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The effects of the rolling process and microstructure on the brittle crack initiation and arrest of marine steel were systematically investigated. The microstructures of two steel plates produced by different rolling processes were observed and analyzed. The results demonstrated that the rolling process significantly influenced the microstructure. As the rolling temperature decreased, the grain size decreased, the high‐angle grain boundary (HAGB) content increased, and the average grain misorientation angle increased. The brittle crack initiation and the arrest abilities were evaluated by initiation fracture toughness and crack arrest toughness, respectively. The initiation fracture toughness and crack arrest toughness increased with the decreasing grain size and the increasing content of HAGBs. Finally, the influence of microstructure on the brittle crack initiation and arrest ability was explained from two aspects: (1) the critical event of crack initiation at low temperatures, and (2) the hindering effect of HAGB on the propagation of brittle cracks. Highlights: The average grain size decreased with the decreasing rolling temperature.The high‐angle grain boundary content and the grain misorientation angles increased with the decreasing rolling temperature.The critical fracture stress increased with the decrease in the critical crack size.The high‐angle grain boundary altered the brittle crack propagation path and improved the crack arrest ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background During a critical event in the labor and delivery operating room, it is crucial for team members responding to the situation to be aware of the designated leaders. Visual and verbal cues have been utilized to designate leadership in various healthcare settings; however, previous research has indicated mixed results using visual cues for role designation. Methods The purpose of this study was to explore the use of the red surgical hat as a visual cue of leadership during obstetric emergency simulation training. We used a mixed-methods design to analyze simulation-based education video and debriefing transcripts. Results There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of participants who declared leadership vs. those who donned the red hat. Participants were more likely to visually declare leadership utilizing a red surgical bouffant hat than to verbally declare leadership. Most participants indicated that observing the red hat to detect leadership in the operating room was more effective than when leaders used a verbal declaration to inform others who was leading. Conclusions Our findings suggest that utilizing a visual cue of leadership with the red surgical bouffant hat improves participant perceptions of communication of the surgical team during an obstetrical critical event in a simulation environment.

Objective: HealthPathways is a web-based platform designed for use during a consultation to offer health professionals locally agreed information to support clinical and referral decision making. This study aimed to investigate whether access to specific HealthPathways pages in the North Coast New South Wales (NSW) region increased during specific critical events. High pageviews is used as a proxy for platform usefulness, and/or trust as a source of up-to-date information. Methods: Data were extracted from Google Analytics from December 2015 to December 2021. Descriptive statistics were generated for the total number of pageviews for all pages by month and year (2015–2021); for the top 15 most viewed pages in 2019, February–March 2020 inclusive (early COVID-19 pandemic period), 10–24 March 2021 (North Coast NSW region local disaster declaration period) and 26 June–11 October 2021 (NSW COVID-19 lockdown period); and for monthly pageviews for the Influenza Immunisation pathway (2016–2021). Results: Access to specific pages in HealthPathways increased alongside the occurrence of critical events affecting the region. Spikes in access to specific pages were seen during COVID-19 lockdown periods, during natural disasters, as well as during the annual influenza season. Conclusions: HealthPathways is viewed as a useful and trusted source of information for health professionals in the North Coast NSW region. HealthPathways provides an opportunity for timely dissemination of information during critical events, including natural disasters and emergencies. What is known about the topic? Evidence from New Zealand suggests that HealthPathways is viewed as a useful and trusted source of information by health professionals during critical and emergency events, and when information needs are subject to frequent change. What does this paper add? This paper provides evidence in the Australian context that health professionals access specific pages in HealthPathways at higher rates during critical and emergency events. What are the implications for practitioners? HealthPathways has the capacity to provide timely and accurate information to health professionals during critical and emergency events, as well as to identify their emerging information needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The complexity of caring for patients with cancer has a direct impact on oncology nurses. When a patient with cancer experiences a critical health event, oncology nurses may have concerns about their ability to provide high-quality care for patients in the current healthcare environment. These concerns can negatively affect nurses' emotional well-being and lead to compassion fatigue and burnout. OBJECTIVES: This article aims to examine critical event debriefing and identify ways oncology nurses can implement a critical event debriefing framework into their clinical practice. