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Self-efficacy seems to be one of the most important resources for the different stages underlying condom use and STI prevention. For this reason, this study evaluates trends in self-efficacy by gender, from 2004 to 2008, 2013 and 2020 in Spain. Throughout these years, 6,698 people ranging from 17 to 40 years old, participated filling the Brief scale of condom use self-efficacy. According to our findings, despite the slight improvement in the recent years, self-efficacy still maintains a risky profile for safe sex, especially among the youngest people. Moreover, most of the traditional gender differences continue over the years with women reporting lower scores for condom purchase and men for putting them. However, these differences are not relevant in other dimensions such as using condoms despite drug consumption where women reveal worse results over the years. Therefore, our findings reaffirm the need of intensifying gendered preventive efforts aimed at Spanish people and, particularly, among the youngest.La autoeficacia parece ser uno de los recursos más importantes para las diferentes etapas que subyacen al uso del preservativo y la prevención de las ITS. Por ello, este estudio evalúa la tendencia de la autoeficacia por género, desde 2004 a 2008, 2013 y 2020 en España. A lo largo de estos años, 6.698 personas con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y los 40 años participaron cumplimentando la Escala Breve de autoeficacia en el uso del preservativo. Según nuestros hallazgos, a pesar de la ligera mejoría en los últimos años, la autoeficacia aún mantiene un perfil de riesgo para el sexo seguro, especialmente entre los más jóvenes. Además, la tradicional diferencia de género continúa a lo largo de los años: las mujeres informan puntuaciones más bajas en la compra de condones y los hombres en ponérselo. Sin embargo, estas diferencias no son relevantes en otras dimensiones como el uso del preservativo a pesar del consumo de drogas donde las mujeres muestran peores resultados a lo largo de los años. Por tanto, nuestros hallazgos reafirman la necesidad de intensificar los esfuerzos preventivos de género dirigidos a los españoles y, en particular, a los más jóvenes.

La salud sexual en la infancia y en la adolescencia constituye una prioridad dado el importante impacto que esta ejerce en su salud global. Sin embargo, no existe un fuerte consenso sobre los indicadores que determinan el poseer una buena o una mala salud sexual, y más cuando hablamos de una población de especial vulnerabilidad dados los múltiples cambios físicos, psicológicos y sociales a los que se enfrentan en poco tiempo. En el presente estudio exponemos el proceso de construcción de una batería de instrumentos para la evaluación de la salud sexual de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Tras la realización de un completo proceso de valoración, guiado por múltiples expertos en el área, se ha concluido que tanto los conocimientos como las actitudes (p.ej. sexismo) y habilidades sexuales (p.ej. asertividad sexual) son un indicador principal. Asimismo, los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo (p. ej. búsqueda de sensaciones sexuales, adicción al sexo, al cibersexo o conductas de sexting), también se consideran variables importantes. Disponer de una batería de instrumentos validados en este grupo poblacional que recoja todos los aspectos relevantes para la valoración de su salud sexual va a permitir, no solo conocer más sobre la misma, sino también probar si la educación afectivo-sexual que reciben es adecuada y suficiente para asegurar un desarrollo sexual saludable.

El dolor crónico y los tratamientos asociados pueden afectar negativamente el funcionamiento y la satisfacción sexual. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar si existen diferencias en algunos componentes de la sexualidad entre adultos mayores con y sin diagnóstico de dolor crónico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 132 estudiantes de la Universidad para Mayores de la Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, 61,4% de mujeres y 38,6% de hombres, con una edad media de 61,4 años. Se dividió a las personas participantes en función de si tenían o no el diagnóstico de alguna condición de dolor crónico, un 47,7% fue clasificado en la condición con dolor crónico y un 52,3% en la condición sin dolor crónico. Se les administró la versión ampliada del cuestionario SEXPAIN (Ballester et al., 2022) que evalúa diferentes aspectos de la vida sexual. Los resultados indicaron que el 96,8% de las personas sin dolor crónico y el 91,5% de las personas con dolor crónico evaluadas consideraba las relaciones sexuales un aspecto muy importante. Sin embargo, el 20,3% de las personas sin dolor crónico yel 39,3% de las personas con dolor crónico informó que no estaba nada satisfecho con su vida sexual, y un 16,7% y un 24,1%, respectivamente, está muy de acuerdo en que cambiaría muchas cosas de su vida sexual. Las personas con dolor crónico obtienen mayor interferencia en algunos aspectos de la función sexual como el interés (p.001), la excitación (p=.014) o la satisfacción sexual (p=.035) que las personas sin dolor crónico. Otros aspectos relacionados con el intercambio de afecto, la comunicación sexual o algunos parámetros de la respuesta sexual como el orgasmo, no obtienen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos. La sexualidad es un ámbito que debe ser evaluado y tratado adecuadamente en el abordaje de las personas con dolor crónico.

La percepción del tiempo, y más concretamente, la estimación de su duración podría verse alterada en diferentes adicciones conductuales. Esto es lo que sucedería en la adicción a videojuegos. Entre otros factores, la alteración en la estimación temporal podría deberse al grado de disfrute que generan estos contenidos. La mayoría de estudios se han centrado casi exclusivamente en hombres, dejando de lado a las mujeres y al posible efecto diferencial del género en este fenómeno. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue explorar si existen diferencias de género en la estimación temporal durante la exposición a videojuegos y el disfrute con estos contenidos. Para ello, 193 personas (54,4% mujeres) entre 18-48 años realizaron una tarea experimental que consistía en la exposición a videos de videojuegos en 4 condiciones temporales (60, 90, 120 y 150 segundos). Tras cada exposición, los participantes estimaban su duración (en segundos) y reportaban el disfrute con el contenido (entre 0-10). Ambos géneros sobreestimaban la duración de la exposición a videojuegos en las 4 condiciones temporales. Sin embargo, se observaron diferencias en función del género para la condición de 60 segundos (t= -1.10; p= .016) y para la estimación media de las 4 condiciones (t= -.741; p=.045); en todos los casos las mujeres tendían a sobreestimar más la duración. Respecto al disfrute, los hombres consideraron más satisfactorios todos los contenidos, siendo las diferencias significativas para la condición de 90 (t=5.56; p=.030), 120 (t=4.05; p=.037), y 150 segundos (t=7.13; p= .039). Tanto hombres como mujeres tendían a sobreestimar el tiempo durante el visionado de videojuegos, resultando este fenómeno más pronunciado en las mujeres. Asimismo, éstas disfrutaron mucho menos del contenido. Esto explicaría que sea menos común el riesgo de adicción en mujeres, ya que percibirían que han pasado más tiempo jugando y sentirían menos atracción hacia su contenido.

