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The negative consequences of prisons, the ever-increasing population of prisons, and the increase in public expenses due to the high rate of inflation, have put the use of electronic surveillance on the agenda of criminal policymakers. Electronic monitoring leads to a better realization of the principle of individualizing the punishment according to the personality of the criminal. From the point of view of preventive policy, the use of electronic monitoring tools is justified and reduces crime, especially in the case of professional criminals. Imprisonment and other punitive punishments or orders lead to arrest, cause people to receive a bad label, and as a result, develop secondary deviance in people. Electronic surveillance as a new form of punishment or substitute for supply appointments prevents the formation of secondary deviation in people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaverse as a new virtual realm, despite its good features, comes with many threats. This horrifying world for today and attractive for the future, is developing and along with the benefits, has challenges and is considered as a new issue in criminal policy. The world of Metaverse, which creates digital images, gives to person a hypothetical experience of being real, puts him in a world completely simulated with the real world, to experience another life and draw his future world away from the limitations. The purpose of the article is to identify the types of potential crimes that can be committed as well as the hypothesis of punishment for the perpetrator. The increase in the number of users and the occurrence of new actions that can only be done in the metaverse and the need for policy are the issues that the article deals with. The author proposes to create a new branch called meta criminal law and considers it necessary to intervene in criminal policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neue Kriminalpolitik is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foro Revista de Derecho is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foro Revista de Derecho is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to explore and elucidate the interplay between criminal justice, social welfare, and tourism policies, and the role of law in promoting environmental preservation. The study is conducted by analyzing a number of policies and development implementation as well as response and output to the current community to create appropriate mitigation efforts in the form of criminal policies, not just in the field of jurisprudence (mere law), and three main pillars of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research is expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interconnectedness of these domains, particularly focusing on how legal frameworks can support and enhance environmental preservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crime of espionage is one of the main high-risk crimes that endangers the foreign security of countries and faces the security-oriented criminal policy of all countries, and repressive punishments are usually applied to it, because while violating the independence of countries, it makes them vulnerable to foreigners.The purpose of this article is to discuss the crime of espionage in Iran's criminal laws and shortcomings to address it, which necessitates revision and amendment to the current regulations . This research is a library study in terms of its practical purpose and research method, descriptive, analytical, and information gathering method. The crime of espionage has been addressed in various codes, such as the Islamic Penal Code, the the Punishment of Armed Forces Crimes code, and the Law on Cyber Crimes code, , and the analysis of these laws reveals the ambiguity and contradictions in different articles, which shows the fragmented and partial view of the legislator in this field. It is necessary to review the crime of espionage in different criminal codes under a comprehensive system. The examination of the new bill of the Penal Law also shows that this bill has not solved the problems raised.

Even though conflicts between supporters caused the majority of the riots, other factors were no less important. Specifically, those related to the organization of football matches that were not yet professional could not guarantee security or order. The incident at Kanjuruhan Stadium serves as a significant reminder that hosting football matches without prioritizing proper safety measures and collaborative procedures will undoubtedly fail to promote fair competition in line with the principles of organizing sporting events that uphold sportsmanship, fair play, and respect. This paper is compiled through normative research by prioritizing secondary data that focuses on statutory and case approach, which are collected and analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results shows that the legal construction used in carrying out security by the Police in the Kanjuruhan Tragedy refers to the Regulation of the Chief of Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2009 on the Use of Force in Police Action while after the Kanjuruhan Tragedy, the Police compiled a new legal construction, the Republic of Indonesia National Police Regulation Indonesia Number 10 of 2022 on Security for the Implementation of Sports Competitions which can be used specifically in securing the implementation of football in Indonesia