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in CINAHL® and PubMed® databases for articles related to critical event debriefing and compassion fatigue and burnout among oncology nurses. A case study demonstrates the use of critical event debriefing on an oncology unit. FINDINGS: Critical event debriefing frameworks can enhance teamwork, help initiate process improvements, and offer psychological support to improve emotional well-being. Additional research is needed about the use of critical event debriefing as a solution to compassion fatigue and burnout among oncology nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay addresses the Chilean social uprising of 2019 through the experiences of Marta and Juan, two residents of the peripheries of Santiago, who became involved in this event despite having no previous experience of participation in social and political organizations. It explores this event's strength in triggering contentious actions on the urban margins, and repression by the police‐criminal apparatus of the state. Delving into the ethical and biographical dispositions facilitating this couple's politicization during the course of the revolt, it argues that the critical force of this event lies precisely in the entry of unexpected—even unwanted—actors into the political space. Through a biographical narrative approach, it details the shift of its protagonists. By way of subjectivation, this shift unfolds in them a critical attitude embodied in public interventions demanding equality and social justice and in acts of community and neighborhood solidarity. The case sheds light on a rarely explored dimension of social revolts: the way certain actors collectively experience these critical events through a politics of care, bringing the polis into the domestic space, and from such politicization of the oikos, opens an unusual way of challenging the police order of their world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between October 2019 and March 2020 Chile experienced the most massive and heavily repressed cycle of social protests in its post‐dictatorship (1973–90) history. This essay explores the social uprising as a critical event of political subjectivation through the story of Ricardo, an ordinary young medical technician with no background of political affiliation who fully immersed himself in the forefront of confrontation with the police in the ground zero protest zone while also providing first‐aid assistance to those injured. Two vectors triggering Ricardo's unexpected and sudden transformation into an activist are identified: the intergenerational potency of antidictatorial memories and the power of the spontaneous multitude in demonstration. In recalling the dictatorship, Ricardo and his friends used to ask themselves, "What would I have done if I'd been there?" In the face of the social uprising, Ricardo brings to the present that generation‐specific question and responds with total exposure, defending the multitude and healing the wounded. We argue that the event's critical nature is interpreted in the light of the past. Ricardo's involvement becomes an ethical imperative in his time and in his own history. This duty fuels his mobilization and desire for social transformation, blurring the analytical boundaries between ethics and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Obstetrics and Gynecologic operating room emergencies, the surgeon cannot both operate and lead a suddenly expanded and redirected team response. However, one of the most often used approaches to interprofessional continuing education designed to improve teams' ability to respond to unanticipated critical events still emphasizes surgeon leadership. We developed Explicit Anesthesia and Nurse Distributed (EXPAND) Leadership to imagine a workflow that might better distribute emergency leadership task responsibilities and practices. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate teams' responses to distributing leadership during an interprofessional continuing education simulated obstetrical emergency. We used interpretive descriptive design in a secondary analysis of teams' post-simulation reflective debriefings. One-hundred sixty providers participated, including OB-Gyn surgeons, anesthesiologists, CRNAs, scrub technicians, and nurses. Using reflective thematic analysis, we identified three core themes: 1) The surgeon is focused on the surgical field, 2) Explicit leadership initiates a nurse transition from follower to leader in a hierarchical environment, and 3) Explicit distributed leadership enhances teamwork and taskwork. Continuing education which uses distributed leadership to improve teams' ability to respond to an obstetric emergency is perceived to enhance team members' response to the critical event. The potential for nurses' career growth and professional transformation was an unexpected finding associated with this continuing education which used distributed leadership. Our findings suggest that healthcare educators should consider ways in which distributed leadership may improve teams' response to critical events in the operating room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The paper examines the psychological facet of innocent suffering. One can find a description of this phenomenon in social psychology as a factor that affects the belief in a just world, but there is a lack of qualitative scientific data about related psychological features, processes, copings, and consequences on the personality level. Methods: To study innocent suffering, semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted (31 respondents, ~223 minutes per respondent, 6,924 min in total) aimed to gather data about the experiences of innocent sufferings happened to participants. For the analysis of texts, a narrative and content analysis are used within the framework of grounded theory. The reliability of the results is based on expert assessment. Results and discussion: As a result, six essential properties of innocent sufferings were identified: complexity, stability, distress, injustice, casual incoherence, and breaks of integrity of a life story. The most “popular” life domains, in which participants reported about innocent sufferings, are violence, abuse (physical and psychological), and quitting romantic relationships. It is proposed a scientific definition of innocent suffering and the prototype of the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to understand the experience of second victim certified registered nurse anesthetists regarding the critical events in which they were involved, and the support received following the event. This was a mixed methods study and the quantitative portion consisted of the post-traumatic stress checklist-5 (PCL-5) survey deployed to random American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology members, two copies were completed; one with the stress levels and symptoms at the time of the critical event and the second was completed with the stress level and symptoms experienced regarding the event at the time of the study. The qualitative portion utilized hermeneutic phenomenology as its basis. The PCL-5 surveys were analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test and a repeatedmeasures linear generalized estimating equations model was developed. The qualitative data supported the findings of the quantitative data. Initially stress levels were high but decreased over time. Stress levels may have fallen for a variety of reasons: support from colleagues and friends, increased event clarity. This study demonstrated that stress levels related to critical events decreased over time. Possible reasons for this are increased clarity about the event and other life-related distractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe paper examines the psychological facet of innocent suffering. One can find a description of this phenomenon in social psychology as a factor that affects the belief in a just world, but there is a lack of qualitative scientific data about related psychological features, processes, copings, and consequences on the personality level.MethodsTo study innocent suffering, semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted (31 respondents, ~223 minutes per respondent, 6,924 min in total) aimed to gather data about the experiences of innocent sufferings happened to participants. For the analysis of texts, a narrative and content analysis are used within the framework of grounded theory. The reliability of the results is based on expert assessment.Results and discussionAs a result, six essential properties of innocent sufferings were identified: complexity, stability, distress, injustice, casual incoherence, and breaks of integrity of a life story. The most “popular” life domains, in which participants reported about innocent sufferings, are violence, abuse (physical and psychological), and quitting romantic relationships. It is proposed a scientific definition of innocent suffering and the prototype of the phenomenon.

