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2. Advancing Scholarship and Practice of Stakeholder Engagement in Working Landscapes

Author

Weston Eaton, Tahnee Robertson, J. Arbuckle, Kathryn Jo Brasier, Mark E. Burbach, Morey Burnham, Sarah P. Church, Carrie Eberly, Georgia Hart-Fredeluces, Douglas Jackson-Smith, Andi Rogers, Grace Amanda Wildermuth, Katherine Canfield, S. Carolina Cordova, Casey D. Chatelain, Jennifer T Edwards, Lara Fowler, Zach Hurst, Christine J. Kirchhoff, Marisa Manheim, Rub��n Martinez, Anne Mook, Cristina A. Mullin, Laurie Murrah-Hanson, Christiana O. Onabola, Lauren Parker, Elizabeth A. Redd, Chelsea Schelly, Michael Schoon, W. Adam Sigler, Emily Smit, Tiff van Huysen, Laura Verbrugge, and Michelle Worosz

Published
2022
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3. Global evidence of constraints and limits to human adaptation

Author

Idowu Ajibade, Brian Pentz, Adelle Thomas, Alexandra Lesnikowski, Alcade C Segnon, Caitlin Grady, Cristina A. Mullin, Kathryn Bowen, Kripa Jagannathan, Chandni Singh, Leah Gichuki, Eranga K. Galappaththi, Asha Sitati, Donovan Campbell, Diana Reckien, Elphin Tom Joe, Vasiliki I. Chalastani, Matthias Garschagen, Emily Theokritoff, Katharine J. Mach, James D. Ford, Roger Cremades, Justice Issah Musah-Surugu, Raquel Ruiz-Díaz, UT-I-ITC-PLUS, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management

Subjects
5902.13 Planificación Política, Global and Planetary Change, Food security, Limits, Public economics, Corporate governance, Climate change, 2502.9 Cambio climático, 5902.06 Política Económica, Urban Economics, ITC-HYBRID, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Nature Conservation, Constraints, Systematic review, Economics, Relevance (law), Departement Beleidsruimte, Adaptation, Adaptation (computer science), Behavioral adaptation
Abstract

Constraints and limits to adaptation are critical to understanding the extent to which human and natural systems can successfully adapt to climate change. We conduct a systematic review of 1,682 academic studies on human adaptation responses to identify patterns in constraints and limits to adaptation for different regions, sectors, hazards, adaptation response types, and actors. Using definitions of constraints and limits provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), we find that most literature identifies constraints to adaptation but that there is limited literature focused on limits to adaptation. Central and South America and Small Islands generally report greater constraints and both hard and soft limits to adaptation. Technological, infrastructural, and ecosystem-based adaptation suggest more evidence of constraints and hard limits than other types of responses. Individuals and households face economic and socio-cultural constraints which also inhibit behavioral adaptation responses and may lead to limits. Finance, governance, institutional, and policy constraints are most prevalent globally. These findings provide early signposts for boundaries of human adaptation and are of high relevance for guiding proactive adaptation financing and governance from local to global scales.

Published
2021
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4. Mapping evidence of human adaptation to climate change

