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IntroductionThe effects of dietary protein on body composition and physical performance seemingly depend on the essential amino acid profile of the given protein source, although controversy exists about whether animal protein sources may possess additional anabolic properties to plant-based protein sources.PurposeTo compare the effects of a novel plant-based protein matrix and whey protein supplementation on body composition, strength, power, and endurance performance of trained futsal players.MethodsFifty male futsal players were followed during 8 weeks of supplementation, with 40 completing the study either with plant-based protein (N = 20) or whey protein (N = 20). The following measures were assessed: bone mineral content, lean body mass, and fat mass; muscle thickness of the rectus femoris; total body water; blood glucose, hematocrit, C-reactive protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate; salivary cortisol; maximal strength and 1-RM testing of the back squat and bench press exercises; muscle power and countermovement jump; VO2max and maximal aerobic speed. Subjects were asked to maintain regular dietary habits and record dietary intake every 4 weeks through 3-day food records.ResultsNo differences in any variable were observed between groups at baseline or pre- to post-intervention. Moreover, no time*group interaction was observed in any of the studied variables, and a time effect was only observed regarding fat mass reduction.ConclusionsSupplementing with either a novel plant-based protein matrix or whey protein did not affect any of the variables assessed in high-level futsal players over 8 wks. These results suggest that whey protein does not possess any unique anabolic properties over and above those of plant-based proteins when equated to an essential amino acid profile in the population studied. Furthermore, when consuming a daily protein intake >1.6 g/kg BW.day−1, additional protein supplementation does not affect body composition or performance in trained futsal players, regardless of protein type/source.

This study aimed to compare muscle strength and power indicators according to bioimpedance spectroscopy’s phase angle (PhA) values, in resistance-trained (RT) men, while exploring associations between PhA and performance. Forty-four men aged 18–45 years, engaged in RT, were allocated according to PhA tertiles. Lean soft tissue (LST) and fat mass (%FM) were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; dynamic muscle strength using 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of bench press (BP) and back squat (BS) and muscle power using Wingate test (WT) and countermovement jump (CMJ). For WT and CMJ, the 3rd tertile was significantly higher than the 1st tertile (p = 0.027 and p = 0.018, respectively). Regarding BP 1RM, the 3rd tertile was significantly higher than the 2nd tertile (p = 0.037). LST better explained the variability in the WT, BS and BP (p =< 0.001), while %FM better accounted for jump height in CMJ (p =< 0.001). PhA was a predictor of performance in both CMJ (p = 0.040) and BP (p = 0.012), independently of LST and %FM. Participants with higher PhA also displayed superior muscle strength of the upper limbs and greater muscle power of the lower limbs. PhA displayed significant moderate associations with performance in CMJ and BP, even after controlling for body composition. Still, LST was the most important predictor of muscle strength and power.

Aims: The present study aimed to assess the ability of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in discriminating fitness levels in futsal players, exploring the association of body composition and bioelectrical parameters with aerobic power. Methods: Forty-eight professional futsal players (age 23.8 ± 5.3 years) were involved in a cross-sectional study during their pre-season phase. Fat mass (FM) and muscle mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. VO2max was obtained by indirect calorimetry through a graded exercise test performed on a treadmill. Bioelectrical resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA) were directly measured using a foot-to-hand bioimpedance technology at a 50 kHz frequency. Bioelectric R and Xc were standardized for the participants’ height and used to plot the bioimpedance vector in the R-Xc graph according to the BIVA approach. Results: The participants divided into groups of VO2max limited by tertiles showed significant differences in mean vector position in the R-Xc graph (p < 0.001), where a higher VO2max resulted in a longer vector and upper positioning. FM, muscle mass, and PhA differed (p < 0.01) among the athletes grouped by tertiles of VO2max, where athletes with a greater aerobic power showed a lower percentage of FM and a higher percentage of muscle mass and PhA. FM and PhA were associated with VO2max (FM: r = −0.658, p < 0.001; PhA: r = 0.493, p < 0.001). These relationships remained significant after adjusting for age and body mass (FM: ß = −0.335, p = 0.046; PhA: ß = 0.351, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Bioelectrical impedance vectors positioned on the lower pole of the R-Xc graph identified futsal players with a lower VO2max, while longer vectors corresponded to a greater aerobic power. Additionally, PhA, that describes the vector direction, was positively associated with VO2max, while a higher FM negatively affected VO2max in the futsal players. BIVA and PhA evaluation may represent a valid support for screening the aerobic fitness level in professional futsal players, when more sophisticated assessment methods are not available.