Introduction Pornography consumption has increased exponentially in recent decades. Most studies conducted so far are focused on adult samples (typically, between 18 and 30 years old), limiting the generalizability of their results. This study aims to create a taxonomy that groups various pornographic contents and thus explore different aspects of its use (e.g., preference for different pornographic content, excessive and problematic use) in people at different life stages. Methods Between 2016 and 2019, 8,040 individuals (71.3% men) between 12 and 85 years old (M = 33.25, SD = 14.31) completed a battery that explores pathological and non-pathological pornography use. Participants were distributed into five age groups ( 60) to perform the different analyses (ANOVA and chi-square tests for the differences between the groups, EFA for the analyses of categories of pornographic content, and hierarchical linear regressions to identify the factors related to problematic use). Results Pornography use was highly prevalent (> 85%) in all age groups. Using a data-driven approach, we found that the pornographic content explored in this research can be classified within four categories. Using this taxonomy, we found differences according to the age for most of the pornographic content explored (e.g., sexual intercourse with opposite-sex partners [71.6–84.5% in males and 70.2–89.5% in females]). Finally, we found that age conditions the way in which preference for different pornographic content increases the risk of excessive and problematic use. Conclusions Pornography consumption is frequent in different age groups, although it varies depending on age and content. In addition, some particular pornographic contents were identified that increase the risk of developing an addiction in different developmental stages. Policy Implications This study provides a preliminary foundation for identifying the unique characteristics of pornography use in different age groups as well as content related to increased problematic use.

Despite the recognition of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) as a diagnostic entity in the ICD-11, few works have reported on its natural course. The aim of this study was to explore the natural course of CSB over a 1-year period, as well as to analyze the predictive power of different risk factors. A convenience sample of 154 young adults were assessed at baseline and after 1 year. Dimensionally, we found that scores on most CSB symptoms significantly decreased at 1 year (d between .20 and .35). On the contrary, severity of problematic use of online sexual activities increased (d = 0.22). Regression analyses revealed that sexual orientation (being bisexual) and religious beliefs (atheist) were significant predictors of the trajectory of CSB. However, after controlling for baseline levels of CSB, only openness to experience (β between − .167 and − .199), sexual sensation seeking (β between .169 and .252), anxiety (β = .363), and depression (β between .163 and .297) predicted an increased risk of CSB over time. Categorically, diagnostic consistency of CSB at 1 year was modest. These findings suggest that the natural course of CSB tends to be highly transient and inconsistent, and that classic risk factors for its occurrence have a limited predictive power over its natural course.

Emotion Regulation is one of the most widely studied variables in child development. However, it is a complex construct, and there are few validated instruments to evaluate children. The main goal of this study was to test the factorial structure of the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) in two samples of Spanish children, one with 284 preschool children (48.3% girls; M = 4.38) and the other with 323 elementary school children (49.2% girls; M = 8.82). The ERC was completed by the children's teachers. Although this instrument has been validated in different cultural contexts, no studies have analyzed its psychometric properties in Spanish samples. An examination of the internal structure, using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), revealed that the original two-factor model (Emotion Regulation and Lability/Negativity) fitted the elementary school children's data well; however, in the sample of preschool children, the factorial model showed poor goodness-of-fit indices. The reliability of the ERC subscales was .77 for ER and .88 for L/N in the preschool-aged sample, and .80 for ER and .77 for L/N in the sample of elementary school children. In addition, the relationship between the ERC and the Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) was explored. L/N correlated negatively and significantly with TEC in the sample of elementary school children. These findings provide some support for the use of the Spanish teachers’ version of the ERC with elementary school children.

HIV exposure is one of the greatest sexual risks in young people, and condom use is the best protective measure. Despite the preventive efforts, trend in condom use is still unclear. This study examines the trend of condom use by gender in Spanish young people, in different sexual practices (vaginal, oral and anal), relationships (regular and casual) and having sex after drugs consumption during the two past decades (from 1999 to 2020). For this, 14,472 people who ranged from 17 to 40 years old (63.5% women) filled the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire in each year. In general, low condom use remains stable and even gets worse regardless of the type of sexual practice, relationship and the substance consumption. Regarding gender, this trend is worse in women who have been less likely to report condom use than men have. Moreover, older people have reported a minor frequency of condom use than the youngest people have done, except for anal sex. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze why, despite preventive efforts, condom use seems to decrease over time. El VIH es uno de los mayores riesgos en la sexualidad de la juventud, y el uso del preservativo la mejor medida de protección. A pesar de los esfuerzos preventivos, la tendencia en su uso es indeterminada. Este estudio examina la evolución del uso del preservativo según género en jóvenes españoles, en diferentes prácticas sexuales (vaginal, oral y anal), relaciones (estable y esporádica) y al practicar sexo tras consumir drogas, durante las dos últimas décadas (de 1999 a 2020). Para ello, 14.472 personas entre 17 y 40 años (63,5% mujeres) cumplimentaron el Cuestionario de Prevención del Sida cada año. En general, el bajo uso del preservativo se mantiene estable e incluso empeora con independencia del tipo de práctica sexual, relación y consumo de sustancias. Según el género, las mujeres muestran peor tendencia, al informar menor uso que los hombres. Además, las personas más mayores informan menor frecuencia de uso que los más jóvenes, excepto para el sexo anal. Por tanto, es necesario analizar por qué, a pesar de los esfuerzos preventivos, el uso del preservativo parece disminuir con el tiempo Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I