Drawing on in-depth interviews with six Chinese Mingshi (expert teachers), this qualitative study examined how these teachers became Mingshi through three decades of endeavors. Using 53 critical events as landmarks, we found that these teachers first stood "up" as effective teachers in classrooms, next stood "out" as leading teachers in local communities, and then stood "ahead" as model teachers in the country under the influence of an array of personal, interpersonal, and institutional factors. The research findings constitute a Chinese model of teacher development, which contributes scholarly new insights and suggests practical implications to the field of teacher education. • Chinese Mingshi is a vital but understudied group of teachers. • Chinese Mingshi seek career development by climbing the teacher career ladder. • Personal, interpersonal, and institutional factors influence teacher career development. • Critical events are a catalyst and an underlying mechanism of teacher career development. • Proposes a Chinese-context-specific model for teacher career development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extreme temperature induced by fire and hot toxic smokes in tunnels threaten the trapped personnel and firefighters. To alleviate the potential casualties, fast while reasonable decisions should be made for rescuing, based on the timely prediction of fire development in tunnels. This paper targets to achieve a real-time prediction (within 1 s) of the spatial-temporal temperature distribution inside the numerical tunnel model by using artificial intelligence (AI) methods. A CFD database of 100 simulated tunnel fire scenarios under various fire location, fire size, and ventilation condition is established. The proposed AI model combines a Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) model and a Transpose Convolution Neural Network (TCNN). The real-time ceiling temperature profile and thousands of temperature-field images are used as the training input and output. Results show that the predicted temperature field 60 s in advance achieves a high accuracy of around 97%. Also, the AI model can quickly identify the critical temperature field for safe evacuation (i.e., a critical event) and guide emergency responses and firefighting activities. This study demonstrates the promising prospects of AI-based fire forecasts and smart firefighting in tunnel spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's rapidly changing living conditions and increasing consumer needs lead to continuous differentiation of working conditions. This situation builds extra stress on workers which leads to possible new risks and dangers where it causes accidents. For the safety of industrial plants the requirements are; systematically define the risks together with dangerous situations within the workplace and prioritize them, take the necessary precautions to control the hazards and finally maintain the continuity of improvements. In this study, international data sources have been reviewed for the definition of the frequency of critical events and route causes to make a prioritization between dangerous phenomenas. Besides, the transformation of a qualitative risk assessment to a quantitative structure have been investigated. Finally, a sample study has been conducted on a petroleum refinery atmospheric distillation column for the critical event defined as a liquid leak on the pipeline which goes to the scrubber. In the sample study, the dangerous phenomena with the highest occurrence frequency has found to be; “environmental damage caused by the leakage spread without ignition" with a frequency rate of 1, 73 10-6/year. Vapor cloud explosion has found to be the dangerous phenomena with the highest severity rate of 5,2 10-7/year. As a result it has been seen that besides taking precautions to prevent dangerous phenomenas it is also important to consider the severity and frequency of critical events.

Communication is critical to safe patient care. In this issue of the British Journal of Anaesthesia, Jaulin and colleagues show that use of a Post-Anaesthesia Team Handover (PATH) checklist is associated with fewer hypoxaemia events in the PACU, reduced handover interruptions, and other important metrics related to improved communication. The PATH checklist provides a link within a broader chain of safety checklists and other interventions that comprise a perioperative chain of survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By considering the emergence and threat of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Europe, this paper demonstrates the growing role of veterinary rationales in reframing contemporary human-wild boar coexistence. Through comparative ethnographies of human-wild boar relations in the Czech Republic, Spain and England, it shows that coexistence is not a predictable and steady process but is also demarked by points of radical change in form, course and atmosphere. Such moments, or wild boar events, can lead to the (re-)formation or magnified influence of certain discourses, practices and power relations in determining strategies of bio-governance. Specifically, this paper highlights how the spread of ASF in Europe has accelerated an already ongoing process of veterinarization, understood as the growing prominence of veterinary sciences in the mediation and reorganization of contemporary socioecologies. This example highlights how veterinary logics increasingly influence localized human-wildlife relations and, through analogous practices of biosecurity and control, also connect different places and geographic contexts.