Competitive swimming requires high training load cycles including consecutive sessions with little recovery in between which may contribute to the onset of fatigue and eventually illness. We aimed to investigate immune changes over a 7-month swimming season. Fifty-four national and international level swimmers (25 females, 29 males), ranging from 13 to 20 years of age, were evaluated at rest at: M1 (beginning of the season), M2 (after the 1st macrocycle’s main competition), M3 (highest training load phase of the 2nd macrocycle) and M4 (after the 2nd macrocycle’s main competition) and grouped according to sex, competitive age-groups, or pubertal Tanner stages. Hemogram and the lymphocytes subsets were assessed by automatic cell counting and by flow cytometry, respectively. Self-reported Upper Respiratory Symptoms (URS) and training load were quantified. Although the values remained within the normal range reference, at M2, CD8+ decreased (M1 = 703 ± 245 vs. M2 = 665 ± 278 cell μL−1; p = 0.032) and total lymphocytes (TL, M1 = 2831 ± 734 vs. M2 = 2417 ± 714 cell μL−1; p = 0.007), CD3+ (M1 = 1974 ± 581 vs. M2 = 1672 ± 603 cell μL−1; p = 0.003), and CD4+ (M1 = 1102 ± 353 vs. M2 = 929 ± 329 cell μL−1; p = 0.002) decreased in youth. At M3, CD8+ remained below baseline (M3 = 622 ± 245 cell μL−1; p = 0.008), eosinophils (M1 = 0.30 ± 0.04 vs. M3 = 0.25 ± 0.03 109 L–1; p = 0.003) and CD16+56+ (M1 = 403 ± 184 vs. M3 = 339 ± 135 cell μL−1; p = 0.019) decreased, and TL, CD3+, and CD4+ recovered in youth. At M4, CD19+ were elevated (M1 = 403 ± 170 vs. M4 = 473 ± 151 cell μL−1; p = 0.022), CD16+56+ continued to decrease (M4 = 284 ± 131 cell μL−1; p < 0.001), eosinophils remained below baseline (M4 = 0.29 ± 0.05 109 L–1; p = 0.002) and CD8+ recovered; monocytes were also decreased in male seniors (M1 = 0.77 ± 0.22 vs. M4 = 0.57 ± 0.16 109 L–1; p = 0.031). The heaviest training load and higher frequency of URS episodes happened at M3. The swimming season induced a cumulative effect toward a decrease of the number of innate immune cells, while acquired immunity appeared to be more affected at the most intense period, recovering after tapering. Younger athletes were more susceptible at the beginning of the training season than older ones.

Background: specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) has been proposed as an alternative bioimpedance method for evaluating body composition. This investigation aimed to verify the ability of specific BIVA in identifying changes in fat mass after a 16-week lifestyle program in former athletes. Methods: The 94 participants included in the Champ4life project (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03031951) were randomized into intervention (n = 49) and control (n = 45) groups, from which 82 athletes completed the intervention (age 43.9 ± 9.2 y; body mass index 31.1 ± 4.6 kg/m2). Fat mass was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bioelectric resistance, reactance, phase angle, and vector length were assessed by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy, and the BIVA procedure was applied. Results: A significant (p < 0.05) group x time interaction for fat mass, specific resistance, reactance, and vector length was found. Fat mass and vector length significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the intervention group, while no change was measured in the control group. Considering the participants as a whole group, changes in vector length were associated with changes in fat mass percentage (r2 = 0.246; β = 0.33; p < 0.001) even after adjusting for age, sex, and group (R2 = 0.373; β = 0.23; p = 0.002). Conclusions: The specific BIVA approach is suitable to track fat mass changes during an intervention program aimed to reduce body fat in former athletes.

This article focuses on opera for children, taking a broad overview across time and space. The aim of the research is to identify what constitutes opera for children by embracing its dramaturgical, poetic, imagistic, and symbolic aspects. The chosen approach was sensitive listening to children, and alongside this, exploring important aspects of theory and practice. A case study was used as a framework for analysis — the creative process of the children's opera Bem no Meio, which served as the basis for the production of mini-documentaries in digital snippets. These mini-docs provide pedagogical support for raising awareness and educating students, parents, teachers, and new audiences. They were intended to generate a visual literature of opera for children, a genre that is still little disseminated and studied in Brazil. The research incorporated concepts from the phenomenology of the imagination, particularly those of Gaston Bachelard (2008).

