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This article examines the potential for beneficial procedural cross-fertilization between internationalcommercial and investment arbitration from a functional perspective. The article argues that botharbitration regimes share a ‘private’ dispute resolution function of resolving specific disputes, butonly investment arbitral tribunals also exercise a ‘public’ law-making function of developing the lawapplicable to the resolution of disputes. The article considers two recent procedural developmentsin international arbitration rulesjoinder of third parties and publication of arbitral awardsin thelight of these private and public functions. It argues that joinder, as an efficiency-enhancingmeasure, can lead to beneficial cross-fertilization between commercial and investment arbitrationbecause it reinforces the ‘private’ dispute resolution function shared by both regimes. In contrast,the default publication of arbitral awards, to the extent that it is intended to be systematic and createinformal precedent, is appropriate in investment but not in commercial arbitration because onlyinvestment arbitral tribunals exercise a ‘public’ law-making function that justifies and stands tobenefit from this practice. In this regard, the article rejects three rationales for default publication ofinternational commercial arbitral awards: improving consistency/predictability, enhancingtransparency and developing transnational commercial law. The article concludes that crossfertilizationbetween investment and commercial arbitration can be valuable so long as it concernstheir shared private dispute resolution function. However, attempting to develop internationalcommercial arbitral practice in the shadow of the public law-making function of investment arbitraltribunals may result in counterproductive practices and undermine the proper functioning ofinternational commercial arbitration as a whole.

Products developed with inspiration in the geodiversity and identity of territories, specifically geoparks, are recognized as geoproducts. Stipulated as traditional products, they are strategic artifacts that help to promote territorial attractiveness, in collaboration with the appreciation of cultural and natural heritage. Regarding innovation in geoproducts, solutions are sought through cross fertilization, a concept adapted from the biological sciences to be used as a project tool in design and fashion, in search of the exchange of knowledge between different areas with the aforementioned. To this end, in this article, based on qualitative, descriptive and bibliographic research, it is proposed to investigate the use of cross fertilization in the design of geoproducts. In addition to the introduction, the article describes cross fertilization, discusses geoproducts and contextualizes the relationship between craftsmanship and design and fashion. Finally, insights are presented, as well as final considerations and references used in the construction of this study. Los productos desarrollados con inspiración en la geodiversidad e identidad de los territorios, específicamente los geoparques, son reconocidos como geoproductos. Establecidos como productos tradicionales, son artefactos estratégicos que ayudan a promover el atractivo territorial, en colaboración con la valorización del patrimonio cultural y natural. En cuanto a la innovación en geoproductos, se buscan soluciones a través de la fecundación cruzada, concepto adaptado de las ciencias biológicas para ser utilizado como herramienta proyectual en diseño y moda, en busca del intercambio de conocimientos entre distintas áreas con las mencionadas. Para ello, en este artículo, a partir de una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y bibliográfica, se propone investigar el uso de la fertilización cruzada en el diseño de geoproductos. Además de la introducción, el artículo describe la fertilización cruzada, analiza los geoproductos y contextualiza la relación entre la artesanía y el diseño y la moda. Finalmente, se presentan reflexiones, consideraciones finales y referencias utilizadas en la construcción de este estudio. Produtos desenvolvidos com inspiração na geodiversidade e identidade de territórios, especificamente geoparques, são reconhecidos como geoprodutos. Estipulados como produtos tradicionais, constituem-se em artefatos estratégicos que auxiliam a promoção de atratividades territoriais, em colaboração com a valorização do patrimônio cultural e natural. A respeito da inovação em geoprodutos, busca-se soluções por intermédio da cross fertilization, conceito adaptado das ciências biológicas para ser utilizado como ferramenta projetual no design e moda, em busca da troca de conhecimento entre áreas diversas com as supracitadas. Para tal, neste artigo, baseado em pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e bibliográfica, propõe-se investigar a utilização da cross fertilization na concepção de geoprodutos. Além da introdução, o artigo descreve a cross fertilization, discorre sobre geoprodutos e contextualiza a relação do artesanato com o design e moda. Por fim insights são apresentados, bem como as considerações finais e referências utilizadas na construção deste estudo.

