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Dialogic interaction is a distinctive feature of Animal Crossing, a social simulation video game developed by Nintendo, yet, little attention has been paid to it from a discourse analytical perspective. This paper aims to explore how AC characters are characterised through language and which discourse strategies are applied to engage players. The analysis, based on a corpus of dialogues transcribed by fans of the game, relies on corpus-linguistics methodologies and can be framed within the context of ludolinguistics. The study shows that emotive language is used to create an active interaction between player and non-player characters (NPCs). Even though NPCs are minimally characterized in terms of gender, age, or social status, the collocational analysis of “I” and “you” highlights two opposite personalities interacting in the dialogues: type A, lexically represented as extroverted, dynamic, and active, and type B, represented as kind, hesitant, and passive.

The quality and quantity of light are important factors in controlling in vitro plant growth in photoautotrophic systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of light quality (fluorescent, white, red, blue, red/blue, and distant red) on microstumps of a Eucalyptus urophylla clone in an in vitro photoautotrophic system, as well as the intensity of fluorescent light (60, 85, 100, and 140 μmol m–2 s–1) in the growth and production of microcutting. The number of shoots and microcutting, the size of the largest shoot, the stomatal density, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content were analyzed. Light quality altered plant growth, and fluorescent light intensity did not affect the microstumps’ production during the evaluation period. In white light-emitting diode (LED) light, there was higher production of carotenoids, with a lower initial production of microcuttings. A smaller number of shoots were obtained in blue LED. In general, the different qualities and light intensities tested allowed for the growth of the Eucalyptus urophylla clone grown in vitro, making it possible to obtain microcuttings under photoautotrophic cultivation. Study Implications In vitro propagation is a stressful process for plants and has limitations for commercial-scale Eucalyptus production. Fluorescent lamps, closed containers, and high sucrose concentrations are traditionally used. To reduce costs and improve production, the use of efficient light sources and photoautotrophic cultivation systems become alternatives. This study investigated the influence of light on the in vitro growth of a Eucalyptus clone in a photoautotrophic system. The quality was more important than the intensity of light. Foresters will be able to indicate the use of LEDs (light-emitting diodes) as a replacement for fluorescent lamps. This approach is useful in enhancing micropropagation techniques.

The present paper brings to the fore issues relating to the meaning and construction of ethics in online team communication by exploring the discursive strategies that contribute to the construction of a team&rsquo, s sense of duty and individual virtuousness. The study relies on a complex toolkit which includes ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse and conversation analysis. Data consist of a one-day interaction unit as part of a larger set of real communication exchanges (ca. 34,000) over a time period of six months, observation notes, as well as unstructured interviews. Our empirical analysis has revealed that individual virtuousness and sense of duty are actually interrelated. A virtuous team climate leads team members to share positive perceptions about the team, which in turn increases team commitment. Furthermore, we argue that the blurring of private and professional life not only allows for the enactment of ethic-driven discourse strategies that result in enhanced cooperation and improved team performance, but also for high levels of interconnectivity and improved social interaction. The results of the analysis supplement organisational literature based on ethics-centred observations on the effectiveness of virtual work, and show how a discourse-driven approach can provide tools for further theorisations about the practices and the ecology of digital communication.

Digital communication technologies led to a revolution in how people interact at work: relying on computer-mediated communication technologies is now a must, rather than an alternative. This empirical study investigates how colleagues in a virtual team use synchronous online communication platform in the workplace. Inspired by the conceptualisation of web-based communication platforms as tool, place or context of social construction, we explore the discursive strategies that contribute to the construction of the team’s shared sense of purpose and identity, a collegial atmosphere and consequently lead to effective collaboration. The close analyses of real-life data from a multinational workplace provide insights into the everyday communication practices of virtual team members. Our findings supplement organisational literature based on etic observations of the effectiveness of virtual work and provide a basis for further theorisations about how communication technologies affect the ecology of and discourse practices in computer-mediated communication at work.

