear un muro que separe la actuación de estas dos figuras del derecho que apoye a los juzgadores en cada caso a valorar la acción como penalmente relevante o como un ámbito netamente civil.

Široki pravni okvir propisanih kažnjivih ponašanja fizičkih i pravnih osoba tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19, prouzročene virusom SARS-CoV-2, omogućuje kažnjavanje sankcijama različite pravne prirode. U radu se razgraničavaju moguća kažnjiva ponašanja fizičkih i pravnih osoba u kontekstu pandemije između kaznenog, prekršajnog i upravnog prava. Autori najprije analiziraju odgovornost za kaznena djela širenja i prenošenja zarazne bolesti te krivotvorenja lijekova ili medicinskih proizvoda. Posebno se naglašava problem eventualne odgovornosti liječnika i drugih zdravstvenih djelatnika i zdravstvenih ustanova za nemogućnost pristupa zdravstvenim uslugama kao i njihovu odgovornost u vezi s prevencijom, dijagnosticiranjem i liječenjem građana. Zaključno, autori analiziraju široki spektar prekršajne odgovornosti i upravnopravnih mehanizama prisilnog izvršenja novčanih kazni.

The extent of a company’s responsibility for the criminal conduct of its employees, as far as such a concept is legally recognised at all, differs between jurisdictions. There has been a shift in r...

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar desde el enfoque criminológico la otro pandemia que no tiene la suficiente atención y preocupación por parte del estado y la ciudadanía, la violencia de la libertad sexual contra menores, en nuestro contexto de la pandemia por el virus Covid-19 para lo cual acudimos a fuentes estadísticas, conceptuales, doctrinales ,además de un análisis criminológico crítico, lo que nos permitió primero contextualizar cual era la situación en nuestro país antes de la pandemia y durante la pandemia, analizar el actuar de nuestro Estado a través de instituciones como el Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables , programas como el centro de ayuda mujer y las ahora implementados instrumentos línea 100 y 1801 , para así poder concluir cuales son las teorías criminológicas de la conducta criminal que establece los factores criminológicos por los que se presentaba este acto delictivo y por los que se incrementó durante el confinamiento.

This research investigated the similarity of human DNA profile using fuzzy similarity measure. The similarity measurement of DNA profile had been done by measuring the similarity between query’s DNA profile and its biological family such as father, mother, brother, sister, grandmother and grandfather. The similarity measurement had been done to the short tandem repeat (STR) alleles in sixteen loci. The result of the experiment showed that each simulation gave matching result. This research is useful for Indonesian National Police (POLRI) in identifying process of disaster victim, terrorism victim and other criminal conduct.

We conducted a study of self-compassion, a positive indicator of mental health, as a predictor of criminal conduct in adolescent offenders deprived of their liberty. There was a sample of 63 delinq...