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common bacterial isolates found in wounds. Thus, innovative dressings, such as hydrogels, are interesting vehicles for incorporating bioactive compounds like those from Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (MaEO). In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential of MaEO incorporated into an alginate and chitosan hydrogel for treating wounds infected by S. aureus. The hydrogel incorporated with MaEO 1% (HMa 1%) was homogeneous with a bright pale-yellow color and the characteristic smell of Melaleuca. The incorporation of MaEO 1% does not affect the stability of the hydrogel, which was stable up to 90 days of storage. The Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that hydrogels showed irregular surfaces and interconnected porous structures with accumulations of oil crystals distributed throughout the formulation. HMa 1% has a high moisture content (95.1%) and can absorb simulated wound fluid. Regarding the antimicrobial effects, HMa 1% reduced the growth of S. aureus ATCC 6538 in both in vitro conditions and in an ex vivo model of wounds using porcine skin. In addition, the dairy topical treatment of murine skin lesions with HMa 1% induced a significant reduction of the wound area, inflammation score, and bacterial load, as well as tissue re-epithelialization and modulation of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, hydrogel incorporated with MaEO 1% has excellent potential to be used in the pharmacotherapy of infected wounds.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir as aproximações entre os princípios da aprendizagem presentes nos bons videogames, abordados por Gee, e a teoria sociológica do jogo elaborada por Caillois, projetando as contribuições desse debate para pensarmos sobre o processo de ensino e aprendizagem das práticas corporais na Educação Física escolar. A partir do horizonte de um ensaio teórico com intenções reflexivas, verificamos que a perspectiva de Gee corrobora a de Caillois, na medida em que reconhece as amplas possibilidades de fruição que o jogo apresenta. Cabe destacar que os princípios dos bons videogames elencados por Gee não somente incorporam a ideia de que, no jogo, podemos buscar competir, testar a nossa sorte, representar algo ou obter a sensação da vertigem, mas também pensam essas características do jogo em conexão com processos de desenvolvimento de potencialidades humanas, que, na educação, ocorre por via de aprendizagens. A nosso ver, essas amplas contribuições teóricas oriundas de estudos empíricos podem também ajudar a avançar o ensino das práticas corporais na Educação Física escolar contemporânea.

O presente estudo trata da especificidade da prática pedagógica em Educação Física no chamado ensino remoto a partir da contribuição do estágio supervisionado no processo de formação de professores colaboradores, em conjunto com estagiários do curso de Educação Física da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) – Campus de Castanhal. Em termos de objetivo, este texto busca refletir sobre as características e implicações da prática pedagógica da Educação Física no ensino remoto. A partir de um conjunto de fontes bibliográficas, documentais e dos apontamentos de 12 estagiários, registrados por via de uma atividade escrita, sinalizamos que embora possam existir possibilidades de práticas críticas e inovadoras nesse modelo de ensino, devido à especificidade do conhecimento da Cultura Corporal de Movimento como saber orgânico e da dificuldade para a experiência formativa no contexto remoto, a efetivação da aula de Educação Física, em sua plenitude, foi prejudicada nesse formato de ensino.

Introdução: Estudos relatam a associação entre excesso de peso e a presença de polimorfismo do gene FTO em adolescentes. Objetivo: Desta forma, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura na tentativa de esclarecer essa relação, ainda conflitante, entre o polimorfismo FTO e o excesso de peso corporal em adolescentes. Fonte de dados: Banco de dados eletrônico (Scielo, Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs e Google Academic). O levantamento bibliográfico ocorreu de agosto a novembro de 2017 e utilizou artigos com período de abrangência dos últimos cinco anos (janeiro de 2013 a novembro de 2017). Foram utilizados 10 artigos que tratam de questões relacionadas à obesidade e sua associação com o polimorfismo do gene FTO, enfatizando a associação entre este polimorfismo e o excesso de peso e que a presença de variáveis ​​que podem alterar a expressão gênica do FTO, como etnia e atividade física. Conclusão: Esta revisão verificou, que dentre os artigos selecionados, houve relação entre o polimorfismo do gene FTO e a obesidade e/ou sobrepeso; sendo que a presença do alelo A aumenta gradativamente a chance de o indivíduo ter excesso de massa corporal. Porém, esta revisão não permite que se estabeleça uma associação direta entre o gene FTO e a obesidade na adolescência, devido a heterogeneidade das populações e as diferenças na construção metodológica. Sendo assim, há necessidade da realização de mais estudos, principalmente os de coorte longitudinais com amostragem representativa e mais homogênea da população, para a obtenção de uma conclusão robusta.