Rock cliffs equipped for climbing represent a new tool in education. Results of an interdisciplinary educational project, Gekologia, focusing on Earth Sciences and Physical Education, are here presented. Gekologia was tested by 2 classes from a secondary school (1st level, 3rd year; Pavia, Lombardy). Fieldtrip and geoclimbing activity were carried out at the Uriezzo Glacial Garden and Premia- Balmafredda cliff (Piemonte). They focused on cliff features, rock glacial modelling and motor action in climbing. The main aim was to help students in acquiring the ability to recognize the local most important lithotypes, the relationship between geology and climbing progression and the concept of landscape modelling, in order to get competences exportable in different environments. Teaching and evaluation were based on traditional strategies and student drawings realized observing climbers' progression on site and through multimedia material. First results confirm the importance of interdisciplinary approaches including fieldwork and new technologies.

Orientador: Marta Fuentes-Rojas Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas Resumo: As projeções indicam que, 80% dos idosos viverão em países em desenvolvimento, caracterizando que o novo perfil etário tem dimensão mundial; estima-se que em 2030, a população idosa brasileira será de 18,6%; esse novo cenário evidencia que a necessidade de oferta de cuidados aumentará proporcionalmente ao aumento das fragilidades oriundas do declínio funcional típico da velhice e da reconfiguração dos arranjos familiares que potencializa a insuficiência familiar. Isto posto, cabe a questão: como as políticas públicas enfrentam o desafio do cuidado de pessoas idosas que se encontram em situação de dependência e não contam com uma rede de apoio familiar adequada? O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi verificar de que forma o cuidado às pessoas idosas com alguma dependência está sendo garantido pela Política de Assistência Social, na modalidade de acolhimento institucional, considerando que estas pessoas idosas contam com rede familiar frágil ou inexistente. A metodologia da pesquisa baseou-se na natureza qualitativa e documental. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram questionários para a caracterização das ILPIs e entrevistas semiestruturadas com os profissionais responsáveis por elas. Optou-se pelo critério político geográfico ao escolher as ILPIs que executam serviços da política de Assistência Social e que estejam presentes nos municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana de Campinas. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados apontaram três categorias: (1) Das instituições, (2) Do público atendido e (3) Dos profissionais. Embora tenha sido feita uma breve descrição de cada categoria elas se fundem e se complementam no dia a dia da vivência nessas ILPIs. A implementação da Política Pública se difere, em cada município, conforme o contexto sociodemográfico, mas também, e especialmente, quanto ao entendimento político dos atores envolvidos sobre a pluralidade da tríade envelhecimento-velhice-pessoa idosa. Os desafios apontados na pesquisa compõem uma rede complexa que aglutinam elementos culturais, governamentais, não governamentais, individuais e coletivos, tecnológicos e orçamentários. A prevalência da rede indireta em detrimento da direta para execução do acolhimento institucional para idosos foi um marcador importante, pois demonstra que as ações da sociedade ainda subsidiam as responsabilidades do Estado Abstract: Projections indicate that 80% of the elderly will live in developing countries, and this projection characterizes the global dimension of the new age profile; it is estimated that in 2030, the Brazilian elderly population will be 18.6%; this new scenario shows that the need for care provision will increase proportionately to the cognitive and physical decline of the elderly population, especially important in light of the reconfiguration of family arrangements which also impacts family insufficiency. This raises the question: how do public policies face the challenge of caring for elderly people, who are dependent and do not have an adequate family support network? The general objective of the research was to verify how care for elderly people with some dependence is being guaranteed by the Social Assistance Policy, in the form of institutional reception, considering that these elderly people have a fragile or non-existent family network. The methodology of the research was qualitative and documentary in nature. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaires for the characterization of Long-Term Institutions for the Elderly (ILPIs) and semi-structured interviews with the professionals responsible for these institutions. The geographic political criterion was established by choosing the ILPIs that perform services for the Social Assistance policy and are present in the municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. For the data analysis, the Bardin content analysis was used. The results indicated three categories: (1) institutions, (2) public attendance, and (3) professionals. A brief description of each category has been made, and it is important to note that they merge and complement each other in the daily life of these ILPIs. The implementation of Public Policy differs in each municipality according to the sociodemographic context. The political understanding of the actors involved in the plurality of the aging-old-elderly triad made a particular difference. The challenges identified in the research compose a complex network that brings together cultural, governmental, non-governmental, individual and collective, technological and budgetary elements. The prevalence of an indirect network is a detriment to the execution of the institutional reception for the elderly and was an important marker, since it shows that the actions of the society still subsidize the responsibilities of the State Mestrado Modernidade e Políticas Públicas Mestra em Ciências Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas FAEPEX