La seguridad ciudadana como una modalidad especifica de la seguridad humana, mediante la cual se busca proteger no solamente bienes jurídicos de especial importancia, sino también, la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos, exige actualmente de la concurrencia de diferentes saberes y ciencias, a partir de los cuales, se planteen programas y políticas que profundicen y propicien nuevas herramientas en la prevención del delito, y en lo que interesa a este trabajo a las consecuencias que se desprenden de la actividad que deviene de la delincuencia común. En este sentido, el estudio de la comunicación no verbal en la ejecución de delitos, surgen como una herramienta de prevención de la actividad delictiva que requerirá la elaboración de estudios e investigaciones estructurados a futuro. No obstante, existir un amplio catálogo desde la criminología y psicología en relación con la conducta delictiva y hallarse un denotado progreso en relación con el estudio de la comunicación no verbal en la fase posterior al delito; a partir de la revisión realizada, es viable concluir la pertinencia de explorar el estudio de dicha comunicación como herramienta de prevención de la conducta delictiva. 1. Introducción. 2. La conducta delictiva, la seguridad ciudadana y la delincuencia común. 3. La comunicación no verbal. 4. Formación del personal de seguridad en comunicación no verbal 5. Conclusiones Citizen security as a specific modality of human security, through which it seeks to protect not only legal assets of special importance, but also, the quality of life of citizens, currently requires the concurrence of different knowledge and sciences, from which programs and policies are proposed that deepen and promote new tools in crime prevention, and in what This work is interested in the consequences that arise from the activity that becomes of common crime. In this sense, the study of non-verbal communication in execution of crimes, emerge as a tool to prevent criminal activity that will require the elaboration of studies and structured investigations in the future. No However, there is a wide catalog from criminology and psychology in relation to the criminal behavior and find a marked progress in relation to the study of the non-verbal communication in the post-crime phase; From the review carried out, it is feasible to conclude the relevance of exploring the study of such communication as criminal behavior prevention tool. Especialización La sécurité citoyenne comme modalité spécifique de la sécurité humaine, par lequel il cherche à protéger non seulement les actifs juridiques d'une importance particulière, mais aussi, la qualité de vie des citoyens, nécessite actuellement l'assentiment de connaissances et de sciences différentes, à partir desquelles des programmes et des politiques sont proposés qui approfondissent et promeuvent de nouveaux outils de prévention du crime, et dans Ce travail s'intéresse aux conséquences qui découlent de l'activité qui devient du crime de droit commun. En ce sens, l'étude de la communication non verbale dans l'exécution de crimes, apparaissent comme un outil de prévention des activités criminelles qui nécessiteront l'élaboration d'études et d'investigations structurées à l'avenir. Non Cependant, il existe un vaste catalogue de la criminologie et de la psychologie en relation avec la comportement criminel et constatent une nette avancée par rapport à l'étude des la communication non verbale dans la phase post-crime ; D'après l'examen effectué, il ressort possible de conclure à la pertinence d'explorer l'étude d'une telle communication comme outil de prévention des comportements criminels.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal describir la figura de la posesión en el Derecho penal, a la luz de los delitos de peligro, cada vez mas usados por los legisladores a escala mundial por razones de política criminal; resaltando como producto de esta proliferación de tipos penales que surge bajo esta modalidad el delito de utilización ilícita de redes de comunicaciones, en el que se reseñan dos conductas, a saber, la de poseer y la de utilizar; considerándose en este trabajo que esta última conducta carece de legitimidad, así como sucede con una buena porción de la gama de delitos de posesión que hoy abundan en las legislaciones penales, en el plano internacional., The main objective of this article is to describe the figure of possession in criminal law, in light of the crimes of danger, increasingly used by legislators worldwide for reasons of criminal policy; highlighting as a product of this proliferation of criminal types that arises under this modality the crime of illicit use of communications networks, in which two behaviors are outlined, namely, that of possessing and that of using; Considering in this work that this last behavior lacks legitimacy, as it happens with a good portion of the range of crimes of possession that today abound in criminal legislation, at the international level.

A presente pesquisa busca analisar a quebra do sigilo, relativo ao uso do aplicativo WhatsApp, na prática das condutas criminosas, verificando a interpretação extensiva das normas jurídicas realizada por meio dos aplicadores da lei, devido à ausência de norma regulamentadora própria que aborde a questão criminal das novas tecnologias comunicacionais. Desse modo, busca-se verificar a possibilidade da aplicação das leis vigentes, criadas sem prever o avanço descontrolado da tecnologia ou seu uso como ferramenta da criminalidade, como explorar a admissibilidade de aplicação análoga a situações concretas semelhantes, mas substancialmente diversas. Além disso, verificar os entendimentos jurisprudenciais sobre a temática da quebra de sigilo, informações e dados do referido aplicativo, bem como apresentar indícios de consequências a violação dos direitos constitucionais e os limites da atuação Estatal na busca de elementos probatórios. Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, realizada sobre o método dedutivo, pautada emfundamentação doutrinária, aplicação da legislação especial que trata da interceptação telefônica e entendimentos jurisprudenciais, notadamente em julgados dos tribunais, especialmente o Tribunal de Justiça catarinense e os Tribunais Superiores, fazendo uma análise dos principais entendimentos e discordâncias existentes.

This article considers what can be learned regarding the ethical acceptability of intrusive interventions intended to halt the spread of infectious disease (‘Infection Control’ measures) from existing ethical discussion of intrusive interventions used to prevent criminal conduct (‘Crime Control’ measures). Despite the ethical parallels between these two types of measures and the fact that Crime Control measures have been subjected to greater ethical scrutiny, there has, to my knowledge, been no attempt to draw out the implications of the ethical analysis of Crime Control for the ethical acceptability of Infection Control. The main body of the article identifies and briefly describes six objections that have been advanced against Crime Control, and considers how these might apply to Infection Control. The final section then draws out some more general lessons from the foregoing analysis for the ethical acceptability of different kinds of Infection Control.