This paper examines responses to the 2015 terror attack on Charlie Hebdo, a French satirical magazine, amongst students in a secondary school in Berlin-Neukölln, Germany. The Charlie Hebdo attack occurred in the final weeks of a 19-month ethnographic study in the community. By analyzing the responses in the school to this critical event, we identify what is at stake for Muslim students. Students presented many explanations for why the attack happened, and opinions on whether the attackers' actions were justified. Staff were alarmed about students' viewpoints that they considered "extreme". These dynamics resulted in conflicts and misunderstandings amongst students, and between students and staff. Yet, we show that, rather than the violence itself, or questions about its legitimacy, it was everyday processes in students' lives – e.g., bullying, peer pressure and discrimination, and feelings of being misrepresented and misunderstood – that were central to students' reactions to the event. We suggest that to understand students' reactions, both the immediate and the broader socio-political contexts must be considered, particularly rising xenophobia and processes of polarization in Germany and Europe at large. We thus conclude that to understand young people's reactions to terrorist acts, we need to look beyond initial statements and explore ethnographically how wider contexts shape the actions, reactions, and future orientations of young Muslims in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nursing students often experience critical events in the clinical setting and clinical instructors may not be prepared to adequately support them. These students often feel alone and abandoned, increasing their risk of psychological distress. A grounded theory study was conducted to explore pre-licensure nursing students' experiences of critical events in the clinical setting. Specific attention was paid to understanding how they are prepared for and supported before, during, and after critical events, and their experiences of psychological distress and psychological recovery. Strauss and Corbin's Grounded Theory methodology was used for this study. Fourteen undergraduate student nurses from universities in the western United States were interviewed. Ten concepts were identified, and a theory of Student Nurses' Experiences of Critical Events in the Clinical Setting emerged. Findings indicate that student nurses need active instructor and/or staff support during critical events, and pre-briefing whenever possible. Debriefing positively affected students' post-event stress response and lack of debrief was associated with post-event psychological distress. Support for students exposed to critical events during clinical experiences should continue in the days, weeks, and months following the event; clinical instructors need to be prepared to provide this support. All faculty members should monitor students for signs of psychological distress and better support students' mental health and emotional wellbeing. • Nursing students are frequently exposed to critical events in the clinical setting. • Exposure to critical events in the clinical setting can be traumatizing for students. • Faculty and nursing staff must provide adequate psychological support to these students. • Nursing programs have a responsibility for preparing students before critical events and following up after these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: The purpose of this paper is to enhance nursing and collaborative practice by presenting a concept analysis of clinical debriefing and introducing an operational definition. Background: Debriefing has taken many forms, using a variety of approaches. Variations and inconsistencies in clinical debriefing, and its related terms, still exist in the clinical setting. Design: Concept analysis. Methods: Walker and Avant's eight‐step approach to concept analysis. Results: The defining attributes of clinical debriefing identified in this analysis are described as the five E's: educated/experienced facilitator, environment, education, evaluation and emotions. Antecedents identified in this analysis include the critical event, the desire or need to review such an event and the organizational awareness to execute clinical debriefs. The consequences of clinical debriefings are primarily advantageous and positively impact involved nurses, healthcare teams, patients and organizations. Empirical referents of clinical debriefing are complex and multifactorial. The productivity of a clinical debrief can be enhanced through a series of proposed questions. Together, the defining attributes, antecedents and consequences shape a proposed operational definition of clinical debriefing. Conclusion: Clinical debriefing is a valuable tool within healthcare organizations. Debriefing can be a holistic, interprofessional, collaborative experience when all five defining attributes are present. Further investigation is required to standardise debriefing practices in clinical settings. Relevance to clinical practice: A concept analysis on clinical debriefing promotes uniformity of debriefing practices, reflective practice among nurses and healthcare teams, and contributes to nursing science by creating a platform for the development of practice standards, research and theory development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Failures in situation awareness cause two-thirds of anaesthesia complications. Avatar-based patient monitoring may promote situation awareness in critical situations.Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomised, high-fidelity simulation study powered for non-inferiority. We used video analysis to grade anaesthesia teams managing three 10 min emergency scenarios using three randomly assigned monitoring modalities: only conventional, only avatar, and split-screen showing both modalities side by side. The primary outcome was time to performance of critical tasks. Secondary outcomes were time to verbalisation of vital sign deviations and the correct cause of the emergency, perceived workload, and usability. We used mixed Cox and linear regression models adjusted for various potential confounders. The non-inferiority margin was 10%, or hazard ratio (HR) 0.9.Results: We analysed 52 teams performing 154 simulations. For performance of critical tasks during a scenario, split-screen was non-inferior to conventional (HR=1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.33; not significant in test for superiority); the result for avatar was inconclusive (HR=0.98; 95% CI, 0.83-1.15). Avatar was associated with a higher probability for verbalisation of the cause of the emergency (HR=1.78; 95% CI, 1.13-2.81; P=0.012). We found no evidence for a monitor effect on perceived workload. Perceived usability was lower for avatar (coefficient=-23.0; 95% CI, -27.2 to -18.8; P<0.0001) and split-screen (-6.7; 95% CI, -10.9 to -2.4; P=0.002) compared with conventional.Conclusions: This study showed non-inferiority of split-screen compared with conventional monitoring for performance of critical tasks during anaesthesia crisis situations. The patient avatar improved verbalisation of the correct cause of the emergency. These results should be interpreted considering participants' minimal avatar but extensive conventional monitoring experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Critical incident stress management (CISM) teams can be adapted in urban primary care clinics to address and process traumatic events in primary care. A guide for implementing the CISM team model within this setting is delineated. Methods: Review of existing literature and guide to implementation of CISM team in primary care. Results: Respondents reported the team validated their reactions to the critical incident and were grateful for CISM presence. Conclusion: Despite indications that vicarious traumatization, burnout, and compassion fatigue are rising (Bodenheimer & Sinsky, 2014; Coles et al., 2013; Woolhouse et al., 2012), there is little information about efforts to address this. Operating and emergency rooms and intensive care units utilize CISM (Maloney 2012; Powers, 2015); however, it's overlooked in primary care (Blacklock, 2012; Naish et al., 2002). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situation caused by the appearance of Covid-19 can be viewed as a critical event: typologically, it is an unprecedented event, which requires and shapes new forms of historical action hitherto unknown in the given context. Critical events serve as strong value and emotional landmarks in the cultural cognition of each social environment, and form the basis for a meaningful determination towards other events. Using material collected primarily from the online versions of electronic and printed media, we consider how the reality they presented is shaped through the news through the statements of politicians and medical doctors in Serbia. We trace how the narrative transformation of socio-cultural reality took place from the time before the of Covid-19 outbreak in our country to the time immediately after the lifting of the state of emergency declared due to that infection. The premise of all that is being done to tackle the infection is not a purpose in itself, but aims to enable a return to the life we were accustomed to before the outbreak of the epidemic. Covid-19 destabilizes our everyday life – a life that consists of work or study, use of free time, socializing etc. Such everyday life is a reference point of "normalcy". Socio-cultural normalcy refers to all that is understood as a normal and undisturbed course of everyday life. The appearance of Covid-19 gave rise to the notion of the "new normal", that is, a course of everyday life that is similar to normal, ordinary life, but with adherence to measures aimed at preventing the spread of infection by the authorities. In the paper we deal with the period that begins just before the outbreak of Covid-19 in our country, and ends with the period after the lifting of the state of emergency, to show the discursively produced picture of social reality in which the concept of the "new normal" serves as a cultural cognitive tool for understanding a situation in which one has to live with Covid-19 in order to one day be able to return to the way of life that existed before it.

The inspiration for writing this article is on the one hand, the critical event caused by the COVID-19 pandemic that is being shared by all people around the world and that affects us all universally. On the other hand, it is my academic experience, shared by my colleagues - academic teachers. Therefore, the research I conducted meets all the conditions of critical engaged research: it stems from my own biographical experiences, it is an important opinion on the issue, it is rooted in the current, critical social event and it is aimed at unmasking, revealing real social practices and behaviors. Described below are the styles of managing institutions of higher education (of different kinds - vocational, academic, etc.) in a critical event related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Which management styles are being updated in a critical situation, which are selected and preferred by management, and what are the consequences? These are the questions I will try to answer. In accordance with aforementioned declarations, I will do it based on interviews with the authorities of several Polish institutions of higher education, as well as on the basis of autoethnography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terror attacks in Norway 2011, targeting what the perpetrator described as proponents of immigration and multicultural society, created exceptional circumstances for people to reflect on issues of belonging. In this kind of situation, it is assumed that people emphasise their affinity with the affected country. This, in turn, makes the problematisation of the affinities displayed particularly interesting since the act of expressing them even in a very taxing situation indicates their importance. Texts by individuals from ethnic minorities, written soon after the attacks, are analysed in terms of conceptions of ‘Norwegianness’. Results show explicit support for civic values but also multiple expressions of not feeling recognised as part of majority society also from individuals obviously acculturated to Norwegian lifestyles and cultural codes. These expressions are explained in terms of whiteness – non-whiteness and religion.