This study presents a metaphor-based approach to analysing identity in corporate discourse, which hinges on an understanding of corporate memory as a dynamic process of re-membering that shapes a company's culture and identity. The analysis is based on a corpus of websites of 40 major Italian listed companies. Data comprise verbal and non-verbal texts exemplifying corporate histories. The focus is on metaphors, looking at their verbal realisation and their intersemiotic construction on the web page, with regard to identity, and as filtered through the memory-centred discourse addressed to international markets. The investigation reveals that Italian companies' ‘historical’ discourse contributes to the construction of memory in a (culturally-marked) individual-to-collectivity recalling process. As such, historical discourse informs the notion of active past that shapes a company's social identity. Il saggio propone uno studio su base metaforica dell'identita nel discorso aziendale che fa riferimento alla memoria come parte di un processo dinamico di appartenenza che forma e caratterizza la cultura e l'identita dell'azienda stessa. L'analisi si sviluppa su un corpus di siti web di 40 tra le principali aziende quotate italiane. I dati comprendono testi verbali e non verbali che illustrano la storia dell'azienda. Centrale allo studio e l'osservazione delle metafore di cui si analizza la realizzazione verbale ed intersemiotica sulla pagina web con un'attenzione particolare all'identita e a come questa viene filtrata attraverso il discorso incentrato sulla memoria costruito per i mercati internazionali. L'indagine rivela che il discorso ‘storico’ delle aziende italiane contribuisce alla costruzione della memoria dell'azienda attraverso un processo mnesico (culturalmente marcato) dall'individuale al collettivo. In quanto tale, il discorso storico fa parte di quel passato attivo che forma l'identita sociale e culturale dell'azienda.

La teca (Tectona grandis) es una especie forestal tropical introducida de la India, que por sus cualidades de madera y rápido crecimiento ha sido muy sembrada en Colombia; sin embargo, los procesos de producción masiva de material clonal para siembra siguen siendo una limitante. La propagación in vitro permite propagar clonalmente árboles seleccionados por sus características fenotípicas y alto rendimiento de la madera, incrementando la tasa de multiplicación y manteniendo un alto nivel de sanidad y estabilidad genética. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de diferentes niveles de bencilaminopurina (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 y 1.0 mg L-1), en medio semisólido de MS, sobre la micropropagación de explantes con meristemos preexistentes provenientes de árboles adultos de teca. Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos utilizando un DCA, con 20 repeticiones por cada tratamiento y los cultivos mantenidos a 20˚C con 12 horas de luz. La supervivencia de las plantas micropropagadas trasplantadas en turba o arena fue determinada bajo condiciones de casa malla. El ANOVA mostró que la presencia de BAP en el medio incrementa el número de nuevos brotes. La adición de auxinas es necesaria y suficiente para el enraizamiento in vitro de tallos micropropagados de teca, a la vez que incrementa su nivel en forma proporcional a la dosis de AIB. Las plantas tuvieron porcentajes de supervivencia superiores al 90% en ambos sustratos.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is frequent among older diabetic patients, but the evidence about endovascular revascularization is very limited. We retrospectively analyzed data collected from 120 diabetic patients consecutively admitted to a Diabetic Foot Clinic, including 64 patients aged 65–79 years and 56 patients aged 80 or more. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was followed by technical success in 82.5% of older patients and 62.5% of oldest old ones (p = 0.05). No significant difference was observed in regards to complete re-epithelization (76.6 vs 76.8%, p = 0.820), recurrent stenosis (26.6 vs 19.6%, p = 0.371), intra- or post-procedure complications (21.9 vs 10.7%, p = 0.102), and amputations (12.5 vs 5.4%, p = 0.176). Our findings suggest that older and oldest old patients with diabetic foot and critical ischemia could be effectively and safely treated with PTA.