This is a pre-print of an article published in Current Sexual Health Reports. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-020-00272-6 Purpose of Review: Sexuality is a complex dimension for which culture seems to play an important role, particularly in countries that are more traditional. This review summarizes the knowledge about sexual relationships in Hispanic countries, considering sexual debut, attitudes, behaviors, and satisfaction. Recent Findings: In line with the literature reviewed, the sexual double standard seems to be continuing to influence sexual relationships. Some countries show more open expressions of sexuality based on the level of gender inequality or sexualized context, and within countries, variables such as religious commitment, family characteristics, and access to resources may play important roles in sexuality. Summary: Future research, policies, and interventions should consider these specific characteristics, including these forms of expression of sexuality, in the adjustment of cross-cultural and cross-national strategies.

El nivel de aceptación por parte de la sociedad sobre la diversidad afectivo-sexual influye directamente en la vivencia de las personas LGTBI. El hecho de tener que ocultar la propia orientación sexual o vivirla con elevada preocupación fomenta el desarrollo de homofobia interiorizada, con los consiguientes problemas de salud mental que ésta produce. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar las diferencias existentes entre adolescentes y población joven en relación a la vivencia y la preocupación por la propia orientación sexual. Para ello contamos con una muestra de 140 adolescentes y jóvenes (65% mujeres y 35% hombres) entre 12 y 25 años, de dos centros públicos de educación secundaria de la provincia de Castellón. Los participantes cumplimentaron un cuestionario on-line desarrollado ad hoc de 52 ítems. Para este estudio hemos seleccionado los 3 ítems que evalúan la vivencia y la preocupación por la orientación sexual. Ya entre los 12 y 18 años, un 1.1% de adolescentes se siente bisexual, un 3% homosexual, un 4% tiene dudas y un 14% no siente atracción sexual por ningún sexo. Las personas no heterosexuales mostraron mayor preocupación al darse cuenta de su orientación que las personas heterosexuales (un 45.5% frente a un 3.4%) siendo estas diferencias significativas estadísticamente (χ² = 40.505; p£.001). Al analizar la preocupación por su orientación en la actualidad, en el caso de heterosexuales se mantiene en un 3.5% frente a un 31.8% de no heterosexuales (χ² = 23.838; p£.001). Aunque las diferencias no resultaron estadísticamente significativas (χ² = .404; p= .525), observamos que los adolescentes (12-18 años) no heterosexuales presentan menos preocupación que los jóvenes no heterosexuales de entre 19 a 25 años (75% frente a un 61.5%). En cuanto a la edad en que se dieron cuenta de su orientación, en las personas no heterosexuales fue posterior (M=10.45; DT=6.43) que en las heterosexuales (M=5.74; DT=5.04) siendo estas diferencias estadísticamente significativas (t= 3.84; £.001). Finalmente, las personas no heterosexuales, cuanto más tarde se dieron cuenta de su orientación sexual, más preocupación mostraban en la actualidad. Estos resultados muestran que todavía jóvenes y adolescentes presentan preocupación sobre su propia orientación sexual, sobre todo cuando la identificación como no heterosexual se hace a una edad más tardía. Resaltamos la importancia de normalizar la diversidad afectivo-sexual, y la necesidad de romper con la heteronormatividad, para que identificarse como no heterosexual no implique ningún tipo de preocupación que puede ser la antesala de problemas de salud mental. The degree of social acceptance on sexual-affective diversity directly influences LGTBI individuals’ lives. Hiding their sexual orientation or living with concerns lead to the development of internalized homophobia and, consequently, this may cause some mental health disorders. The aim was to analyze the differences between adolescents and young population in relation to their experience and concern on their sexual orientation. The sample was composed by 140 adolescents and young people (65% women and 35% men), ages ranging from 12 to 25 years old, belonging to two public secondary schools in the province of Castellón. Participants completed an ad hoc on-line questionnaire with 52 items. Three items were selected to assess participants’ experience and concern on their sexual orientation. An 1.1% of adolescents aged 12 to 18 identified as bisexual, a 3% as homosexual, a 4% had doubts and a 14% did not feel sexual attraction to any sex. Non-heterosexual people showed greater concern when discovering their orientation than heterosexual people did (45.5% vs. 3.4%). There were statistically significant differences (χ² = 40.505; p£.001). At the present moment, heterosexual maintain their concern about orientation around 3.5% differing from non-heterosexuals who obtain 31.8% (χ² = 23.838; p £.001). In spite of the differences were not significant (χ² = .404; p = .525), it was observed that non-heterosexual adolescents (12-18 years old) showed less concern than non-heterosexual young people aged 19-25 (75% vs. 61.5%). Regarding the age at which they discovered their sexual orientation, results showed that non-heterosexual participants did it later (M = 10.45; DT = 6.43) than heterosexual ones (M = 5.74; DT = 5.04). There were statistically significant differences (t = 3.84; p£.001). Finally, those non-heterosexual participants who discovered later their sexual orientation, showed more concern at present moment. These results have shown that young people and adolescents are still concerned on their own sexual orientation, especially in the cases that participants discovered a non-heterosexual one at a late age. This research emphasizes the importance of normalizing sexual-affective diversity and the need to break down hetero-normativity, so that identifying themselves as non-heterosexual individuals does not lead to any type of concern that may be the prelude to mental health disorders