We propose a psychological need detection framework which automatically identifies people needs and measures their satisfaction level. The framework employs three need models, which are developed using psychological, linguistic, and Twitter-specific features. We evaluate the performance of the proposed models on psychological need data sets which are annotated by psychologists. The models obtained encouraging results: 78.71% in recognizing need content, 81.96% in identifying need type, and 93.56% in measuring need satisfaction level. We use the proposed framework to recognize individual needs and measure their satisfaction level in response to the Florida shooting event, which occurred on February 14, 2018, and the related March for Our Lives event which followed on March 24, 2018. Timeline-based visual and textual representations are generated to explain the motivation behind public reaction and behavior.

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering & Architectural Faculty of Eskisehir Osmangazi University / Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Eskisehir Osmangazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traumatic aortic rupture (TAR) is a highly fatal injury mechanism resulting from blunt deceleration forces against the descending aorta. The mechanism of TAR is directly attributed to the aorta suffering damage by indirect shearing forces. The descending aorta remains fixed to the posterior chest wall, while the heart and ascending aorta are exerted forward, thus causing the intimal tear. A characteristic triad presents as increased blood pressure in the upper extremities, decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities, and a wid- ened mediastinum on radiography. Early recognition of signs and symptoms of the mechanism of injury is key to initiating early damage control surgery and ultimately decreasing morbidity and mortality. This case report describes the intraoperative management of an elderly female patient with TAR following a motor vehicle collision in a remote location in rural Pennsylvania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel Phaytagorean fuzzy DEMATEL approach is introduced. • Phaytagorean fuzzy DEMATEL is addressed qualitative fuzziness and subjectivity. • The presented method is validated by three different mathematical methods. • A collapse in typical offshore facility platform is considered as a case study. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) techniques methodically assess the likelihood, impact, and subsequently the risk of adverse events. In a typical QRA method, one of the main intentions is to identify the critical root events which mostly contribute to the risk of the top event (TE) and requiring subsequent corrective actions (CAs). Finding the critical events which contribute to the risk is significantly dependent on the assumptions and methods applied to integrate the probabilities of different events and these events may have really low probability of occurrence. Thus, the probability reduction of the critical root events and subsequently the system's failure does not lead to an optimal solution. For this reason, ranking the CAs without consideration of several aspects such as their influence on root events probability, inter-relationships, and direct/indirect cost, is not an appropriate approach. This study aims to introduce an approach to deal with the aforementioned situations. A novel extension to DEMATEL (decision making trial and evaluation laboratory) named Pythagorean fuzzy DEMATEL is proposed on a common probabilistic safety analysis. As a case study, a collapse in an offshore facility platform (including 42 basic events and corresponding 30 CAs) is considered to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented approach. The application of the model confirms its robustness in prioritizing critical root events and CAs compared with a conventional model, consideration of the influencing factors, and a dynamic and flexible structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent decades, rapid transit system (RTS) plays a significant key role to form most affordable and comfort travel zone to humans. With increase in population and usage of RTS, safety measures are concerned to be most notable factor in the world. Moreover, during emergency cases internal wired safety setups of any RTS does not prevents drastic disaster and allows negative impact for on-demand reliable changes. As an alternative to other expensive technologies, wireless sensor network (WSN) system provides fast communicative and compact applications to RTS. Inorder to reduce causalities, designing such a network application to RTS always poses challenging problems in terms of fault tolerance and time bounded packet delivery. Integrated fuzzy-logic based synchronized data transmission (IFSDT) algorithm has been designed to optimize those challenges, especially in RTS. IFSDT is a synchronized energy aware algorithm that prevents the occurrence of potential faults during unexpected emergencies in the coaches of RTS and ensures the