Great nbsp research nbsp on nbsp revelation nbsp of nbsp regularities nbsp lying nbsp at nbsp a nbsp basis nbsp of nbsp contemporary nbsp sharpest nbsp situation involved with crime in Russia in whole and its several characteristics was done by nbsp Russian nbsp criminologists nbsp for nbsp creation nbsp of nbsp due nbsp prepositions nbsp and nbsp forming nbsp of nbsp adequate nbsp anti criminal policy At the same time as it rsquo s seemed that present reaction of the state to criminal challenges nbsp isn rsquo t nbsp nevertheless nbsp optimal nbsp Existing nbsp really nbsp policy nbsp at nbsp sphere nbsp of nbsp struggle nbsp with nbsp crime nbsp don rsquo t nbsp take nbsp practically nbsp into nbsp account nbsp either nbsp dynamic nbsp or nbsp structure nbsp or nbsp particularities nbsp of nbsp its nbsp determinations nbsp Today nbsp criminological nbsp literature nbsp says nbsp that nbsp there nbsp is nbsp more nbsp and nbsp more nbsp strengthened nbsp position nbsp to nbsp the nbsp effect nbsp that nbsp crime nbsp is nbsp result nbsp not nbsp one nbsp different nbsp reason nbsp but nbsp complicated and multi layer complex Overall source of anti social and criminal conduct is deformation of social relations Since the point of view of the position the reasons of crime are both product of so called social subsystems and system wide result including global or partial nbsp degeneration nbsp of nbsp society nbsp in nbsp a nbsp whole nbsp Defection nbsp is nbsp integrated nbsp index nbsp of nbsp condition nbsp at nbsp first of imbalance sharp interests rsquo people contradiction social groups society and state The called casual complex was created by it seems totality of deformations in economical political legal social and mental spheres of social life Passing on more specific and sociological nbsp level nbsp we nbsp may nbsp describe nbsp particularities nbsp of nbsp these nbsp deformations nbsp By nbsp same nbsp way nbsp from the point of view of social deformations one may be shown a determination of casual complex nbsp of nbsp personal nbsp criminal nbsp condition nbsp namely nbsp as nbsp complex nbsp of nbsp micro environment nbsp and nbsp person rsquo s deformations expressing individual estrangement conflict of personal interests with state and creates higher possibility of committing crime by the a person One should precise nbsp that nbsp it nbsp isn rsquo t nbsp conversation nbsp about nbsp social nbsp disadaptation nbsp on nbsp individual nbsp level nbsp only nbsp but nbsp radical reasons of various crimes includedefections of individual social psychical moral or mental and or its micro environment In present Russia the reason complex is totality of deformations Instead of social solidarity and unity the Russian society reveals a serious gap upon official and alternative shadow society Defection of the society is revealed by real existence shadow power inside itself shadow ldquo law rdquo shadow economy shadow social forces and shadow ideology nbsp

Objetivo: O conhecimento do estilo de vida dos jovens revela-se fundamental para a identificação e intervenção nos comportamentos de risco e na promoção de oportunidades de desenvolvimento dos jovens. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo a caraterização do estilo de vida dos jovens e dos seus eventuais comportamentos desviantes e delinquentes. Método: A amostra foi constituída por 80 jovens (M = 19 anos; DP= 2,60), sendo 56% rapazes. Para efeito da recolha de dados recorreu-se a um inquérito por questionário construído para o efeito do presente estudo. Resultados: Os inquiridos relataram inexistência de supervisão parental, falta de imposição de regras, existência de conflitos com os pares, professores e funcionários, bem como ausência de hábitos de estudo e de atividades extracurriculares; admitiram, ainda, passar mais tempo entre pares do que com os familiares. Admitiram, ainda, ter já adotado diferentes condutas desviantes e delinquentes ou mesmo criminais (e.g., agressões para com colegas, professores e funcionários, causar dano intencional em objetos de outros, estar envolvidos em grupos de pares desviantes, invadir propriedades privadas, e participar em furtos, e em tráfico de droga). Estes comportamentos foram mais assumidos por rapazes. Conclusões: Importa, deste modo, que os esforços de prevenção da delinquência considerem o grupo de jovens que precocemente manifestam comportamentos desviantes, dado o seu maior risco para o desenvolvimento de futuras formas de inadaptação social, incidindo igualmente sobre o meio escolar e familiar.