The degree of social acceptance on sexual-affective diversity directly influences LGTBI individuals’ lives. Hiding their sexual orientation or living with concerns lead to the development of internalized homophobia and, consequently, this may cause some mental health disorders. The aim was to analyze the differences between adolescents and young population in relation to their experience and concern on their sexual orientation. The sample was composed by 140 adolescents and young people (65% women and 35% men), ages ranging from 12 to 25 years old, belonging to two public secondary schools in the province of Castellón. Participants completed an ad hoc on-line questionnaire with 52 items. Three items were selected to assess participants’ experience and concern on their sexual orientation. An 1.1% of adolescents aged 12 to 18 identified as bisexual, a 3% as homosexual, a 4% had doubts and a 14% did not feel sexual attraction to any sex. Non-heterosexual people showed greater concern when discovering their orientation than heterosexual people did (45.5% vs. 3.4%). There were statistically significant differences (χ² = 40.505; p£.001). At the present moment, heterosexual maintain their concern about orientation around 3.5% differing from non-heterosexuals who obtain 31.8% (χ² = 23.838; p £.001). In spite of the differences were not significant (χ² = .404; p = .525), it was observed that non-heterosexual adolescents (12-18 years old) showed less concern than non-heterosexual young people aged 19-25 (75% vs. 61.5%). Regarding the age at which they discovered their sexual orientation, results showed that non-heterosexual participants did it later (M = 10.45; DT = 6.43) than heterosexual ones (M = 5.74; DT = 5.04). There were statistically significant differences (t = 3.84; p£.001). Finally, those non-heterosexual participants who discovered later their sexual orientation, showed more concern at present moment. These results have shown that young people and adolescents are still concerned on their own sexual orientation, especially in the cases that participants discovered a non-heterosexual one at a late age. This research emphasizes the importance of normalizing sexual-affective diversity and the need to break down hetero-normativity, so that identifying themselves as non-heterosexual individuals does not lead to any type of concern that may be the prelude to mental health disorders.

The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections is a serious problem for the Public Health. The young population is the most affected, but there is insufficient evidence about some differential profiles. This makes difficult preventive efforts, particularly when sexual diversity is only addressed in a categorical way, classifying among heterosexual, bisexual and homosexual people. For this reason, this study explores the prevalence of STIs, as well as differences in primary and secondary preventive behavior according to sexual orientation that is not evaluated categorically but according to the Kinsey scale. 600 university students (50% men and women; 67.5% attracted only to people of the other sex) filled in, online, voluntarily and anonymously, the Lifestyle and Health questionnaire (Giménez-García Ballester-Arnal, 2017). The results show a STIs’ prevalence of 5.3% that is mainly placed among those who are a little more attracted to people of the opposite sex (19%) and to people of the same sex exclusively (14.3%), with significant differences (Chi2=15.75; p=.027). Regarding the systematic use of condoms, 52.8% reported it with sporadic partners and 37.1% with regular partners, showing differences for the last one (Chi 2=17.69; p=.007). For both of them, people who are a little more attracted to people of the same sex use it more (100% sporadic and 67.7% regular) compared to those who are basically attracted to people of the same sex (33.3% sporadic and 0% regular). About the HIV screening test that 16.7% report, there are significant differences (Chi2=16.86; p=.018), being more frequent among people who are attracted exclusively (35.7%) or basically (28.6 %) to same sex people. Therefore, the higher prevalence seems to beamong people who are a little more attracted to people of the opposite sex and to people of the same sex exclusively, differing the groups at highest risk according to preventive behavior. Consequently, preventive efforts should guarantee an inclusive view of all sexual orientations.

Introduction: Traditionally, sexuality has been conceptualized from a conservative perspective, considering sexual orientation as a hermetic and inflexible construct. These conservative beliefs, which have been translated into homophobic attitudes, seem to be more noticeable in men, possibly due to the importance that the concept of masculinity in traditional gender roles has in them. Objective: To know the age of definition of sexual orientation, if sexual orientation is a stable dimension throughout the life cycle, the assessment of traditional labels and the possible existence of gender differences in these variables. Methodology: 2924 Spaniards between 18 and 73 years old (M=26.29; SD=9.10) participated in the present study, with 32.9% men and 67.1% women. Regarding sexual orientation, 77.8% identified as heterosexual, 9.6% as homosexual and 12.6% as bisexual. All of them completed an ad hoc questionnaire on sexual orientation, awareness and evolution of their sexual self-definition, as well as an assessment of traditional labels. Results: The evaluated sample defined their sexual orientation at 12.2 years of age (SD=4.70). Based on gender, women defined it at 12.5 years old (SD=4.41) and men at 11.5 year old (SD=5.18), with significant differences (t=4.37; p0.001). Regarding their evolution, 11.5% of men and 15.3% of women (chi 2=7.46; p=0.006) have experienced changes in their sexual orientation throughout their lives. On the other hand, 58.6% of men and 72.4% of women consider that traditional labels on sexual orientation (heterosexual, bisexual and homosexual) do not accurately represent today’s society (chi 2=56.19; p0.001). And, finally, it is observed that the people who had defined later their sexual orientation were those who had experienced changes in it (t=26.52; p0.001) and who had considered that the traditional categories of orientation did not accurately represent to current society (t=3.77; p0.001). Conclusions: These results show the fluidity and the flexibility existing in the experience of sexual orientation. A significant percentage of the population seems to reflect on their sexuality and question traditional categories, which could delay the stable definition of their sexual orientation. This effect is more noticeable in women. These findings should be considered when conceptualizing sexual orientation, not only as a continuous dimension, but also as construct that evolves throughout the life cycle.