The article aims to analyze the Federal Government Criminal Policy during Lula's second term and to present how the government action in this area articulated policies of militarization of security and measures to fulfill citizenship rights. It is argued that one of the focuses of this hybrid formation is the construction of the specter of Organized Crime as one of the responsible for social problems in the country and as an enemy to be fought by government agencies. As a conclusion, it is argued that this hybrid criminal policy did not achieve the results of guaranteeing rights and contributed to the expansion of military urbanism in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceived as a lecture for a Criminal Policy course in progress, this text investigates the dispersion of punitive power in the cities of the northern Italian peninsula, a dispersion that delayed the formation of an Italian national state. Unlike the concentration of punitive power taking place in other countries, the peculiar economic and political process of those cities - whose governing models are briefly examined - prevented absolutist centralization. The central object of the analysis is Machiavelli's negative preventive-general criminal policy, which is based on historical bibliographical sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal liability is the cornerstone of criminal policy, grounded on the principles of personal accountability and punishment. Individuals are not held accountable or punished for crimes committed by others. However, in light of significant economic and industrial transformations witnessed globally, including the emergence of economic projects affecting the state's economic center, and the rise of serious economic crimes constituting an assault on public funds, there arises a necessity to expand the criminal responsibility system. This expansion, rooted in the principle of personal accountability, encompasses other individuals to align with these evolving circumstances and reduce economic crimes. The primary question addressed in this research is to establish the legal foundation for penalizing an individual who did not commit the crime themselves. The study concludes the necessity of holding establishment owners accountable for the actions of their subordinates, given their supervisory responsibilities. This concept, known as criminal liability for the acts of others in economic crimes, diverges from the principle of personal criminal responsibility delineated in most criminal laws, including Jordanian law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Law Series is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The aim of this article was to analyse the dynamics of sexual offense reports in Colombia over the period between 2010 and 2022. For this, a mixed methodology was applied in the following phases: first, the Colombian National Police registry –which included 286 604 sexual crimes reported in the aforementioned period– was analysed. Then, a causal loop diagram of System Dynamics was designed to highlight the role of reporting sexual crimes in the Colombian Penal System. The main findings of this article include that 85.73 % of the complaints are mostly associated with women and 68 % of the victims are minors or adolescents of both sexes. It must be noted that Colombian legislation divides these crimes into those that are aggravated by violence and those that are not. It was also found that when the victim was a woman, the crimes occurred in a higher proportion with the aggravating factor of violence. It can also be concluded that during the COVID-19 pandemic confinement, there was a decrease in the number of sexual offense reports due to its negative effect on the possibility of adult women reporting crimes. In addition, it was found that it is imperative to direct the criminal policies towards the general positive prevention of sexual crimes, without instrumentalising individuals, and aimed at completing a detailed follow-up of complaints.

The process of proving narcotics trafficking cases in the digital era is closely related to the due process of law. However, if the proof process is carried out with legal defects, then the evidence obtained is also legally flawed, which renders it unusable as legal evidence before the trial. Considering this, the study aims to explore the criminal policy of law enforcement for narcotics trafficking in the digital era within the jurisdiction of Medan City, focusing on the factors that influence law enforcement and the criminal law enforcement policies for narcotics trafficking. This study adopts a normative legal research approach, using descriptive analysis and the statute approach. The data collection technique involves library research and interviews, with data analysis conducted through a qualitative method. The research results reveal that the most influential factor is the legal culture, as there is a stigma in law enforcement for narcotics crime, and everyone is suspected of being a dealer always seeking the lightest punishment and fast legal process. However, if the perpetrator is a narcotics user/abuser, there are Law Enforcement Officials who are unscrupulous and want the user to be subject to criminal sanctions as a dealer. In terms of law enforcement efforts, the penal policies carried out by law enforcement officials are still insufficient in eradicating narcotics trafficking in the digital era. The study suggests that with the support of the ITE Law regarding electronic evidence, law enforcement officials should be able to use these instruments in uncovering criminal cases to make it easier to prove. This is because, with the development of technology, information, and communication, the modes of drug trafficking are also growing rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With different arguments and pretexts, mainly utilitarian and ideological, criminal law has been the object of a constant, progressive and worrying degradation from the point of view of the Rule of Law, understood