According to the 2021 European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC) report on sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents, the data collected for the 2010–2021 period points to a significative sales reduction in over 2/3 of the countries included. Until now, a reduction in consumption to an average value of 96.6 mg/PCU was achieved in a premise that the average value of 59.2 mg/PCU can be reached by 2030, urging new political strategies for the next years. However, when exploring data from countries individually for the same decade, several shortcomings in data collection are noticed. In fact, mandatory data reporting was not on equal ground between countries, with different data aggregation strategies used and several countries in multiple years recognizing underreporting values. Access to similar tools and methodologies for data collection is crucial for all European members, especially to collect and report consistent, correct, and uniform data. Simultaneously, some gaps are observed in the PCU unit system, excluding some animals such as livestock goats and pets, and being unclear in others like in aquaculture, requiring revision to help it implement the “One Health” approach. Preventive or mitigation actions require a standardized data system allowing trustworthy conclusions and projections. Platforms like the ESVAC database are interesting tools which can be improved and replicated, allowing for the analysis of the different elements of the “One Health” approach such as human and environmental data, as well as data about resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Oceanic islands are important areas of environmental, social, economic, and scientific interest. Therefore, it is essential to identify pollutants in these environments, including large (1 mm to ≤ 5 mm) and small microplastics (SMP) (1 μm to ≤ 1 mm). Here, SMP were identified and characterized in the windward (WW) and leeward (LW) beaches of Fernando de Noronha Island. Samples were collected from 900 cm2 quadrants on the strandline of 15 sandy beaches and were sieved through stainless steel sieves with 1 mm mesh. The SMP were characterized according to their shape, colour, and size. Synthetic fibres and fragments were identified, and synthetic fibres were predominant. Statistical differences were not found between the WW and LW beaches (160.0±137.5 particles m-2 and 128.0±84.3 particles m-2, respectively; Mann-Whitney U test: U=198.5; p=0.81) in relation to the total amount of SMP deposited on the beaches. Also, both types/ shapes were present in the two groups of beaches (Friedman’s test, X2 r=6.09; p=0.91). The environmental forcings controlling the transport and potential deposition of synthetic fibres may have been different from those acting on fragments that more resembled the grains of sand in the beaches. Although it is difficult to prevent allochthonous sources of SMP at the small scale, management actions on the island are mandatory to prevent autochthonous sources.

Background. The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and the Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) are inflammatory biomarkers for several diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular morbidities; however, there are currently few studies on kidney diseases. We aimed to evaluate nondialysis patients and determine the association of NLR and PLR with inflammation in these patients. Methods. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 85 patients at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), treated at the Kidney Disease Prevention Center of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão. This study included adult nondialysis patients diagnosed with CKD. The participants’ blood samples were collected for a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test and blood count. They were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of inflammation based on the hs-CRP value (

Objective. To verify the association between HPV infection and the presence of coinfections (Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) in women in the state of Maranhão. Methods. HPV-DNA detection was performed by the nested PCR, using the primers PGMY09/11 and GP + 5/GP + 6. For the identification of sexually transmitted agents, conventional PCR was performed using the following primers: KL1/KL2 (Chlamydia trachomatis), TVA5/TVA6 (Trichomonas vaginalis), and HO1/HO3 (Neisseria gonorrhoeae). DNA-HPV positive samples were subjected to automated sequencing for genotyping. Results. Among the 353 women evaluated, 204 (57.8%) had HPV-DNA, of which 140 (68.6%) exhibited HPV/STIs, while 64 (31.4%) had the only HPV. T. vaginalis infection showed a positive association with HPV (p=0.003). Women without cervical lesions were predominant (327/92.6%); however, the largest number of lesions was reported in women who had HPV/coinfections (18/8.8%). Multiple regression analysis showed that both HPV only and the concomitant presence of HPV/STI were able to indicate the occurrence of epithelial lesions (R = 0.164; R2 = 0.027). Conclusion. The findings suggest that the presence of T. vaginalis can contribute to HPV infection, and HPV/IST association may influence the development of cervical intraepithelial lesions that are precursors of cervical cancer.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common fungal infection in women. In this study, Platonia insignis hydroalcoholic extract (PiHE) and its fractions were evaluated for antifungal and antivirulence activities against vaginal Candida species. Dichloromethane (DCMF) and ethyl acetate fractions (EAF) obtained from PiHE effectively inhibited the pathogen. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used for identifying the main compounds in extracts. Minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MFC, respectively) were determined by a broth microdilution assay. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of the extract and fractions on the virulence properties of Candida albicans, and their cytotoxicity effect was determined on RAW 264.7 cells. Compounds found in extracts were flavonoid glycosides, mainly derivatives of quercetin and myricetin. Extracts showed antifungal potential, with the lowest MIC value for EAF (1.3 mg/mL) and inhibited Candida adherence and biofilm formation. EAF disrupted 48 h biofilms with an inhibition rate of more than 90%. The extract and its fractions exhibited no cytotoxicity. The antifungal effects were attributed to the ability of these extracts to alter the mitochondrial membrane potential for the release of pro-apoptotic factors in the cytosol. In conclusion, our data suggest that PiHE and EAF could act as novel candidates for the development of new therapeutic treatments against fungal infections.