Our study explores the arrest experiences of two generational cohorts—those entering adulthood on either side of a large shift in American policing. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 and 1997), we find a stark increase in arrest odds among the later generation at every level of offending, suggesting a decoupling between contact with the justice system and criminal conduct. Furthermore, this decoupling became racially inflected. Blacks had a much higher probability of arrest at the start of the twenty-first century than both blacks of the generation prior and whites of the same generation. The criminal justice system, we argue, slipped from one in which arrest was low and strongly linked to offending to one where a substantial share of Americans experienced arrest without committing a crime.

Resumen Se estudió la relación entre el control psicológico parental y los problemas internalizados y externalizados en un grupo de 170 adolescentes (58.2 % varones), entre 13 y 17 años, de un colegio privado de Lima, Perú. Se utilizó la Escala de Control Psicológico Parental (DAPCS-S) y el inventario Youth Self Report (YSR). Los resultados mostraron una correlación positiva y significativa entre el control psicológico parental orientado a la autocrítica (CPA) y a la dependencia (CPD) con los problemas internalizados y externalizados. Se encontró que el CPD materno y el CPA paterno explican significativamente los problemas internalizados en los adolescentes. Por otro lado, el CPD materno y paterno explicaron significativamente la conducta delictiva en los adolescentes. Abstract The paper presents the results of a study of the relation between parental psychological control and the internalized and externalized problems of a group of 170 adolescents (58.2 % males), between the ages of 13 and 17, from a private school in Lima, Peru. The Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale (DAPCS-S) and the Youth Self Report (YSR) inventory were used. Findings showed a positive and significant correlation between Achievement-Oriented Parental Psychological Control (APC) and Dependency-Oriented Parental Psychological Control (DPC) and the internalized and externalized problems. Results also showed that the maternal DPC and the paternal APC explain significantly the adolescents' internalized problems. On the other hand, the maternal and paternal DPC explain significantly the adolescents' criminal conduct. Resumo A relação entre controle psicológico parental e problemas internalizados e externalizados foi estudada em um grupo de 170 adolescentes (58.2 % homens), entre 13 e 17 anos de idade, de uma escola particular em Lima, Peru. Utilizou-se a Escala de Controle Psicológico Parental (DAPCS-S) e o Inventário de Autoavaliação para adolescentes (YSR). Os resultados mostraram uma correlação positiva e significativa entre o controle psicológico parental orientado à autocrítica (CPA) e à dependência (CPD) com problemas internalizados e externalizados. Constatou-se que o cpd materno e o CPA paterno explicam de forma significativa os problemas internalizados nos adolescentes. Por outro lado, o cpd materno e paterno explicou significativamente o comportamento delinquente nos adolescentes.

This article aims to address animal abuse by analyzing the offender's criminological profile in terms of gender, age and social status. It also discusses the probable causes of criminal conduct against animals. It verifies, through the analysis and interpretation of data collected in a questionnaire applied to Brazilian Veterinarians, cases of animal abuse and the profile of the offender. Finally, it compiles the existing awareness measures in Brazil and in other countries and proposes solutions to the problems raised. Este artículo tiene como objetivo abordar el maltrato animal analizando el perfil criminológico del agresor en términos de género, edad y condición social. También analiza las causas probables de la conducta delictiva contra los animales. Verifica, a través del análisis e interpretación de los datos recogidos en un cuestionario aplicado a Veterinarios brasileños, los casos de maltrato animal y el perfil del infractor. Finalmente, recopila las medidas de concienciación existentes en Brasil y en otros países y propone soluciones a los problemas planteados.