El sexting es un fenómeno que consiste en el envío y la recepción de fotos, videos y/o mensajes de texto de naturaleza sexual a través de smartphones. Como en todos los demás países desarrollados, se está convirtiendo en una práctica cada vez más popular entre los adolescentes de España. Al tratarse de un fenómeno muy reciente todavía no existen muchos trabajos que hayan estudiado con profundidad su entidad y sus factores implicados. Por tanto, los dos objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la prevalencia y analizar las variables explicativas del inicio y del mantenimiento de las conductas de sexting. La muestra estuvo formada por 784 adolescentes españoles (52% chicos y 48% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.44; DT = 1.61). Los resultados indican que el 24.4% ha practicado sexting en alguna ocasión, realizando esta conducta con una media de 2.32 personas (DT = 2.70). El análisis de regresión reveló que las actitudes positivas hacia el sexting, el nivel de impulsividad, la edad, ser hombre y el mantener una relación de pareja son variables que predicen la práctica del sexting. Estos resultados son muy importantes en la elaboración e implementación de estrategias preventivas que enfaticen el uso responsable de las TICS y las redes sociales. Sexting is a recent phenomenon in which people send and receive photos, videos and/or text messages of sexual nature via smartphones or similar devices. Similar to other developed countries, it is becoming an increasingly popular practice among teenagers in Spain. Provided it has appeared very recently, scarce research has focused on examining in-depth factors involved in its initiation and maintenance. Therefore, the two main aims of this study were to determine its prevalence and to analyse the explanatory variables of the sexting behaviours. The sample consisted of 784 Spanish adolescents (52% boys and 48% girls) between 12 and 18 years of age (M = 14.44; SD = 1.61). The results showed that 24.4% have practised sexting at some time, with an average of 2.32 people (SD = 2.70). The regression analysis revealed that positive attitudes towards sexting, level of impulsivity, age, being male and having a partner are variables that predict engagement in sexting. These results are very important for designing and implementing preventive strategies that emphasise the responsible use of ICTs and social networks.

Sexuality has been censored by Spanish culture, where legal progress in the form of new policies about sexual diversity rights has not been followed by lower levels of social discrimination. This has affected sexual development across the lifespan for both sexual minorities and heterosexual people who experience their sexuality outside of heteronormativity. However, the literature has regularly excluded the possible consequences of the experience of sexuality within prescriptive categories, particularly in heterosexual people. This study delves deeper into the same-sex experiences of heterosexual women and men and the discomfort they may feel toward such experiences in Spain. A total of 2900 young Spanish people who self-identified as heterosexual completed a questionnaire on sexual diversity and experiences related to sexual orientation. The mean age was 24.22 years (SD = 5.71), 71.1% were women, and 28.9% were men. More heterosexual women than heterosexual men reported having had same-sex attraction, fantasies, desires, and behavioral intentions. However, these men and women reported having similar levels of same-sex sexual intercourse. The discomfort level experienced was higher among heterosexual men and younger people, suggesting the possibility that traditional norms restrict behavioral expression of sexuality among these individuals. At least in the Spanish context, these gender differences should be taken into account to adjust all psychological and educational interventions in the future to improve inclusive sexual attitudes and the treatment of discomfort with sexual orientation. Following these results, research on sexual diversity should focus on young heterosexual people who have different same-sex experiences according to gender differences. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I This research was supported by grant UJI-B2018-42 and PREDOC/2017/45 of the University Jaume I of Castellón (Spain).

El consumo de pornografía es una conducta muy difundida entre la población y estudiada en diferentes investigaciones, pero sobre el papel que juegan las creencias sexuales en su consumo raramente se encuentran estudios. Concretamente, en la pornografía actual se ven reflejadas creencias sexuales que, por ejemplo, no tienen en cuenta aquello que difiere de lo normativo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es, por tanto, analizar la experiencia del uso de la pornografía en hombres y mujeres, y conocer si existe relación entre la influencia percibida del consumo de pornografía y las creencias sexuales disfuncionales. Método: 74 personas entre 19 y 61 años (M = 32.09; DT = 10.65), cumplimentaron de forma online el Cuestionario sobre la utilización de material erótico (ad hoc) y la adaptación española del Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire (sdbq) de manera voluntaria, confidencial y anónima. Resultados: Los hombres son los que se inician antes, consumen más por internet y con el fin de masturbarse, mientras que ellas tienden más a fijarse en caricias y besos. También se observa que, sin diferencias estadísticas, ellos buscan material más agresivo y el consumo les lleva a realizar más prácticas sexuales nuevas. Finalmente, las creencias sexuales disfuncionales correlacionan de manera positiva con la influencia percibida del consumo de material erótico en las relaciones sexuales en mujeres. Conclusión: el género es una variable muy importante, y cabría analizar con detalle el consumo de internet, según contenidos y perfiles de usuarios, para valorar el impacto real del consumo. The consumption of pornography is a widespread behavior among the population and studied in different investigations, but on the role that sexual beliefs play in their consumption studies are rarely found. Specifically, current pornography reflects sexual beliefs that, for example, do not take into account what differs from the normative. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to analyze the experience of the use of pornography in men and women, and to know if there is relationship between the perceived influence of the consumption of pornography and dysfunctional sexual beliefs. Method: 74 people between 19 and 61 years (M = 32.09; SD = 10.65), completed online the questionnaire on the use of erotic material (ad-hoc) and the Spanish adaptation of the Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire (sdbq) voluntarily, confidentially and anonymously. Results: Men are those who start earlier, consume more online and in order to masturbate, while women tend more to look at caresses and kisses. It is also observed that, without statistical differences, they look for more aggressive material and consumption leads to more new sexual practices. Finally, dysfunctional sexual beliefs correlate positively with the perceived influence of the consumption of erotic material on sexual relations in women. Conclusion: gender is a very important variable, and we could analyze in detail the internet consumption, according to content and user profiles, to assess the real impact of consumption.