Filmes de ficção que partem da premissa de “registro encontrado” (found footage) são hoje um fenômeno massivo de produção e consumo audiovisual, sobretudo no campo dos gêneros de fantasia e horror. Característica fundamental desses filmes é o recurso da câmera intradiegética. Neste trabalho, observaremos esse procedimento a partir daquilo que consideramos como uma de suas origens: a literatura de ficção epistolar, baseada em registros ficcionais de cartas, relatos, diários e outros documentos. Para isso, apresentaremos reflexões sobre os resultados de uma pesquisa prática desenvolvida em 2017, na qual uma turma de alunos de graduação da disciplina de Linguagem Audiovisual do curso de Cinema e Audiovisual da Universidade [ANYNOMOZED] adaptou, ao estilo found footage de ficção, cenas descritas por cinco diferentes personagens-narradoras do romance Drácula (1897), de Bram Stoker. Esta reflexão tem como objetivo a análise das características estilísticas das cenas realizadas pelos alunos, buscando, com isso, expandir a compreensão sobre os desafios criativos e as experiências proporcionadas pelo found footage de ficção.

Candida species are opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised and/or immunosuppressed patients, particularly in hospital facilities, that besides representing a significant threat to health increase the risk of mortality. Apart from echinocandins and triazoles, which are well tolerated, most of the antifungal drugs used for candidiasis treatment can cause side effects and lead to the development of resistant strains. A promising alternative to the conventional treatments is the use of plant proteins. M. oleifera Lam. is a plant with valuable medicinal properties, including antimicrobial activity. This work aimed to purify a chitin-binding protein from M. oleifera seeds and to evaluate its antifungal properties against Candida species. The purified protein, named Mo-CBP2, represented about 0.2% of the total seed protein and appeared as a single band on native PAGE. By mass spectrometry, Mo-CBP2 presented 13,309 Da. However, by SDS-PAGE, Mo-CBP2 migrated as a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 23,400 Da. Tricine-SDS-PAGE of Mo-CBP2 under reduced conditions revealed two protein bands with apparent molecular masses of 7,900 and 4,600 Da. Altogether, these results suggest that Mo-CBP2 exists in different oligomeric forms. Moreover, Mo-CBP2 is a basic glycoprotein (pI 10.9) with 4.1% (m/m) sugar and it did not display hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities upon rabbit and human erythrocytes. A comparative analysis of the sequence of triptic peptides from Mo-CBP2 in solution, after LC-ESI-MS/MS, revealed similarity with other M. oleifera proteins, as the 2S albumin Mo-CBP3 and flocculating proteins, and 2S albumins from different species. Mo-CBP2 possesses in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis, with MIC50 and MIC90 values ranging between 9.45–37.90 and 155.84–260.29 μM, respectively. In addition, Mo-CBP2 (18.90 μM) increased the cell membrane permeabilization and reactive oxygen species production in C. albicans and promoted degradation of circular plasmid DNA (pUC18) from Escherichia coli. The data presented in this study highlight the potential use of Mo-CBP2 as an anticandidal agent, based on its ability to inhibit Candida spp. growth with apparently low toxicity on mammalian cells.

Candida yeasts are generally found in the vaginal microbiota; however, disruption of the balance maintained by host factors and microorganisms results in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). This study evaluated the antagonistic activity of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. on Candida albicans to verify whether active compounds of Lactobacillus spp. had antifungal and antivirulence activity. The antagonism assay showed that 15 out of 20 Lactobacillus strains had an inhibitory effect on C. albicans. Biosurfactants displayed surface-tension-reducing activity, with the best value obtained for Lactobacillus gasseri 1. Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, and Lactobacillus paracasei 11 produced biosurfactants that decreased C. albicans adhesion and disrupted biofilm formation. The best results were obtained in the pre-incubation assay for L. gasseri 1 and L. paracasei 11. Overall, Lactobacillus strains showed significant anti-Candida activity, and their biosurfactants exhibited considerable anti-adhesion and antibiofilm activity against C. albicans. To be considered safe for use in vivo, the safety of biosurfactant (BS) should be investigated using cytotoxicity assays.