Author

Emily Baker, Gina Marie Maskell, Malcolm Araos, Lolita Shaila Safaee Chalkasra, Caitlin Grady, Souha Ouni, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Justice Issah Musah-Surugu, Matthew Jurjonas, Raquel Ruiz-Díaz, Julia B. Pazmino Murillo, Robbert Biesbroek, Lindsay C. Stringer, Deepal Doshi, Nikita Charles Hamilton, Stephanie L. Barr, Carys Richards, Kathryn Bowen, Greeshma Hedge, Avery Hill, Custodio Matavel, Vhalinavho Khavhagali, Tara Chen, Timo Leiter, Steven Koller, Portia Adade Williams, Oliver Lilford, Patricia Nayna Schwerdtle, Asha Sitati, Sherilee L. Harper, Eranga K. Galappaththi, Philip Antwi-Agyei, Tabea Lissner, Megan Lukas-Sithole, Alexandra Harden, Gabrielle Wong-Parodi, Bianca van Bavel, Kathryn Dana Sjostrom, Leah Gichuki, Eunice A Salubi, Gabriela Nagle Alverio, Jordi Sardans, Joshua Mullenite, Alexandre K. Magnan, Andrew Forbes, Delphine Deryng, Lea Berrang-Ford, Emily Duncan, Donovan Campbell, Garry Sotnik, Ivan Villaverde Canosa, Mia Wannewitz, Jan C. Minx, Katherine E. Browne, Katy Davis, Kripa Jagannathan, Neal R. Haddaway, Roopam Shukla, Vasiliki I. Chalastani, Mohammad Aminur Rahman Shah, Elphin Tom Joe, Shaugn Coggins, Lam T. M. Huynh, Diana Reckien, Carolyn A. F. Enquist, Tanvi Agrawal, Christine J. Kirchhoff, Luckson Zvobgo, Neha Chauhan, Stephanie E. Austin, Adelle Thomas, Nicola Ulibarri, Indra D. Bhatt, Elisabeth A. Gilmore, Katharine J. Mach, Brian Pentz, Nicole van Maanen, Sienna Templeman, Julia Pelaez Avila, Emily Theokritoff, Alexandra Paige Fischer, Josep Peñuelas, Matthias Garschagen, Maarten van Aalst, William Kakenmaster, Yuanyuan Shang, Christa Anderson, Mark New, Pratik Pokharel, Jennifer Niemann, Mariella Siña, Giulia Scarpa, Erin Coughlan de Perez, Ingrid Arotoma-Rojas, Warda Ajaz, Edmond Totin, Marjolijn Haasnoot, Idowu Ajibade, Chandni Singh, Max Callaghan, Jan Petzold, A. R. Siders, James D. Ford, Jiren Xu, Miriam Nielsen, Michael D. Morecroft, Thelma Zulfawu Abu, Lynée L. Turek-Hankins, Alcade C Segnon, Cristina A. Mullin, Hasti Trivedi, Praveen Kumar, Tom Hawxwell, Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo, Alexandra Lesnikowski, Susan J. Elliott, Abraham Marshall Nunbogu, Anuszka Mosurska, Aidan D. Farrell, Nicholas Philip Simpson, Shuaib Lwasa, Christopher H. Trisos, Alyssa Gatt, Rebecca R. Hernandez, Zinta Zommers, and Shinny Thakur

Subjects
Geography, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Climate change, business, Adaptation (computer science)
Abstract

We present the first systematic, global stocktake of the academic literature on human adaptation. We screen 48,316 documents and identify 1,682 articles that present empirical research documenting human efforts to reduce risk from climate change and associated hazards. Coding and synthesizing this literature highlights that the overall extent of adaptation across global regions and sectors is low. Adaptations are largely local and incremental rather than transformative. Behavioural adjustments by individuals and households are more prevalent than any other type of response, largely motivated by drought and precipitation variability. Local governments and civil society are engaging in risk reduction across all sectors and regions, particularly in response to flooding. Urban technological and infrastructural adaptations to flood risk are prevalent in Europe, while shifts in farming practices dominate reporting from Africa and Asia. Despite increasing evidence of adaptation responses, evidence that these responses are reducing risks (observed and projected) remains limited.

Published
2021
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5. Nature Climate Change