Introducción: La expansión de Internet y las tic ha propiciado la aparición de algunos tipos de adicción, como por ejemplo, a los videojuegos. La literatura científica identifica un vínculo entre esta adicción y el afecto, pero pese a la importancia del género, no siempre se ha tenido en cuenta. Se pretende explorar la asociación entre el consumo problemático de videojuegos y el afecto atendiendo al género. Se hipotetiza que una mayor intensidad afectiva se asocia con un mayor consumo problemático de videojuegos, en particular, entre los hombres. Método: Para ello, 106 personas (55,7% mujeres) con una media de edad de 25,27 años (DT= 6,59) cumplimentaron la adaptación española del Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) y del Positive and Negative Affect Schedule anónima y voluntariamente. El estudio sigue un diseño observacional descriptivo y comparativo. Resultados: el 40,4% de los hombres y el 15,4% de las mujeres juegan a los videojuegos al menos 1 vez a la semana; el 21,3% y 6,8% respectivamente, lo hacen todos los días. En los hombres solo existe una relación positiva entre el afecto negativo y haber jugado alguna vez (rho=,375; p=,009); mientras que en las mujeres el consumo problemático se vincula tanto con un menor afecto positivo (rho=-,258; p=,049) como con un mayor afecto negativo (rho=,241; p=,046). Conclusiones: La asociación entre la afectividad y el consumo de videjuegos podría ser diferente en función del género. Concretamente, en hombres las emociones desagradables se vínculan con el uso de videojuegos y para las mujeres, tanto esta experiencia emocional negativa como la ausencia de emociones positivas se asocian con consumo problemático. Introduction: The expansion of Internet and icts has lead to the emergence of some types of addiction, such as, to videogames. The scientific literatura has identified a link between this addiction and affect, but despite the importance of gender, it has not always been taken into account. The aim is to explore the association between problemàtic videogame use and affect by gender. It is hypothesized that higher affective intensity is associated with higher problematic videogame use, particularly among men. Method: For this purpose, 106 people (55.7% women), with a mean age of 25.27 years (SD= 6.59) completed the Spanish adaptation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule anonymously and voluntarily. The study follows a descriptive and comparative observational design. Results: 40.4% of the men and 15.4% of the women play videogames at least once a week; 21.3% and 6.8%, respectively, do so every day. In men, there is only a positive relationship between negative affect and having ever played (rho=.375; p=.009); while in women, problematic consumption is linked to both lower positive affect (rho=- .258; p=.049) and higher negative affect (rho=.241; p=.046). Conclusions: The association between affectivity and video game consumption could be different according to gender. Specifically, in men unpleasant emotions are linked to the use of video games, and for women, both negative emotional experience and the absence of positive emotions are associated with problematic consumption.

The link between Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB) and atypical sexual interests is elusive. This study aimed to provide preliminary insights into the relationship between both aspects. The study sample comprised 61 self-identified straight men. CSB was measured through a composite self-report index assessing symptoms of CSB, whereas sexual interests –atypical and normophilic– were assessed objectively through penile plethysmography. The CSB index had small, non-significant correlation with greater sexual response to different sexual stimuli (rgeneral sexual responsiveness=.127 [95% CI: -.137, .384]). In terms of overall sexual interest, increased scores on the CSB index had small, non-significant correlation with a higher preference for younger sexual stimuli (r=-.098 [95% CI: -.499, .215]) and persuasive sex (r=.10 [95% CI: -.168, .316]). Finally, CSB had a moderate correlation with sexual response when presented with stimuli depicting “female toddler coercive” (r=.27 [95% CI: -.083, .544]). We conclude that our findings do not support the hypotheses that CSB is significantly related to an increased arousability across sexual stimuli. The study findings also suggest that CSB may be, to a small degree, predisposed to experience sexual attraction toward children. Given the preliminary nature of the study, these conclusions warrant further research. Alternative explanations for the study findings related to the particular components of CSB that may be related to typical and atypical sexual interests are also considered

Las aplicaciones de citas suponen un nuevo entorno para experimentar relaciones afectivo-sexuales, en particular entre el colectivo LGB. Por ello, se analiza el uso las aplicaciones de citas en población LGB, en comparación con población heterosexual, evaluando también las diferencias de género en el uso y la relación con otras variables como el valor otorgado a la sexualidad y sensualidad, la autoestima y la regulación emocional. En total, participaron 185 personas (65.4% mujeres y 34.6% hombres) con edad promedio de 29.15 años (DT = 6.91), identificándose un 44.3% como heterosexuales y un 55.7% como parte del colectivo LGB. En general, la población LGB usa en mayor medida las aplicaciones de citas y de manera más frecuente que la heterosexual. Dentro del colectivo, se observa que los hombres informan un mayor uso que las mujeres y, entre las personas usuarias, se observaría una mayor autoestima y uso del sexo para evitar el malestar emocional. Dadas las diferencias encontradas, además de la existencia de indicadores psicológicos asociados al riesgo, parece necesario incluir este escenario de interacción sexual en las estrategias de intervención preventivas y de atención clínica, desde un enfoque inclusivo y con perspectiva de género.