Automedicação é o consumo de medicamentos não prescritos, onde o paciente decide qual substância usar. Essa prática pode provocar danos à saúde ou mascarar sintomas de doenças mais graves. O medicamento se tornou um elemento importante na recuperação e garantia da qualidade de vida; no entanto, há riscos evitáveis associados a seu uso que podem ser minimizados pela racionalização do consumo desses produtos. Os idosos consomem mais medicamentos que outros grupos etários, sendo mais suscetíveis ao uso irracional desses. Esse estudo objetivou identificar os determinantes associados à prática da automedicação em idosos da cidade de Barretos/São Paulo/Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido na zona urbana da cidade de Barretos-SP, e os questionários aplicados em uma amostra populacional de 122 indivíduos entre 60 anos ou mais. Os dados foram processados e analisados através das porcentagens. Do total (122 pacientes),11,48% relataram utilizar apenas medicamentos prescritos e 88,52% consomem medicamentos sem prescrição. Os fármacos mais consumidos pelos idosos que praticam automedicação são os analgésicos e antipiréticos (76,23%). Dentre as justificativas apresentadas para a automedicação, cefaleia foi a mais frequente (66,69%), seguida por febre (61,48%). Esses achados sugerem falta de controle sobre a aquisição de medicamentos por idosos dessa região, favorecendo a ocorrência das consequências danosas da automedicação.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de produtos alternativos na proteção da videira (Vitis vinifera) contra o míldio (Plasmopara viticola), bem como determinar a influência desses produtos na qualidade dos frutos da cultivar Merlot. Para o controle da doença, foram utilizados produtos à base de extratos vegetais, manano-oligossacarídeos fosforilados, fosfitos e acibenzolar-S-metil, além de fungicidas tradicionais. A intensidade do míldio em folhas e cachos, a produtividade, o número total de cachos por parcela, o peso médio do cacho e baga e as características analíticas do mosto foram avaliados nas safras de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009. Os fosfitos proporcionaram proteção contra o míldio da videira, com produtividade semelhante à do tratamento com fungicidas tradicionais. Os tratamentos baseados em manano-oligossacarídeos fosforilados, acibenzolar-S-metil e extratos vegetais não apresentaram controle eficiente do míldio. Os produtos alternativos testados não influenciam a qualidade analítica dos frutos, mas proporcionam, em geral, peso médio de cachos e de bagas menor que o do tratamento com fungicidas.The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of alternative products for the protection of vine (Vitis vinifera) against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), and to determine the influence of these products on the quality of Merlot cultivar grapes. Products based on plant extracts, phosphorylated mannanoligosaccharides, phosphites and acibenzolar-S-methyl, besides traditional fungicides, were used for the disease control. The intensity of downy mildew on leaves and bunches, productivity, total number of bunches per plot, average weight of bunch and berry and analytical characteristics of grapes were assessed during the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons. Phosphites provided protection against downy mildew, and the yield was similar that of to the treatment with traditional fungicides. Treatments based on phosphorylated mannanoligosaccharides, acibenzolar-S-methyl and plant extracts showed no effective control of downy mildew. The alternative products tested do not influence the analytical quality of the grapes, but generally provide lower average weight of bunches and berries than the treatment with fungicides.

OBJETIVO: identificar recomendações válidas para abordagem de mulheres com diagnóstico citopatológico de atipias de significado indeterminado em células escamosas (ASC), discutindo sua aplicabilidade ao cenário brasileiro. MÉTODOS: foi realizada uma busca eletrônica de publicações no PubMed, National Guidelines Clearinghouse e Google Acadêmico, além de busca manual das referências dos documentos encontrados. As diretrizes identificadas e especificamente relacionadas ao tema foram avaliadas segundo sua validade e suas recomendações, criticadas e sumarizadas. RESULTADOS: as diretrizes consideradas válidas foram aquelas elaboradas para o Reino Unido, França, Austrália, EUA e Nova Zelândia. Esses documentos recomendam que a citologia seja repetida seis ou doze meses antes de encaminhar para colposcopia nas ASC de significado indeterminado (ASC-US) e encaminhamento imediato para colposcopia em ASC nas quais não é possível afastar lesão de alto grau (ASC-H). Também foram encontradas recomendações válidas de colposcopia para mulheres com ASC-US em situações especiais (imunocomprometidas e que demandem asseguramento por especialista) e uso de testes para HPV oncogênico que, quando presente em mulheres com mais de 20 anos, deve motivar encaminhamento para colposcopia. CONCLUSÕES: as condutas clínicas preconizadas para o Programa Nacional de Controle do Câncer do Colo do Útero no Brasil podem ser aperfeiçoadas, acrescentando-se o encaminhamento para colposcopia em situações especiais (imunocomprometidas e que demandem asseguramento por especialista), o uso do teste para detecção de HPV oncogênico em mulheres com mais de 20 anos (quando presente, deve-se encaminhar para colposcopia), a investigação de lesões vaginais e o uso de preparo estrogênico prévio à colposcopia em mulheres na pós-menopausa, dispensando a biópsia quando presentes alterações menores.PURPOSE: to identify valid guidelines for the approach of women with cytopathological diagnosis of undetermined significance atypias in squamous cells (ASC), discussing its applicability to the Brazilian scenario. METHODS: an electronic search of publications at PubMed, National Guidelines Clearinghouse and Scholar Google was carried out, as well as a manual search of references from the texts found. The guidelines identified, and specifically related to the theme, were evaluated according to its validity and the recommendations were criticized and summarized. RESULTS: guidelines for the United Kingdom, France, Australia, the USA and New Zealand have been considered as valid. These documents recommend repeating the cytology in six or twelve months, in ASCs of undetermined significance (ASC-US) before referring to colposcopy, and immediate referral to colposcopy in ASCs, when it is not possible to disregard high degree lesions (ASC-H). We have also found valid colposcopy recommendations for women with ASC-US in special situations (immune deficient women requiring specialist assistance) and the use of oncogenic HPV test, which, when present in women over 20, should motivate referral to colposcopy. CONCLUSIONS: the clinical guidelines recommended for the Programa Nacional de Controle do Cancer do Colo do Útero in Brazil can be improved with the referral to colposcopy in special situations (immune deficient women requiring specialist assistance), the use of test for the detection of oncogenic HPV in women over 20 (when present, refer to colposcopy), the investigation of vaginal lesions, the use of estrogens before the colposcopy in post-menopausal women, and disregard biopsia in case of slighter alterations.