Spanish Abstract: El articulo analiza las voces “denuncia” y “delito”, estableciendo su conceptualizacion, tipologias y caracteristicas, como tambien sus cambios y continuidades en el tiempo. La denuncia fue una de las formas mediante las cuales se podia iniciar un proceso canonico penal en el Antiguo Regimen, cuya relevancia provino de su finalidad correctiva y por ser la formula que mas utilizaron los indigenas en el Nuevo Mundo para iniciar procedimientos penales. La denuncia podia ser judicial, es decir, la presentada ante el juez competente que tenia por finalidad satisfacer la felicidad publica. Asimismo, podia ser extrajudicial. En este ultimo caso, se trataba de la advertencia caritativa, que era realizada por un agente denunciante, con miras a corregir privadamente al hechor de la conducta delictuosa. Lo anterior es fundamental puesto que es lo que distinguio a la denuncia de las otras formas con las que se iniciaban los procesos penales canonicos y sus efectos juridicos. Asi, no todo delito denunciado implicaba una pena publica, diferenciandose de los delitos que se acusaban. Respecto a la voz “delito”, este articulo, a base de la casuistica de los foros de justicia, del arbitrio judicial y la opinion de los juristas delimita que practicas fueron consideradas transgresoras del orden, y por tanto delitos. A partir de su delimitacion, se ha realizado su tipologia, como tambien, se han establecido las penas o castigos que se aplicaron. English Abstract: The article analyzes the terms “complaint” and “felony” (or “crime”) establishing their conceptualization, typologies and characteristics, as well as their changes and continuities over time. In early modern times, the complaint was one of the ways in which criminal procedure in canon law could begin; its relevance resulted from its corrective purpose and from the fact that it was the formula most widely used by indigenous people in the New World to initiate criminal proceedings. The complaint could be judicial, that is, filed before the competent judge whose purpose was to satisfy public happiness. Likewise, a complaint could be extrajudicial. In this latter case, it was a charitable warning, made by a complainant agent, who aimed to privately correct the perpetrator of the criminal conduct. This aspect is fundamental since it distinguished the complaint from other ways to initiate canonical criminal trials and their legal effects. So not every felony reported entailed a public penalty, distinguishing itself from the crimes that were reported. Regarding the voice “felony”, this article, based on the casuistry of justice forums, judicial discretion and the opinion of the jurists, defines what practices were considered transgressions of order, and therefore felonies. From its delimitation, a typology of felonies has been developed, as well as the penalties or punishments that were applied have been established.

Široki pravni okvir propisanih kažnjivih ponašanja fizičkih i pravnih osoba tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19, prouzročene virusom SARS-CoV-2, omogućuje kažnjavanje sankcijama različite pravne prirode. U radu se razgraničavaju moguća kažnjiva ponašanja fizičkih i pravnih osoba u kontekstu pandemije između kaznenog, prekršajnog i upravnog prava. Autori najprije analiziraju odgovornost za kaznena djela širenja i prenošenja zarazne bolesti te krivotvorenja lijekova ili medicinskih proizvoda. Posebno se naglašava problem eventualne odgovornosti liječnika i drugih zdravstvenih djelatnika i zdravstvenih ustanova za nemogućnost pristupa zdravstvenim uslugama kao i njihovu odgovornost u vezi s prevencijom, dijagnosticiranjem i liječenjem građana. Zaključno, autori analiziraju široki spektar prekršajne odgovornosti i upravnopravnih mehanizama prisilnog izvršenja novčanih kazni., The wide legal framework of prescribed criminal behavior of natural persons and legal entities during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has made possible punishment with sanctions of a various legal nature. In this paper, possible punishable behavior of natural persons and legal entities are categorized within the context of the pandemic into criminal, misdemeanor, and administrative law. The authors firstly analyze liability for criminal acts of spreading and transmitting infectious diseases as well as fraudulent medicines and medical products. In particular, there is the problem of eventual liability of physicians and other healthcare workers and healthcare institutions for making access to other healthcare services impossible. This includes their liability towards citizens in the areas of prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Finally, the authors analyze a wide spectrum of misdemeanor liability and administrative mechanisms of forced execution of monetary fines.

Crafted after a military-style socialization process, boot camps emerged as an alternative to incarceration. The boot camp model was popular due to shorter periods of incarceration as well as a daily structure of a physically rigorous schedule. This chapter describes three studies led by Dr. Doris MacKenzie. The first multisite study examined how boot camps were implemented in eight states regarding program eligibility, intake processes, nature of the boot camp programming, and impact on recidivism. The study outlined the framework for a cost-benefit analysis; the way in the boot camps programs were implemented are unlikely to achieve cost effectiveness or generate benefits greater than the costs. In the second study, Dr. MacKenzie and her colleagues conducted an organizational study of the youth participating in boot camps and residential treatment facilities and the staff working in these facilities. Youth participating in the boot camp programs had a more positive impression of their incarceration experience than did the youth in residential treatment facilities. The final study was a randomized controlled trial examining the impact of participation in a correctional boot camp and a treatment-based prison. Participants in the boot camp felt that the environment was procedurally just and supported their behavior change. Across these studies, the boot camp model did not reduce recidivism rates, even though there were short-term changes in the attitudes of participants. Future research is needed to better understand how incarceration experience can have an impact on reducing recidivism and how to transform proximal changes in attitudes to long-term impact on criminal conduct behavior.