Author

Susan J. Elliott, Tom Hawxwell, Alcade C Segnon, Cristina A. Mullin, Hasti Trivedi, Shinny Thakur, Aidan D. Farrell, Nicholas Philip Simpson, Carys Richards, Neal R. Haddaway, Tanvi Agrawal, Portia Adade Williams, Indra D. Bhatt, Maarten van Aalst, Shuaib Lwasa, Praveen Kumar, Deepal Doshi, Alexandre K. Magnan, Sherilee L. Harper, Christopher H. Trisos, Jordi Sardans, Alyssa Gatt, Jiren Xu, Miriam Nielsen, A. R. Siders, Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo, Steven Koller, Michael D. Morecroft, Marjolijn Haasnoot, Nicole van Maanen, Avery Hill, James D. Ford, Rebecca R. Hernandez, Christine J. Kirchhoff, Diana Reckien, Bianca van Bavel, Jan Petzold, Jennifer Niemann, Erin Coughlan de Perez, Luckson Zvobgo, Brian Pentz, Katherine E. Browne, Mohammad Aminur Rahman Shah, Chandni Singh, Lea Berrang-Ford, Alexandra Lesnikowski, Matthias Garschagen, Elphin Tom Joe, Thelma Zulfawu Abu, Donovan Campbell, Mia Wannewitz, Nikita Charles Hamilton, Roopam Shukla, Lynée L. Turek-Hankins, Neha Chauhan, Tara Chen, Oliver Lilford, Patricia Nayna Schwerdtle, Greeshma Hegde, William Kakenmaster, Custodio Matavel, Vhalinavho Khavhagali, Stephanie L. Barr, Zinta Zommers, Eranga K. Galappaththi, Tabea Lissner, Yuanyuan Shang, Alexandra Paige Fischer, Megan Lukas-Sithole, Delphine Deryng, Leah Gichuki, Katharine J. Mach, Ivan Villaverde Canosa, Alexandra Harden, Max Callaghan, Matthew Jurjonas, Andrew Forbes, Giulia Scarpa, Garry Sotnik, Stephanie E. Austin, Adelle Thomas, Julia B. Pazmino Murillo, Vasiliki I. Chalastani, Caitlin Grady, Lolita Shaila Safaee Chalkasra, Eunice A Salubi, Abraham Marshall Nunbogu, Anuszka Mosurska, Kathryn Dana Sjostrom, Robbert Biesbroek, Christa Anderson, Joshua Mullenite, Emily Baker, Mark New, Gina Marie Maskell, Lam T. M. Huynh, Sienna Templeman, Elisabeth A. Gilmore, Emily Theokritoff, Josep Peñuelas, Pratik Pokharel, Souha Ouni, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Justice Issah Musah-Surugu, Idowu Ajibade, Raquel Ruiz-Díaz, Edmond Totin, Timo Leiter, Carolyn A. F. Enquist, Asha Sitati, Warda Ajaz, Kathryn Bowen, Gabrielle Wong-Parodi, Malcolm Araos, Shaugn Coggins, Julia Pelaez Avila, Mariella Siña, Kripa Jagannathan, Emily Duncan, Katy Davis, Nicola Ulibarri, Ingrid Arotoma-Rojas, Lindsay C. Stringer, Philip Antwi-Agyei, Gabriela Nagle Alverio, Jan C. Minx, UT-I-ITC-PLUS, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management, Department of Earth Systems Analysis, UT-I-ITC-4DEarth, and Publica

Subjects
Civil society, PERCEPTIONS, STRATEGIES, AGRICULTURE, Environmental Studies, Climate change, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, WASS, Scientific literature, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), URBAN, Political science, Global network, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Life Science, 0502 Environmental Science and Management, SMALLHOLDER FARMERS, Adaptation (computer science), NATIONAL-LEVEL, Environmental planning, WIMEK, Corporate governance, Public Administration and Policy, Private sector, OPPORTUNITIES, VARIABILITY, Transformational leadership, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Physical Sciences, COMMUNITY-LEVEL, LOCAL-LEVEL, Bestuurskunde, 0401 Atmospheric Sciences, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Assessing global progress on human adaptation to climate change is an urgent priority. Although the literature on adaptation to climate change is rapidly expanding, little is known about the actual extent of implementation. We systematically screened >48,000 articles using machine learning methods and a global network of 126 researchers. Our synthesis of the resulting 1,682 articles presents a systematic and comprehensive global stocktake of implemented human adaptation to climate change. Documented adaptations were largely fragmented, local and incremental, with limited evidence of transformational adaptation and negligible evidence of risk reduction outcomes. We identify eight priorities for global adaptation research: assess the effectiveness of adaptation responses, enhance the understanding of limits to adaptation, enable individuals and civil society to adapt, include missing places, scholars and scholarship, understand private sector responses, improve methods for synthesizing different forms of evidence, assess the adaptation at different temperature thresholds, and improve the inclusion of timescale and the dynamics of responses. Determining progress in adaptation to climate change is challenging, yet critical as climate change impacts increase. A stocktake of the scientific literature on implemented adaptation now shows that adaptation is mostly fragmented and incremental, with evidence lacking for its impact on reducing risk.

Published
2021
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