in a broad sense. This paper analyzes and assesses this situation in different areas (legislative, applicative and doctrinal) offering examples that show the evolution of this trend and that, with greater or lesser intensity, have contributed to the current situation of extreme decadence of criminal law from the perspective of the Rule of Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desacatos is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The phenomenon of violence against children often occurs in schools, both in the form of physical and psychological violence. This is widely seen on social media, leading to a sense of concern. Consequently, it requires special attention from both schools and the government, directly reflected in various policies that, if properly implemented, can be applied to minimize these issues. Therefore, it is important for researchers to conduct an examination of the etiology and the urgency of criminal policies related to physical and psychological violence carried out by children in the school environment. This study aims to analyze the causes and prevention efforts, as well as the mitigation of criminal acts of physical and psychological violence carried out by children against other children. The research findings indicate that, (1) Children tend to easily learn and apply what they see, including bullying behavior. A child who engages in violence, whether physical or psychological, tends to have witnessed or experienced being a victim of such violence, prompting them to replicate such behavior. (2) Efforts to mitigate physical and psychological violence can employ penal (criminal law) and non-penal (outside criminal law) policies. Prevention efforts can be carried out by teaching children about the consequences of physical and psychological violence, their rights when subjected to such violence, and raising awareness among children who perpetrate physical and psychological violence by instilling in them the belief that such actions are reprehensible and detested by everyone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Direito Processual Penal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Middle East Journal of Legal & Jurisprudence Studies / Mağallaẗ al-Šarq al-Awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ is the property of Manar Elsharq for Studies & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The material scope of the research problem in the text encompasses selected issues concerning the content and sense of the elements characterizing the offense of establishing contact with a minor via ICT systems and telecommunications networks (also referred to as "grooming") under Polish criminal law. In the legislation currently in force the offense of grooming is criminalized under Art. 200a §1–2 of the Criminal Code. The main purpose of the analysis is to perform a substantive criminal examination of the offense of grooming under Polish law, taking into account a practical case study. The analysis contained in the text is chiefly an overview, and includes mainly an institutional and legal analysis performed with the aid of textual, functional and doctrinal interpretations, which have been supplemented with the author's own conclusions and opinions concerning de lege lata and de lege ferenda solutions. The institutional and legal analysis has been supplemented with an abstract case study of grooming. The presented abstract case study is helpful in considering selected legal problems, and ultimately in presenting example legal classifications of the described acts referred to as grooming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The criminal policy of Islam in the Qur'an is a different criminal policy in relation to crimes against human life, and social prevention is the most important aspect of it. Therefore, it deserves to be asked what strategies the Qur'an has thought of to curb and reduce crimes against human life in the dimension of social prevention. The present article has explained these strategies by studying the verses of the Qur'an and the narrations related to the verses in a descriptive and analytical way in order to help those involved in the criminal policy of Iran in the fight against crimes against human life. Based on the findings of the research, the Quranic criminal policy of Islam has predicted the following strategies in order to eliminate the grounds of crimes against human life and prevent differences from turning into conflict: "Drawing a progressive and superior horizon in social relations based on the elements of unity and love and kindness, peace, peace and forgiveness", "Institutionalization of values such as tender human feelings and emotions, empathy and kindness", "An epistemological view of human beings as the highest of creations and based on the single origin of all human beings", "Remembering the covenant and covenant of the first human with God in preserving the life of fellow human beings", "encouraging to preserve human life and condemning crimes against human life". Introduction Today, after more than two centuries have passed since the introduction of the term "criminal policy" in the literature of criminal science, the thinkers of criminal science rightly believe that at the same time as the need for a general criminal policy to fight crime in any legal system, it is inevitable to have a differential criminal policy. In terms of some criminals, such as white-collar criminals or delinquent children, or in terms of some crimes, such as economic crimes or political crimes. The crime of taking human life is a very big and important crime that, in terms of the factors that play a role in its occurrence, as well as how to prevent it, both social, situational, and criminal, has characteristics