Purpose When the Covid-19 pandemic struck some organizations were more vigilant and better prepared to absorb the shock and are emerging stronger. This article describes the best practices of these vigilant organizations that enabled them to be more adept at anticipating whatever surprises are coming next. Design/methodology/approach The article describes the four ways that vigilant firms are distinguished from their under-performing vulnerable rivals. Findings Vigilant firms practice: A strong commitment to processes that promote vigilance. 10;9;They invest in foresight activities. They deploy flexible and adaptive strategy-making processes. They coordinate and share information across organizational silos. Practical implications Vigilance is rewarded when an organization is able to move faster than rivals once the ambiguities shrouding the weak signals of potential threats or nascent opportunities are clarified. Originality/value The practices of the vigilant organizations enable them to be more adept at anticipating whatever surprises are coming next, a crucial capability in the current and post-covid era.

Here, we review the occurrence and frequency of pollen-mediated interspecific gene flow from genetically improved crops to weedy, wild, or conventional relatives, and summarize the strategies used ...

There are opportunities for the application of chemical physics style thinking to models central to solid state physics. Solid state physics has largely been left to its own devices by the chemical physics theory community, which is a shame. I will show here that cross fertilization of ideas is real and beneficial to science. This essay is written with the hope of encouraging young theorists with a chemical physics background to enter this rich and promising area. There are many low hanging fruit available essentially because condensed matter physics traditions, models, and standards for progress are so much different than in chemical physics. By way of a warning label, right now neither community is supporting this endeavor. I am hoping this article will help, a little. I make the apology for using mainly (but not exclusively) my own narrow experience and contributions to illustrate this essay. I understand it is only a small piece of the pie, but I do believe the message here is larger: a chemical physics mindset is complementary to the condensed matter physics mindset, and they would work best together.

Research reported in this article investigated the effectiveness of collaborative effort between schools to bridge the existing gaps that erupted during the outbreak of COVID-19. There are gaps in teaching and learning within the previously privileged institutions and the marginalised institutions in South Africa. Such gaps might have a negative impact on how teaching and learning are conducted. The purpose of this article was to investigate the creative and constructive ways of managing the anxiety related to socio-economic impacts in schools, amongst which were the introduction of online teaching and learning technologies, new methodologies and contents. This article is underpinned by the concepts of the establishment of advantageous strategies for collaboration, knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer. Qualitative document analysis has been adopted as a methodology to collect information for this study. The outbreak of COVID-19 has evoked inequalities amongst the communities. However, the re-opening of schools exacerbated multiple challenges. While teaching and learning is the centre of the education project in South Africa, which the country has to adapt to, most institutions were faced with a number of challenges. This study’s major finding revealed that collaboration is synergistic and can bring out the best contribution that might currently perceive partnership within the school system. This article recommends ways of bridging the gap between schools through developing partnerships between institutions through cross-fertilisation.

International audience

In this work, we review the connection between the subjects of homogenization and nonlocal modeling and discuss the relevant computational issues. By further exploring this connection, we hope to promote the cross fertilization of ideas from the different research fronts. We illustrate how homogenization may help characterizing the nature and the form of nonlocal interactions hypothesized in nonlocal models. We also offer some perspective on how studies of nonlocality may help the development of more effective numerical methods for homogenization.

We examine the organizational choice and innovative activity of technology conglomerates—firms that explore different technology fields with heated inventive activity. We develop a measure of firm-to-economy technological proximity to capture the extent of a firm’s technology conglomeration. We show that technology conglomerates are more likely to form alliances and that these alliances lead to higher patent output. In terms of underlying mechanisms, we show that after alliance formation, there are significant knowledge pooling and cross-fertilization between technology conglomerates and their alliance partners. Moreover, technology conglomerates produce more patents that are novel and/or with greater impact. Our findings suggest that both synergy and tolerance for failure are important motives for technology conglomerates to use alliances to accelerate corporate innovation. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.