The objective of the present study was to test the effects of explant type, auxin concentrations, culture media, and auxin concentrations on the induction and proliferation of somatic embryos of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. Seeds and cotyledons were used as explants and inoculated in culture media containing 1.13, 2.26, 3.39 and 4.52 µM dicamba or 4.14, 10.35, 20.71 and 31.06 µM picloram. Embryogenic calli induced in the picloram treatments were used as explants and inoculated in semisolid or liquid media containing 4.14, 10.35, 20.71 and 31.06 µM picloram and keeping the origin of the embryogenic callus (seeds or cotyledons) and the concentration of picloram in those who were in the induction phase. Statistical, descriptive and anatomical analyses were performed. Induction of somatic pro-embryos into the juvenile plant material of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla was performed using seeds or cotyledons as the source of explants, with the addition of dicamba and picloram as growth regulators. The use of cotyledons as a source of explants and the concentration of 4.1 µM picloram added to the culture media resulted in a higher induction of somatic pro-embryos. Proliferation of secondary somatic embryos was achieved using liquid medium added with picloram. RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar o efeito do tipo de explante e concentrações de auxinas na indução, bem como o efeito do meio de cultura e de concentrações de auxina na proliferação de embriões somáticos de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. Sementes e cotilédones foram utilizados como explantes e inoculados em meio de cultura de indução contendo 1,13; 2,26; 3,39 e 4,52 µM de dicamba ou 4,14; 10,35; 20,71 e 31,06 µM de picloram. Calos embriogênicos induzidos nos tratamentos com picloram foram utilizados como explantes e inoculados em meio semissólido ou líquido contendo 4,14; 10,35; 20,71 e 31,06 µM de picloram, mantendo-se a origem dos calos embriogênicos (sementes ou cotilédones) e a concentração de picloram em que os mesmos estavam na fase de indução. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas, descritivas e anatômicas. A indução de pró-embriões somáticos em material vegetal juvenil de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla pode ser realizada utilizando-se sementes ou cotilédones como fonte de explantes, e dicamba e picloram como reguladores de crescimento adicionados ao meio de cultura. O uso de cotilédones como fonte de explantes e a concentração de 4,1 µM de picloram adicionado ao meio de cultura resultou em maiores médias na indução de pró-embriões somáticos, A proliferação de pró-embriões somáticos secundários pode ser obtida utilizando meio liquido adicionado de picloram.

This article analyses the discursive and rhetorical strategies that help promote an image of competence in the corporate histories provided by the webpages of the top 25 companies ranked in the 200...

Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Response Evaluation Measure (REM-71), a 71-item self-report measure previously developed for the assessment of defenses in adults and adolescents. The authors also examined the differences in the use of defenses based on sex and age (early adolescence, late adolescence, and early adulthood), and the association between defenses, psychosocial health, and psychologic distress in a large community sample. Method: The Italian version of REM-71 was obtained through back-translation and administered to 1648 (1020 female subjects, mean age = 19.5 years, SD = ±5.77) community subjects, aged between 13 and 68 years, voluntarily recruited among high school and university students in Milan, Italy, and the surrounding area. All subjects completed a self-report measure to assess demographic variables and satisfaction with life. A subsample (n = 1197) completed the Italian version of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised to assess symptoms of psychologic distress. Results: Results were highly consistent with those obtained in the original English version of the REM-71 and included satisfactory internal consistency of the measure. Factor analyses yielded 2 principal factors that showed overall stability across age and sex subgroups. Factor 1 and factor 2 defenses were significantly correlated, in line with theoretical expectations, with positive and negative aspects of various domains of life. Conclusions: Results provide further support for the structure and validity of the REM-71 as a useful instrument for the assessment of defenses in adolescents and adults and suggest no major cross-cultural differences in the organization of these defenses. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Não recebi financiamento This research aimed at analyzing the teachers‟ discourses from a state school at the interior of São Paulo State as their understandings about conflict, indiscipline and / or violence inside the school and investigate if these conceptions are reflected in their practices, when dealing with the occurrences of these events in their space. It is characterized for being a qualitative study, using two methodological instruments: a documental analysis, a survey of cases of indiscipline and violence through occurrences‟ folder; and two focus groups: one with the management staff of the school (the School‟s Mediator, the Coordinators of Elementary School I, II and High School, and the Coordinator of Support to the Management staff); and the other, with their teachers.The results were analyzed from the perspective of French Analysis of the Discourse, which allowed us to understand the speech of those educators as follows: their understandings were not the same, there were several contradictions with strong prospects for relations of power. The cases of violence officially registered in the researched school were or sporadic, or were being veiled by educators. Mainly for the management team indiscipline is related to the students‟ learning, and for teachers, by the other hand, the disrespect that occurs between students ends up generating violence in school spaces; There was no standardization for actions taken as indiscipline and / or violent at school, the individual perception of who registered determined the situation and decision-making of theses educators. It was possible to check that students were hardly heard, or had few real opportunities for participation and dialogue. It was only up to managers the deciding of what would be done ahead in the instances of conflict or violence, in order that the matter be solved within by the direction and school coordination. We conclude that, at the school studied, there was a speech of appreciation of the dialogue as a solution tool for cases of conflict, indiscipline and violence, but behind this design, the various power relations that develop within the school environment are still implicit and rooted both with respect to students and teachers, and between these teachers and management. Esta investigação teve como objetivos analisar o discurso de educadores de uma escola estadual do interior de São Paulo quanto as suas compreensões a respeito de conflito, indisciplina e/ou violência na escola e investigar se essas concepções se refletem em suas práticas quando lidam com as ocorrências desses eventos em seu espaço. Caracteriza-se por ser uma pesquisa qualitativa, com utilização de dois instrumentos metodológicos: análise documental, com levantamento de casos de indisciplina e violência por meio dos Livros de Ocorrências Escolares (LOE) e da Pasta de Ocorrências; e dois grupos focais: um com a equipe gestora da escola (Professor Mediador Escolar e Comunitário – PMEC, Professores Coordenadores do Ensino Fundamental I, II e Ensino Médio, Professor Coordenador de Apoio a Gestão - PCAG); e o outro, com seus docentes. Toda a parte empírica foi realizada em uma escola pública estadual de Ensino Fundamental e Médio, do interior de São Paulo. Os resultados foram analisados sob a ótica da Análise do Discurso francesa, que nos permitiu compreender alguns aspectos intrínsecos ao discurso desses educadores. O primeiro deles foi de que as concepções da equipe gestora e dos professores não eram as mesmas, sendo que várias foram as contradições, com perspectivas fortes de relações de poder. Os casos de violência oficialmente registrados na escola pesquisada ou eram esporádicos, ou estavam sendo velados pelos educadores. Principalmente para a equipe gestora a indisciplina está relacionada com a dificuldade de aprendizagem dos alunos, sendo que para os professores, o desrespeito que ocorre entre alunos acaba gerando a violência nos espaços escolares. Não havia uma padronização para as atitudes tidas como indisciplinares e/ou violentas na escola, a percepção individual de quem registrava era que determinava a situação e a tomada de decisão. Várias foram as evidências de que os estudantes eram pouco ouvidos, ou tinham poucos espaços reais de participação e diálogo, sendo que cabia somente aos gestores decidirem o que seria feito frente as ocorrências de conflitos ou violência, com o intuito de que o assunto fosse resolvido dentro das instâncias da direção e coordenação da escola. Concluímos que, na escola existia o discurso da valorização do diálogo como instrumento de solução para os casos de conflito, indisciplina e violência, porém, por detrás desta concepção, ainda estão implícitas e enraizadas as várias relações de poder que se desenvolvem dentro do espaço escolar, tanto com relação aos alunos e professores, como entre esses docentes e a gestão.