OBJETIVO: verificar a prevalência de lesões intra-epiteliais de alto grau (LIAG) e câncer invasor em mulheres com citologia com diagnóstico de ASCUS (atipias em células escamosas de significado indeterminado) persistente após 6 meses e verificar se a idade é fator indicador para a existência destas lesões neste grupo de mulheres. MÉTODOS: foram incluídos 215 casos de mulheres não-gestantes e HIV-negativas com diagnóstico de ASCUS (sem especificação) persistente em duas citologias com intervalo mínimo de 6 meses. Tais resultados foram confrontados com o resultado histológico de biópsias, exéreses da zona de transformação (large loop excision of the transformation zone) ou cones. Foram considerados negativos para LIAG ou câncer quando a colposcopia foi satisfatória e sem alterações ou quando, apesar de insatisfatória, não foi detectada lesão em pelo menos um seguimento citológico e colposcópico. Para estabelecer a prevalência de lesões, calculamos a freqüência de diagnósticos com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança a 95% (IC 95%). Para análise estatística da diferença de proporções de LIAG ou câncer em cada faixa de idade, foi utilizado teste do chi2, e ainda estimamos o risco destas lesões entre mulheres com mais de 35 anos pela razão de prevalências com seu IC 95%. RESULTADOS: encontramos um total de negativos de 49,3% dos casos (IC 95%: 42,6-55,9). A prevalência de lesões intra-epiteliais de baixo grau foi de 38,6% (IC 95%: 32,1-45,1) e de LIAG de 10,7% (IC 95%: 6,5-14,8). Casos de câncer foram encontrados em 1,4% das pacientes (IC 95%: 0-2,9). Não foi possível estabelecer, de forma significativa, maior risco de LIAG/câncer considerando o corte de idade em 35 anos. CONCLUSÃO: a prevalência de LIAG/câncer encontrada em nosso estudo mostra que o risco de encontrarmos este tipo de lesão em mulheres atendidas no Sistema Único de Saúde em nosso município com duas citologias com diagnóstico de ASCUS é de cerca de 12%. Não foi possível evidenciar maior probabilidade de LIAG/câncer em qualquer das faixas etárias analisadas, porém este resultado pode ter sido limitado pelo pequeno tamanho amostral.PURPOSE: to determine the prevalence of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and cancer in women with cytological diagnosis of persistent ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) for 6 months in the last 7 years. We also assessed if age could be a predictive factor for presence of HSIL/cancer in this group. METHODS: we included 215 cases of non-pregnant and HIV-seronegative women with cytological diagnosis of persistent ASCUS (unespecific) with at least 6 months of interval between smears. This cytological diagnosis was compared to histological diagnosis obtained by biopsy (large loop excision of the transformation zone) or cone biopsies, and considered negative when colposcopy was satisfactory without lesions or, when unsatisfactory, no lesion was detected after at least one cytological and colposcopic follow-up. RESULTS: among the 215 cases, 49.3% had negative results (CI 95%: 42.6-55.9). The prevalence of histological confirmed low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was 38.6% (CI 95%: 32.1- 45.1) and HSIL was 10.7% (CI 95%: 6.5-14.8). Cases of cancer were found in 1.4% of patients (CI 95%: 0-2.9). We could not find a significant difference between the prevalence of HSIL/cancer according to age group using the cutoff point of 35 years. CONCLUSION: HSIL/cancer prevalence observed in this study has shown the risk of finding this kind of lesions in about 12% of women assisted in our public health system with two cytological diagnosis of ASCUS. A higher probability of HSIL/cancer in the different age groups was not found but this result was limited by our small sample size.