España es el tercer país del mundo en utilizar internet con fines afectivosexuales. Este hecho hace que nos encontremos ante un nuevo escenario de la sexualidad. Algunos estudios muestran cómo el uso de estas aplicaciones puede favorecer la diversidad afectivo-sexual; sin embargo, no parece tan evidente que los roles de sexo se puedan estar flexibilizando. Por ese motivo, se busca analizar las diferencias de sexo en el uso de las aplicaciones de citas en población homosexual y bisexual. Para ello, 118 participantes (63,7 % mujeres y 36,3 % hombres; edad media=31,38; DT=10,09) cumplimentaron un cuestionario sobre uso de aplicaciones móviles y experiencia sexual. Según los resultados se observa cómo el 68,2 % de los hombres y el 55,4 % de las mujeres hacen uso de las aplicaciones de citas y, en cuanto a la frecuencia, las mujeres se conectan ma!s veces por semana (M=4,98; DT=1,54) que los hombres (M=3,10; DT=2,05), alcanzando diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Además, en cuanto a las imágenes que suelen captar su atención en las aplicaciones, los hombres se fijan más en la cara (76,7 %), mientras que las mujeres se fijan más las imágenes anónimas (2,5 %). En conclusión, estos hallazgos apoyarían las tesis que muestran cómo, en el ámbito de las aplicaciones, persisten las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres, evidenciando la heterogeneidad del colectivo homosexual y bisexual, y nos facilitan información para elaborar estrategias preventivas, de promoción de una sexualidad responsable, así como incluir el buen uso de las aplicaciones dentro de los planes de educación sexual. Spain is the third country in the world using the Internet for sexual-affective purposes. Some studies show how these applications may facilitate sexualaffective diversity. However, sex roles seem not to become flexible and equal. For this reason, this study analyzes sex differences in the use of dating applications in homosexual and bisexual population. For this purpose, 118 participants (63,7% women and 36,3% men, average age=31,38; SD=10.09) completed a questionnaire about the use of mobile applications and sexual experience. According to the results, 68.2% of men and 55.4% of women use dating applications and, regarding frequency, women are connected more times per week (M=4,98; SD=1,54) than men (M=3,10; SD=2,05) reaching statistically significant differences. In addition, regarding the images that usually capture their attention in the applications, men pay more attention to faces (76.7%), while women do it to anonymous images (2,5%). In conclusion, these findings support how differences between men and women are maintained, evidencing the heterogeneity of the homosexual and bisexual collective, as well as providing information to develop strategies for promoting a responsible sexuality, as well as including the good use of the applications within the plans of sexual education.

Introducción: Las disfunciones en el deseo sexual, según la literatura, afectarían a cualquier edad y correlacionarían con menor satisfacción. Sin embargo, no siempre son atendidas en jóvenes. El objetivo del estudio es explorar su prevalencia en dicha población y su posible relación con la satisfacción de vida, de vida sexual y con su cuerpo y genitales. Se hipotetiza que las personas afectadas por el deseo tengan menor calidad de vida global y sexual, siendo más prevalente la interferencia del bajo deseo entre mujeres y del elevado deseo entre hombres. Método: Para ello, 1841 personas (61,2 % mujeres) con edad promedio de 21,42 años cumplimentaron una encuesta sobre hábitos y experiencias sexuales. Resultados: Se observa como un 30 % de las personas presentan alteraciones asociadas a bajo deseo sexual, mientras un 40,6 % las presenta respecto al deseo elevado. Según sexo, en mujeres es más prevalente el bajo deseo sexual (34 %) que en hombres (23 %) y más prevalente el excesivo deseo sexual en hombres (48 %) que en mujeres (36 %). La relación entre el deseo y la satisfacción a diferentes niveles arroja que, mientras el bajo deseo correlaciona negativa y significativamente (p!0,01) con todas las esferas, el excesivo deseo sexual lo hace con cuerpo (p!0,01) y vida global (p!0,05). Discusión: Tal y como apunta la literatura, las mujeres presentan mayores niveles de bajo deseo y los hombres de alto, correlacionado con malestar vital y otros aspectos. Así pues, en el desarrollo de estrategias preventivas e intervención clínica, cabría tener en cuenta este hallazgo. Introduction: According to literature, sexual desire disorders would be related to low satisfaction at any age. Nevertheless, most of interventions have usually excluded young people. The main purpose of this study is to explore the prevalence of sexual desire disorders in this population, as well as their association with life and sexual satisfaction, and genital and body appearance satisfaction. We hypothesize that people with maladjusted desire will report lower life and sexual satisfaction; women will exceed men in problems with low desire meanwhile men will exceed women in problems with high desire. Method: 1841 participants (61.2% women), with average age of 21.42 years, completed a survey about sexual habits and experiences. Results: 30% of participants have alterations related to low desire, while 40.6% of them reporte problems due to high sexual desire. According to sex, women showed lower sexual desire (34%) compared to men (23%), and men reported higher sexual desire (48%) that women did (36%). Regarding the relation between desire and satisfaction in different area, low sexual desire is associated with all areas negatively and significantly (p 0.01), and high sexual desire with body (p 0.01) and global life (p 0.05). Discussion: According to literature, women show lower sexual desire and men higher sexual desire; both are related to life dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction in other aspects. Thus, preventive strategies and clinic intervention should consider this information.

Despite preventive efforts, HIV exposure is still a concern for public health. The current prevalence is related to unsafe sex, which is based on socio-cognitive variables. Therefore, information about these variables is required to verify whether the past preventive strategies have been effective and improve the future ones. However, there is not updated information to adjust future preventive interventions. For this reason, this study analyzes trends by gender in Spanish young people over the past two decades in perceived susceptibility to HIV, severity perceived to HIV, condom confidence and the intention of condom use, from 1999 to 2020. For this purpose, 11,665 Spanish young people (from 17 to 40 years old) completed the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire in each year. Following our results, in general, the socio-cognitive variables have revealed an unsatisfactory trend: a low perceived susceptibility to HIV and a behavioral intention that have remained stable or even declined slightly over the past years. Particularly, men are more likely to report a riskier level in socio-cognitive variables although, in the latest evaluations, women would decrease condom use intention largely than men. In general, regarding age, young adult would report better levels of condom confidence, but early youth would get higher results in perceived severity, as well as better scores in the latest evaluations of condom use intention. Considering these results, policies should make an effort in HIV prevention programs, and emphasize the attention to attitudinal beliefs and behavioral intention to improve their effectiveness.