that require a separate criminal policy. Therefore, the criminal policy of Islam in the Qur'an is a differential criminal policy that has different dimensions, and social prevention is the most important aspect of it. In this regard, the approach of all Islamic teachings in general and Qur'anic teachings in particular is that a person should reach a level of education, growth and recognition of the value of a human being, that he sees the violation of the regulations related to the protection of human life as inferior to his exalted human status and the thought of disobeying these regulations should not enter his mind, and if he imagines and thinks about it, he should consider doing it as harmful to himself and the society, and consider leaving it as necessary for his own and society's happiness and avoid it.In order to reach the Qur'anic social prevention strategies of Islamic criminal policy in order to curb and reduce crimes against human life, this article has studied these strategies in two stages; first, in the previous stage, he discussed strategies that prevent the creation of a platform for differences between people, and second, in the latter stage, he discussed strategies that prevent the difference from turning into a conflict between them, and under each of the strategies, the elements of formation of the donor has studied it carefully.Research backgroundThe existing research about this is general research about criminal policy or social prevention, such as; "Criminal Policy in Islam and the Islamic Republic of Iran", written by Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini, who has discussed the general topics of the criminal policy of Islam and Iran and its model regardless of a specific type of crime; "Fundamentals of the Criminal Policy of the Islamic Government" written by Jalal al-Din Ghiazi, which is about which model the criminal policy of the Islamic Government is among the various governmental and social models, and also aims to answer some doubts about the criminal policy model of Islam; "Preventive criminology" written by Ronaldo Clarke, who discussed one of the types of criminology, i.e. preventive criminology, and "Islam's role in preventing and reducing crime" written by Mehdi Alizadeh, who talked about Islam's prevention of crime in general, regardless of the specific crime. Therefore, none of these researches have differentially addressed criminal policy in crimes against human life or social prevention in fighting these crimes.Research MethodologyThis article is library research, the data was collected by the method of extracting data from the study of Quranic verses, authentic interpretations about verses, and narrations related to verses; then, he explained and analyzed the data using a descriptive and analytical method, and finally, he came up with strategies to help those involved in Iran's criminal policy in fighting crimes against human life.Final resultBased on the findings of the research, Islamic Quranic criminal policy has foreseen two types of strategies in order to eliminate the bases of crime against human life and to prevent differences from turning into conflict: previous strategies include: the strategy of "drawing a progressive and superior horizon in Social relations based on the elements of unity, love and affection, peace and forgiveness, and the strategy of "institutionalizing values such as tender human feelings and emotions, empathy and kindness" and the subsequent strategies which include: the strategy of "epistemologically looking at the man as Ashraf" creations and based on the single origin of all human beings", the strategy of "remembering the covenant of the first man with God in preserving the life of his fellow species", the strategy of "encouraging the preservation of human life" and the strategy of "condemning crimes against human life".The application of these strategies will create a society full of unity, empathy, kindness, friendship, love for each other, forgiveness, altruism and far from tension and disagreement, which will remove all the bases of disagreement, and in case of disagreement, the greatness of man in the eyes of people. Such a society and divine covenant, bowing to human life and strongly condemning the deprivation of human life will prevent this dispute and conflict from causing an attack on human life.

Crime is accompanied by criminal and non-criminal response as an anomaly in society that “criminal policy” is responsible to answer it. Criminal policy consists of different levels that legislative criminal policy as the most important and fundamental level of criminal policy is the gateway to the response to the criminal fact and is responsible to form strategy and framework against it. The judicial criminal policy as the executive arm, after that, has the task of dealing with real criminals but this process is challenged in some situations due to some reasons and judicial and legislative criminal policy do not coincide and adapt with each other. The main question in this research is: What are the most important factors of the incompatibility of legislative criminal policy of Afghanistan, especially in the case of crimes against family? The most important causes of this incompatibility according to the findings of this research in the criminal policy of Afghanistan regarding crimes against the family are the lack of including of all issues by law, unavailability of official and judicial authorities, lack of expertise of judges, insecurity, corruption and cultural and moral obstacles governing society. Therefore, these obstacles must be overcome in order to adapt judicial and legislative criminal policy as two arms of criminal policies. The research method in this article is library and analytical descriptive method.

