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Wireless backhaul using line-of-sight MIMO (LOS-MIMO) has the potential to support the increased data-rate demands brought by the introduction of the fifth generation of mobile access technology. In this paper, we present results from an outdoor 1.5-km link using eight LOS-MIMO streams in a single channel. The link operated at E-band (70/80 GHz) using commercial radios and unsynchronized oscillators. An aggregated throughput of 139 Gbps was achieved with a 99.965% availability, resulting in a spectrum efficiency of 55.6 bps/Hz. Moreover, the robustness of the link at suboptimal deployments was verified, agreeing well with the theoretically expected results. Such microwave links are of great importance for future generation mobile broadband networks, providing a cost-effective alternative to fiber backhaul.

Digital backpropagation (DBP) is a promising digital-domain technique to mitigate Kerr-induced nonlinear interference. While it successfully removes deterministic signal-signal interactions, the performance of ideal DBP is limited by stochastic effects, such as polarizationmode dispersion (PMD). In this paper, we consider an ideal full-field DBP implementation and modify it to additionally account for PMD; reversing the PMD effects in the backward propagation by passing the reverse propagated signal also through PMD sections, which concatenated equal the inverse of the PMD in the forward propagation. These PMD sections are calculated analytically at the receiver based on the total accumulated PMD of the link estimated from channel equalizers. Numerical simulations show that, accounting for nonlinear polarization-related interactions in the modified DBP algorithm, additional signal-to-noise ratio gains of 1.1 dB are obtained for transmission over 1000 km., Swedish Research Council (VR) (2012-5280); UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (EP/J017582/1, UNLOC).

The state of polarization and the carrier phase drift dynamically during transmission in a random fashion in coherent optical fiber communications. The typical digital signal processing solution to mitigate these impairments consists of two separate blocks that track each phenomenon independently. Such algorithms have been developed without taking into account mathematical models describing the impairments. We study a blind, model-based tracking algorithm to compensate for these impairments. The algorithm dynamically recovers the carrier phase and state of polarization jointly for an arbitrary modulation format. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, having a fast convergence rate and an excellent tolerance to phase noise and dynamic drift of the polarization. The computational complexity of the algorithm is lower compared to state-of-the-art algorithms at similar or better performance, which makes it a strong candidate for future optical systems.

We propose a modified Volterra series digital backpropagation algorithm that accounts for polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) effects. The algorithm accounts only for nonlinear terms that are PMD-insensitive, leading to both performance enhancement and substantial complexity reduction.

We propose and validate a discrete-time channel model for the temporal drift of the absolute polarization state and polarization-mode dispersion for coherent fiber optic systems. The model can be used in simulations to test and develop DSP for coherent receivers.

In this paper, a new method for power-efficient intersymbol interference-free transmission over the bandlimited intensity-modulation direct-detection channel is proposed. A new time-varying bias signal is added to the transmitted signal to make it nonnegative and provide a more power-efficient transmission than the previously considered constant bias. To exploit the benefits of the new signaling method, Nyquist and root-Nyquist pulses suitable for the use with this kind of bias are designed using two different methods. In the first method, new pulses are obtained by adding Nyquist pulses in the time domain with different combining coefficients, whereas in the second method, the pulses are obtained by the design of their frequency response. Analytical expressions for the asymptotic optical power efficiency and symbol error rate of the proposed schemes are derived and evaluated. At a spectral efficiency of 1~b/s/Hz, using on-off keying modulation and the proposed bias signal and pulses, up to 0.628 dB gains in asymptotic power efficiency can be achieved compared to the previously best known signaling scheme, which is based on squared sinc pulse shaping.

A theoretical framework is introduced to model the dynamical changes of the state of polarization during transmission in coherent fibre-optic systems. The model generalizes the one-dimensional phase noise random walk to higher dimensions, accounting for random polarization drifts, emulating a random walk on the Poincar\'e sphere, which has been successfully verified using experimental data. The model is described in the Jones, Stokes and real four-dimensional formalisms, and the mapping between them is derived. Such a model will be increasingly important in simulating and optimizing future systems, where polarization-multiplexed transmission and sophisticated digital signal processing will be natural parts. The proposed polarization drift model is the first of its kind as prior work either models polarization drift as a deterministic process or focuses on polarization-mode dispersion in systems where the state of polarization does not affect the receiver performance. We expect the model to be useful in a wide-range of photonics applications where stochastic polarization fluctuation is an issue., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures

We present and discuss a real four-dimensional (4d) channel model for coherent links, and compare it with the more conventional complex two-dimensional (Jones matrix) model.

This paper investigates the impact of transceiver noise on the performance of digital back-propagation (DBP). A generalized expression to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained using DBP in the presence of transceiver noise is described. This new expression correctly accounts for the nonlinear beating between the transceiver noise and the signal in the optical fiber transmission link. The transceiver noise-signal nonlinear beating has been identified as the main reason for the discrepancy between predicted and practical performance of DBP; which has not been previously suggested. This nonlinear beating has been included in the GN model, allowing DBP gains in practical systems to be predicted analytically. Experiments and split-step simulations with and without polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) in the transmission link have been performed. The results show that the impact of transceiver noise greatly outweighs that of PMD, and the analytical expressions are confirmed by the numerical simulations.

A new, power-efficient signaling method for intersymbol interference-free transmission over the bandlimited intensity-modulation direct-detection channel is proposed. The method utilizes pulse-amplitude modulation with a sinusoidal bias function and is more power-efficient than previously known methods.

We propose a novel adaptive digital backpropagation (DBP) scheme that tracks the fiber polarization-mode dispersion via the optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio. Gains of up to 1.4 dB over conventional DBP are achieved.

An analytical model to describe the combined drift of the state of polarization and absolute phase is presented. To compensate for this drift, a novel, modulation format independent algorithm is proposed, which outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms.

We propose a modified DBP algorithm accounting for PMD. The accumulated PMD at the receiver is factorized into several PMD sections, and inserted into the DBP routine to distributively compensate for PMD, outperforming the conventional approach by 1.1 dB in SNR.