Highlights • Some people experience symptoms derived from pornography viewing. • Cognitive processes may be related to the development of Problematic Pornography Use (PPU). • We performed a systematic review of 21 studies exploring cognitive processes related to PPU. • We identified 4 cognitive processes relevant for the development and maintenance of PPU., Introduction Some people experience symptoms and negative outcomes derived from their persistent, excessive, and problematic engagement in pornography viewing (i.e., Problematic Pornography Use, PPU). Recent theoretical models have turned to different cognitive processes (e.g., inhibitory control, decision making, attentional bias, etc.) to explain the development and maintenance of PPU, but empirical evidence derived from experimental studies is still limited. In this context, the present systematic review aimed to review and compile the evidence around cognitive processes related to PPU. Methods A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to compile evidence regarding cognitive processes related to PPU. We retained and analyzed 21 experimental studies addressing this topic. Results Studies were focused on four cognitive processes: attentional bias, inhibitory control, working memory, and decision making. In brief, PPU is related to (a) attentional biases toward sexual stimuli, (b) deficient inhibitory control (in particular, to problems with motor response inhibition and to shift attention away from irrelevant stimuli), (c) worse performance in tasks assessing working memory, and (d) decision making impairments (in particular, to preferences for short-term small gains rather than long-term large gains, more impulsive choice patterns than non-erotica users, approach tendencies toward sexual stimuli, and inaccuracies when judging the probability and magnitude of potential outcomes under ambiguity). Conclusion This systematic review offers a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the cognitive features related to PPU, and points out new areas that warrants further research.

Introduction Romantic experiences during adolescence have an important influence on functioning later in life. Romantic love has been associated with the acceptance of abusive behaviors. This study examined the relationship between myths of romantic love and the perceived severity of different types of abusive behaviors, as well as the influence of gender. Methods The sample comprised 448 Spanish adolescents (M = 12.92 years old; SD = 0.85), of which 50.3% were male and 49.7% were female. Participants were evaluated in the school setting. The Perception of Abuse Scale and the Myths, Fallacies, and Misconceptions about Romantic Love Scale were administered. Results Statistically significant negative associations between the myths of romantic love and the perceived severity of abusive behaviors were found. Myths regarding possession, dedication, and exclusivity were associated with a lower perceived severity of abusive behaviors in adolescent males. Myths regarding the omnipotence of love were associated with a lower perceived severity of abusive behaviors in adolescent females. Believing in jealousy as a demonstration of love (myth of jealousy) and in the need to establish a steady union when you love someone (marriage myth) explained a lower perceived severity of abusive behaviors in regression models. However, being female and having these beliefs explained a higher perceived severity of abusive behaviors. Conclusions The myths of romantic love are already present during early adolescence. These beliefs are implicated in the construction of gender inequality and difficulties in the identification of dating abuse behavior severity. A gendered perspective is necessary to understand this issue. Early intervention strategies should address the cognitive and emotional components of intimate relationships. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I

En el libro se abordan temáticas de interés actual para los profesionales de la salud, así como para estudiantes de psicología, medicina, ciencias de la salud, enfermería y trabajo social, o eventualmente algún posgrado interdisciplinario en el ámbito de la salud que las intersecta.

Romantic beliefs are associated to attachment anxiety, acceptability of abusive relationships and justification of violent behavior. Adolescence is a crucial stage for the consolidation of identity. The aim of this study is to analyze the myths of romantic love and examine gender differences among 448 Spanish early-middle adolescents (M = 12.92; SD = 0.85) that were attending the first and second year of the Spanish secondary education. The Myths, Fallacies and Misconceptions about Romantic Love Scale by Luzón et al. (2011) was administered in the classrooms during tutoring hours and was supervised by a group of psychologists. Results showed that out of the total of 18 myths of romantic love in the evaluation, the average number that the adolescents said they believed in was 9.03 (SD = 3.13). The highest scores were obtained in factors named “Love implies possession and exclusivity” and “True love is predestined”. The better-half myth, the myth of jealousy and the idea of love between couples is the fundamental reason behind the existence were the most frequent beliefs. Statistically significant gender differences were found. Adolescent males reported that they believed in a higher number of myths of romantic love and obtained the highest percentages in most beliefs in myths. Findings show shows that biases and fallacies related to romantic love have already been formed in early adolescence and that appears differentially according to gender. These results can be useful in the planning and design of preventive programs El amor adolescente: ¿Creen los adolescentes españoles en el amor romántico?. Las creencias románticas están asociadas al apego ansioso, la aceptación de las relaciones abusivas y la justificación de la conducta violenta. La adolescencia es una etapa crucial para la consolidación de la identidad. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los mitos del amor romántico y examinar las diferencias de género en 448 adolescentes españoles tempranos- medios (M = 12,92; DT = 0,85) que cursaban primer y segundo año de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Se administró la Escala de mitos, falacias y conceptos erróneos sobre el amor romántico de Luzón et al. (2011) en las aulas. Los resultados mostraron que, del total de 18 mitos de amor romántico evaluados, el número promedio en el que los adolescentes dijeron creer fue de 9,03 (DT = 3,13). Las puntuaciones más altas se obtuvieron en los factores denominados “El amor implica posesión y exclusividad” y “El verdadero amor está predestinado”. El mito de la media naranja, el mito de los celos y la idea de que el amor entre parejas es la razón fundamental de la existencia fueron las creencias más frecuentes. Se encontraron diferencias de género estadísticamente significativas. Los adolescentes varones informaron que creían en un mayor número de mitos de amor romántico y obtuvieron los porcentajes más altos en la mayoría de mitos. Los resultados muestran que los prejuicios y falacias relacionados con el amor romántico ya se han formado en la adolescencia temprana y eso aparece de manera diferencial según el género. Estos hallazgos pueden ser útiles en la planificación y diseño de programas preventivos