Crime is behavior that violates the law and social norms so that people oppose it which can occur due to environmental factors, namely the imitation of criminality and individual economic factors, can be prevented by criminal policies, and can increase in certain situations, one of which is the economic crisis. The mathematical model of the spread of crime is built by considering individual economic factors which are implemented as work and non-work compartments, crime imitation factors which are implemented as the rate of crime affected, and criminal policy factors as an obstacle to crime. Based on the model that has been built, the equilibrium point and its stability, the basic reproduction rate, population dynamics, and conditions that can describe the influence of criminal policy and the economic crisis on the crime rate are determined. The model has one non-endemic equilibrium point and one non-negative endemic equilibrium point which can reach a stable condition. Numerical simulations show that population dynamics using parameter values and initial compartments obtained from various sources are stable towards an endemic equilibrium point, criminal policies can reduce crime rates, and economic crises can increase crime rates.

Today, social protests are as an expected social phenomenon in human societies, even in societies based on democracy, there are social protests because the impact of the decisions of the state and political authorities on the lives of the people of a society is undeniable. The way that the different societies deal with this social phenomenon is subject to the rights and freedoms recognized by the states for the general public. On the other hand, people's actions also determine how the state deals with this phenomenon, so it is not unreasonable to say that the state's reaction on the one hand, and the people's reaction on the other hand, seriously can change the type and quality of protests. If a macro-level decision is taken by the state, and if this decision affects the lives of most people in a quantitative way, the protests can be expected in all parts of a country. Now, this protest, which is a sign of the state's decision and not accepted by the people, if it is responded too violently by the state, it can change the nature of a peaceful protesting population and turn it into a violent population, and if the protest is also violent from the beginning, there will be no doubt that no state will leave such actions unanswered with the tools at its disposal. Nevertheless, to a great extent, the type, quality and quantity of tools to deal with social protests are subject to the principles that have been accepted in the field of criminal policymaking. It goes without saying that this criminal policy significantly defines the limits and restrictions of citizens' freedom and also shows the level of accepted values ​​of the state and the adherence to the principles contained in the documents beyond laws and regulations. It is clear that the states choose the most severe and harsh reactions when they feel a threat to their integrity, so it is important to identify such behaviors from the punishment perspective. The purpose of this research is to clarify the position of Iranian criminal policy confronting the social protests and the distinction between two types of behavior, i.e. violent protests and the need to punish these behaviors and peaceful protests and the need to recognize these types of protests. This research has been done with analytical-descriptive method through using numerous library sources. The necessity of the current research, in addition to its impact on the country's legal literature, can also be considered in the legislative and even judicial field because the criminal reaction to Peaceful protests is actually a violation of fundamental rights recognized in constitutional documents and even human values ​​of the society. The findings of this research show that, where the protesters only want their lost rights and do not accept the new policy of the state which has affected their lives, and considering that these protesters do not have evil or criminal intentions and if these peaceful protests do not lead to the violation of the rules of criminal law, the state should not practice even the slightest aggression against this group of protesters, and only if the protesters violate one of the rules of criminal law, their behavior should be judged with mitigation in punishment. Social protests whether violent or peaceful have common features, such as: Relative continuity Purposefulness and agreement between protesters Applicability of the title of Protester to specific people Opposition to all parts or some part of the prevailing social conditions With precision in the words of researchers and experts in the field of social protests, the topics such as civil disobedience and civil resistance can be considered as examples of peaceful social protests, and the cases such as: riots, revolutions and coups(military coup) can be included under the title of violent protests. In terms of Iranian criminal policy regarding social protests ,peaceful and violent, two sources can be considered including: the constitution as the supreme legislative document of the country and other laws and regulations as normal laws. The principle of the right to peaceful protests is recognized in the 27th article of Iran’s constitution, which deals with gatherings and protests. On the other hand, normal laws, both in the field of violent protests and in the field of peaceful protests, have not a specific and explicit law for supporting or prohibition of social protests, and this matter has actually led to a kind of confusion among the judicial authorities. According to what kind of behavior and with what intention the protestors are protesting , and even to what specific group of the society they belong to, there is a different criminal description and interpretation, and in addition to this, the legislator can refer to the new findings of the criminal studies for the legalization of the reasons for mitigating the punishments or remission of punishment in order to consider this mitigation of the punishments or remission of punishment for the people who have committed a crime, considering that such behaviors can continue for days and even months and thus drag the situation of the society towards a crisis. Also, a group of protestors who have been influenced by others, are committing the crimes without a proper understanding of the social situation and begin to protest only under the influence of the psychological atmosphere of the society and the actions of others (without having a high criminal capacity). Such mitigation of the punishments or remission of punishment are not unprecedented in the field of criminal policy of Iran. It seems that in order to draw an ideal criminal policy along with protecting the rights and freedoms of the people, we need a basic legislation in this field of social behavior.