CRISTIANO MARIA FRANCUCCI,*CRISTINA GATTI,* ANDREA CAMILLETTI,*PAOLA FISCALETTI,* RENATA CAUDARELLA,{AND MARCO BOSCARO*From the *Division of Endocrinology, PolytechnicUniversity of Marche, Ancona, Italy; and the Department of Clinical Medicine and AppliedBiotechnology ‘‘D. Campanacci,’’ Alma MaterStudiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is the mostcommon inherited metabolic disease in the whitepopulation. It is a disorder of iron regulation thatbrings about an excess absorption of dietary iron, whichgradually accumulates in the parenchymal cells of liver,pancreas, heart, anterior pituitary, and gonads. Humaniron homeostasis depends on the coordinated functionsof numerous genes, the precise roles of which are inmany cases still obscure.Classic HH is an autosomal recessive disorderassociated with a mutation of the HFE gene, whichwas discovered in 1996 and is located on chromosome 6.The most common form of HH is related to homozy-gosity for the C282Y mutation of the HFE gene,resulting in a change of tyrosine for cysteine at aminoacid 282 (Feder et al, 1996) This mutation leads toa chain of events that may culminate in severe damageto multiple organs. The C282Y mutation is largelyconfined to whites of north European origin, and thefrequency of homozygosity decreases from the north tothe south of Europe, being lowest in Italy and theMediterranean countries (Carella et al, 1997), wherehemochromatosis is genetically heterogeneous (Pipernoet al, 1998). Another mutation of the HFE gene, termedH63D mutation, results in the substitution of aspartatefor histidine at amino acid 63 and does not appear tohave clinical effects (Gochee et al, 2002). The clinicalsignificance of compound heterozygosity for C282Y andH63D is still controversial (Rochette et al, 1999). It ispossible that several genes, other than HFE, may playa role in the disease in a few patients, presenting similarforms of iron overload which act as modifiers of thephenotype, as seen in HFE knockout mice (Bensaid etal, 2004). Therefore, it is difficult to predict whether andto what extent such a mutation will be phenotypicallyexpressed.The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)database currently lists 5 types of HH (Bomform, 2002),each caused by mutations involving a different gene, butcases of iron overload have been diagnosed in thosegenes, known to be associated with this disease, thathave a normal sequence, indicating that there are stillother genes to identify.In the most extreme forms of HH, the diseasemanifests itself as cirrhosis, hepatocellular cancer,destructive arthritis, cardiomyopathy, and endocrineproblems such as diabetes mellitus and sexual dysfunc-tion due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Gonadalproblems in hemochromatosis generally result from thedestructive action of hemosiderin in the anteriorpituitary (MacDonald and Mallory, 1959). A reviewby Pedersen-Bjergaard et al. on the pituitary function inhemochromatosis highlighted an insufficiency of pitui-tary gonadotropic secretion with clinical hypogonadismin 46% of the patients, a subclinical insufficiency of thegrowth hormone axis in 15%, of the lactotropic axis in8%, of the thyroid axis in 4%, and of the adrenocorticalaxis in 1.5% of the patients. Moreover, the same authorsunderlined that lactotropic, thyroid, or adrenocorticalinsufficiency was usually associated with hypogonadismor growth hormone insufficiency (Pedersen-Bjergaard etal, 1996). Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism appears tobe unusual in patients with lesser degree of hepaticsiderosis at diagnosis (McDermott and Walsh, 2005).Therefore, partial hypopituitarism alone, in the absenceof any important damage to other main parenchymal

Mobile and Wireless (M&W) technologies have a great potential to improve process efficiency and effectiveness within a retail store. However, because activities in this context are characterized by great variety and non-standardized execution, the assessment of the costs and benefits of M&W solutions is more difficult than for the upstream tiers of the Fast Moving Consumer Goods supply chain, e.g. the distribution center. This paper describes an analytical model to assess the profitability related to investments in multiple Mobile and Wireless solutions in the retail store, thus supporting the decision-making process for managers in this industry.

Breast cancer is a disease primarily of older women and, since the elderly population is rapidly expanding, so too will the number of breast cancer patients. The increased incidence of breast cancer in elderly people and its lower aggressiveness have been both related to the age-associated changes occurring in the immune system, the so-called immunosenescence. This phenomenon is best characterized by a remodelling of the immune system, which appears early on and progresses throughout a person’s life. The immunosenescence may not only impact on the incidence of breast cancer but also on the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic approaches based on immune system activation. Immune adjuvants as well as anticancer substances which primarily exert a direct action on tumor cells may have an additive effect on immune-based anticancer approaches, thus playing an important role for the enhancement of immune responses in old ages. This review aims to perform a brief analysis of the age-related alterations of the cell populations involved in antitumour immunity and to analyze the main immunological targets of breast cancer, the effectiveness of immune-based prevention and therapy for breast cancer, and the adjuvant or additive approaches to activate an anticancer immune response in aging.