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram adequar a técnica de PCR para o polimorfismo CYP3A4*1B, reduzir as amplificações inespecíficas observadas e verificar a frequência alélica do polimorfismo na população de São Luís/MA. A reação de PCR foi padronizada para conter: aproximadamente 50 ng de DNA; 10 μL de DNA polimerase mix (1 Unidade de enzima DNA polimerase a ser testada; 10mM de Tris-HCl, pH 8,3; 50mM de KCl; 2,5mM de MgCl2; 200 μM de cada desoxinucleotídeo trifosfatado - dNTP's); 10 pmol de cada iniciador e água livre de DNAse e RNAse (Prodimol) para completar o volume reacional. Optou-se por fazer a reação de PCR para um volume final de 25μL. O primeiro teste foi realizado com Platinum Taq DNA Polimerase (Invitrogen Life Technologies). Depois utilizou-se as DNA polimerases Hot Star Taq DNA Polimerase (Qiagen) e Ampli Taq Gold (Invitrogen Life Technologies) e DNA Polimerase Master Mix Red (Amplicon - Neobio). Os resultados demonstraram que a PCR para o alelo CYP3A4*1B gera bandas inespecíficas que foram minimizadas com a utilização Hot Star Taq DNA Polimerase (Qiagen). Em relação ao polimorfismo a quantidade de portadores homozigotos foi de 0,33%, a porcentagem de heterozigotos foi de 21,67% e 75% dos indivíduos foram não portadores de polimorfismo em 60 pacientes estudados. Em conclusão, este trabalho descreve a optimização e validade da análise PCR-RFLP rápida e simples, para o alelo CYP3A4*1B. Além disso, observou-se uma frequência significativa de polimorfismo para o alelo CYP3A*1B na população estudada. Palavras-chave: Polimorfismo. CYP3A4. Citocromo P450. PCR. OPTIMIZATION OF PCR TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTION OF CYP3A4 * 1B POLYMORPHISM AND ALLELE FREQUENCY AMONG 60 RESIDENTS OF SÃO LUIS / MA Abstract: The objective of this study was to adapt the PCR for CYP3A4*1B polymorphism, reduce nonspecific amplifications observed and verify the allele frequency of the polymorphism in the population of São Luis / MA. The PCR reaction was standardized to contain: approximately 50 ng of DNA, 10 uL of DNA polymerase mix (1 unit DNA polymerase being tested; 10mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 200 mM of each deoxynucleotide trifosfatado - dNTP's), 10 pmol of each primer and water-free DNAse and RNAse (Prodimol) to complete the reaction volume. We chose to do the PCR reaction to a final volume of 25μL. The first test was performed with Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen Life Technologies). Then we used the DNA polymerase Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen) and Ampli Taq Gold (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and DNA Polymerase Mix Master Red (Amplicon - Neobio). The results demonstrated that PCR allele CYP3A4 * 1B generates nonspecific bands that were minimized using Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen). In the polymorphism the amount of homozygous was 0.33%, the percentage of heterozygotes was 21.67% and 75% of subjects were not carriers of polymorphism in 60 patients. In conclusion, this study described the optimization and validity of PCR-RFLP analysis fast and simple, for the CYP3A4 * 1B allele. Furthermore, there was a significant frequency of polymorphism allele * 1B CYP3A in the population. Keywords: polymorphism, CYP3A4, cytochrome P450, PCR. OPTIMIZACIÓN DE LA PCR PARA LA DETECCIÓN DEL POLIMORFISMO CYP3A4 * 1B Y FRECUENCIA DE LOS ALELOS ENTRE 60 RESIDENTES DE SÃO LUIS / MA Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar la PCR para el polimorfismo CYP3A4*1B, reducir amplificaciones inespecíficas observadas y verificar la frecuencia de los alelos del polimorfismo en la población de San Luis / MA. La reacción de PCR fue estandarizado que contiene: aproximadamente 50 ng de DNA, 10 uL de la mezcla de ADN polimerasa (1 unidad de polimerasa de ADN se está probando; 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8,3, 50 mM KCl, 2,5 mM MgCl2, 200 mM de cada desoxinucleótido trifosfatado - dNTP), 10pmol de cada cebador y agua libre de DNAsa y RNAsa (Prodimol) para completar el volumen de reacción. Elegimos a hacer la reacción de PCR a un volumen final de 25 ul. La primera prueba se realizó con Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen). Luego se utilizó la ADN polimerasa Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen) y Ampli Taq Gold (Invitrogen Life Technologies) y DNA Polymerase Mix Master Red (Amplicon - Neobio). Los verifiresultados demostraron que el alelo CYP3A4*1B PCR genera bandas no específicas que fueron minimizadas utilizando Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen).. En el polimorfismo de la cantidad de homocigotos fue de 0,33%, el porcentaje de heterocigotos fue 21,67% y el 75% de los sujetos no eran portadores del polimorfismo en 60 pacientes. En conclusión, este estudio se describe la optimización y la validez de la PCR-RFLP análisis rápido y sencillo, para el alelo CYP3A4 * 1B. Además, hubo una frecuencia significativa de CYP3A polimorfismo alelo * 1B en la población. Palabras clave: Polimorfismo CYP3A4. Citocromo P450. PCR.