fast transmission of critical broadcast signal and response in a limited time span. Furthermore, the results of the proposed design performs better than the existing reliable and energy optimized WSN design and exhibits the optimized response time for broadcasting emergency signals which is below 0.02 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early recognition of intraoperative critical events is essential in optimizing the health outcomes of surgical patients. Use of simulation in nurse anesthesia education allows students to practice recognizing changes in the patient's condition in a safe learning environment. Second- and third-year student registered nurse anesthetists were randomly assigned to 2 groups to explore differences in recognizing intraoperative myocardial infarction (MI) using highfidelity mannequin simulation vs virtual simulation. One group participated in a virtual simulation first, followed by a high-fidelity mannequin simulation. The other group participated in a high-fidelity mannequin simulation first, then virtual simulation. Second-year students recognized an intraoperative MI faster when using high-fidelity mannequin simulation than when using virtual simulation. However, there was no significant difference among third-year students in the time it took to recognize a critical event when using high-fidelity mannequin simulation vs virtual simulation. These findings indicate that both simulation modalities are useful in evaluating student registered nurse anesthetists' timely recognition of intraoperative critical events such as MI. However, for students with less didactic and clinical practicum experience in the program, such as second-year students, the use of high-fidelity mannequin simulation for recognizing an intraoperative MI may be more beneficial than virtual simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture is a key state variable in terrestrial water cycles, which links various land surface and hydrological processes. Owing to the significant spatiotemporal variability in soil moisture, collecting sufficient soil moisture data for relevant studies can be an astonishingly difficult task. Here, a statistical method based on the concept of depth functions was used to define Critical Events (CE) of soil moisture, which was hypothesized to contain disproportionally more system information on soil moisture dynamics. To test the feasibility of applying the CE concept for quantifying soil moisture dynamics, a long-term soil moisture dataset was retrieved from the Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN) located in the continental United States. The method of Temporal Stability Analysis (TSA) was adopted to examine the information embedded in soil moisture data that were collected under different conditions. The results showed that similar information on the relative as well as absolute wetness conditions at the AWDN sites was extracted from the entire time series and CEs of soil moisture, the latter of which contained much less soil moisture observations. Finally, the field data revealed that the occurrence of CEs of soil moisture in the study area was mainly affected by soil depth and interannual variability in precipitation. The number of CEs of soil moisture tended to be larger at deeper soil depths as well as in either dry or wet years than in normal years, suggesting that more soil moisture measurements under those conditions were needed to provide adequate information on soil moisture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coarse grain heat affected zone (HAZ) of F460 steel was simulated by a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. The microstructure, critical event of the HAZ formed at various heat inputs (E) were characterized and determined by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and cleavage fracture stress σf was also calculated by ABAQUS software. Based on above systematic analysis, the intrinsic mechanism of ductile-brittle transition for F460 steel heat affected zones with different heat inputs were revealed. The results indicate that:with the improvement of heat input, the microstructures in sequence are a minority of lath martensite and massive fine lath bainite, more lath bainite with less granular bainite, more granular bainite with less lath bainite, bulky of granular bainite; and the maximum size of the original austenite grain and bainite packet becomes bigger with the improvement of heat input. The size of bainite packet is critical event of the cleavage fracture for coarse grain heat affected zone specimens with various heat inputs by comparing the relationships among residual crack length, original austenite grain size and bainite packet size. With the decreasing of the bainitic packet, the ductile to brittle transition temperature decreases. In addition, cleavage fracture stress σf is also calculated by ABAQUS software, σf gradually decreases with the increase of the heat input, which can explain the intrinsic mechanism of ductile to brittle transition temperature Tk with the change of the heat input.