Iran's new criminal policy in the legislative, judicial, and executive dimensions is in line with the rapprochement. On the other hand, the individualization of the execution of the punishment guarantees the reformative goals of the punishment. The present article emphasizes the necessity of "combining the policy of individualization of punishment with the criminal policy of rapprochement in the light of the role of the execution judge".The question Is: to what extent do the current powers provide the possibility of adapting the execution of the punishment to the personal, family, and social conditions of the criminal in line with the arbitrary criminal policy? In this article, in a descriptiveanalytical way, the discretionary authority of the judge in the execution of the sentences has been criticized and analyzed from the perspective of arbitrary criminal policy. The findings of the research show that the authority of the judge to execute sentences is defined only in the framework of "primary exclusion" - based on the individual characteristics of the convicted person, while le the individualization of fraternity requires the creation of "secondary exclusion" mechanisms - based on conditions outside the personality of the convicted person and her/his behavior during the execution of the sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of a comprehensive and coherent criminal policy regarding alcohol-related offenses is very important. Iran's legislative criminal policy, based on the prohibition of alcohol consumption, with an emphasis on the theory of absolute criminalization, has attempted to criminalize all behaviors related to it. However, the existence of some legislative gaps and challenges and lack of coherence in jurisprudence in some relevant dimensions raises doubt about the integration. Due to the lack of an initial prohibition on alcohol consumption, the legislative criminal policy of England has adopted a type of legalization and supervisory approach and uses the criminal justice system to control certain behaviors related to alcohol. In the law of this country, various instances of alcohol-related behaviors that are mainly antisocial in nature have been criminalized, and offenses related to drunk driving are among the most important ones. This article uses descriptive and analytical methods to study and evaluate the legislative and judicial criminal policy of these two countries regarding alcohol-related offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, tries to answer the question of whether in Iran's legal system, the criminal policy of the Estiza Foundation has been fair and effective in dealing with and fighting the crime of disrupting the economic system. Therefore, while referring to the process of approval of Istiza, the challenges of Istizia in 1397 and 1399 have been examined and finally, their function as well as their strengths and weaknesses have been evaluated. The findings indicate the inefficiency of the judicial criminal policy and the failure to achieve the desired result in curbing the crime through its implementation and restricting the rights of the accused. Therefore, measured and scientific methods in the fight against economic corruption should replace the symbolic emphasis on the "war on corruption" and a fair and discriminatory judicial system for economic crimes should be designed and approved in the light of legislative criminal policy in the form of a comprehensive plan or bill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Religion Blasphemy has occasionally been committed in numerous media. Blasphemy instances that started out in print media have since proliferated in the virtual world thanks to numerous features and platforms. Because freedom of religion is guaranteed and protected by the Indonesian Constitution, anyone who blasphemes against a particular faith may face severe legal consequences. Purposes of the Research: This study aims at analyzing the offense of blasphemy against religion in the perspective of Islamic law and Indonesian law. Methods of the Research: This type of research is legalistic, doctrinal or normative. The approach used in normative or legalistic research include a concept approach, a statute approach, historical approach, case approach, and comparative approach. However, this study only uses comparative approach since it analyzes of regarding blasphemous crimes in perspective Indonesian and Islamic criminal laws. Results of the Research: The government enacted various laws and rules to maintain religious harmony. However, in terms of law enforcement, are the provisions most frequently used to charge those who commit religious blasphemy. Whereas from the standpoint of Islamic law, blasphemy can take the form of defiling (tadnis), insulting (istihza), ridiculing (syatama), insulting (saba), cursing (taq), and challenging Islamic principles as well as engaging in actions that diverge from Islamic teachings (bid'ah). The Qur'an and the Hadith contain prohibitions against blasphemous acts, but the means of punishment are found in the nomenclature of Ijtihad of the Ulama, which was later incorporated into the laws of many Islamic nations. As a result, the formulation of punishments for blasphemers varies greatly.

The wise solution of Le’an's institution in Islamic criminal policy, based on God's grace, legislates to overcome difficulties in married life. Its wisdom lies not only in solving challenges faced by families involved in infidelity crises but also in preventing self-effort and arbitrary actions to solve such problems. However, the effectiveness of this institution is limited by the requirement of "seeing" the wife's betrayal. Therefore, the research question is whether, according to the jurisprudence of Islamic schools, proof of blasphemy depends on the husband witnessing his wife's adultery or not. Islamic religions differ regarding this "seeing" condition. The Imami jurists, except Shahid Sani, and one view of the Maliki jurists consider witnessing the wife's adultery as a condition for proving blasphemy. Hence, they do not view cursing a blind person or someone who has not witnessed their wife's illicit relationship as valid. However, according to Zaidiyyah, Hanafiyyah, Bashafiyyah, Hanbaliyyah, and other viewpoints of Malikiyyah jurists, witnessing is not a condition, and even a blind person who has not seen their wife's adultery can perform laan. Therefore, the subjectivity of the "seeing" condition in Le’an is not defensible. This goal can be achieved by describing and analyzing the propositions of Islamic jurisprudence and human sciences, as well as library data. The result is that the lack of subjectivity in this condition not only protects more individuals involved in ominous phenomena under the cover of the Le’an's institution, but also eases the bottleneck faced by the criminal justice system in executing justice for the aforementioned individuals.

The paper discusses the restraining order, an instrument which is currentlypresent in three Polish penal codes, namely, the Penal Code, theCode of Penal Procedure, and the Penal Enforcement Code. Therefore,it should be considered a widely-used instrument of criminal policy. Thegenesis of its introduction into the legal order is rather surprising, as theproposal to implement this type of measure appeared only at a fairly advancedstage of parliamentary works. The main objective of the paper isto show the current shape of the main provisions regulating the restrainingorder in the particular codes and attempt to answer the question whetherthese provisions are sufficient, thus assessing the potential of the order.

Introduction: The criminal policy of natural resource corruption in the fisheries sector can be carried out using two approaches, namely the penal approach and the non-penal approach. Purposes of the Research: . Methods of the Research: This research method is normative juridical while still involving the role of other social sciences in legal social studies. The approach used in this research is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data collection was carried out by literature study and then analyzed qualitatively. Results of the Research: IUU Fishing practices such as transshipment, fraudulent acts of marking down ship sizes, using unreported foreign crew members or using falsified documents, bribing bribes in permit processing and various actions that lead to corrupt practices in the fisheries sector cause the country to suffer huge losses and have a bad impact on the country. people's welfare and exploitation of natural resources that can damage the ecosystem. For this reason, there is a need for criminal policy or efforts to overcome corruption by using two approaches, namely a repressive penal approach and a preventive non-penal approach.