This study critically revisits extant perspectives and theories on strategic management (SM) and regional industrial strategy (RIS) and considers the scope for cross-fertilization to mutual advantage. Despite an extensive literature on value capture/creation and co-creation strategies in SM, few attempts have explored their relevance to building, and capturing value from, advantages at the regional level. Advocates of place-based approaches to RIS acknowledge the need for commercial potential, hence the need not only to create value but also to capture it in the region. The aim is to go further by exploring the relevance and scalability of SM value-capture strategies to RIS, and by showing how the focus of RIS on sustainability and value creation can benefit SM.

The present research aims to explore the effects of advertising music components (MCs) on brand perception, attitude, and purchase intentions using the cross-fertilization between research in marketing and musicology. Previous research has shown that the MCs (e.g. tempo, mode, and timbre) of advertising music can influence brand perception. However, few MCs have been studied and without controlling the influence of all MCs. In addition, existing categorizations of MCs are not applied to advertising music and mainly focus on classical music. A preliminary study analyzing 125 advertising music pieces with musicologists provides a typology of advertising MCs and of induced brand perceptions. Four experiments then explore the effects of advertising MCs in different contexts (music in the foreground, music in the background with a neutral message, music in the background with a non-neutral message, and replication with a real, well-known brand). The research indicates the influence of each advertising MC on brand perception while controlling for all MCs. In particular, some MCs induce the same brand perception. Their perceptual influence remains the same when they are in the background or when they are incongruent. They can even change the perception of a well-known brand, as well as influence brand attitude and purchase intentions. Conceptual and methodological implications for research on music and brand management as well as managerial implications are discussed.

Search-optimization problems are plentiful in scientific and engineering domains. MaxSAT and answer set programming with weak constraints (ASP-WC) are popular frameworks for modeling and solving search problems with optimization criteria. There is a solid understanding on how SAT relates to ASP. Yet, the question on how MaxSAT relates to ASP-WC is not trivial. The answer to this question provides us with the means for cross fertilization between distinct subareas of automated reasoning. In this paper, we propose a weighted abstract modular framework that allows us to (i) capture MaxSAT and ASP-WC and (ii) state the exact link between these distinct paradigms. These findings translate, for instance, into the immediate possibility of utilizing MaxSAT solvers for finding solutions to ASP-WC programs.

Roots and routes are perennial challenges and invitations of humanity and this volume explores many dimensions of these challenges as they relate to construction and production of identity, ethnicity and social creativity. In his introduction to the volume, Ananta Kumar Giri discusses all the chapters in the volume and argues how these different narrations of the human condition urge us to find creative ways of cross-fertilization of roots rather than be locked in wars among roots and between roots and routes.

This chapter looks at how diffusion, reception, and transplantation offer a window into change promoted by legal transfers. Legal systems interact and such contact may sometimes trigger reforms. Analyzing these cross-fertilization processes allows one to understand mechanisms that destabilize legal systems, identify which actors play a role in the process, and compare and contrast how each system reacts to novel legal arrangements. But there are important disciplinary divides in the use of these concepts. The chapter thus illustrates how comparative administrative law, as a nascent field, has resorted to these concepts without any systematic reflection on whether and how to use them. It calls for a clear determination of the boundaries and goals of comparative administrative law, as this could help scholars assess the suitability of these conceptual tools.

The recent pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2, the last isolated human betacoronavirus, has revolutionized modern knowledge of the pathogenesis of viral pneumonia. The lack of specific antiviral drugs and the need to develop adequate research for new antiviral drugs capable of treating this new form of the disease undertook three different research paths quickly. The first one is aimed to test antiviral molecules already present in therapeutic use, with a mechanism of action directed towards viral proteins functional to replication or adsorption; the second one, it is the repositioning of molecules with known pharmacological activity for which various chemistry studies have been prepared in an attempt to find new and specific viral targets; the third, it is the search for molecules of natural origin for which to demonstrate a specific anti-coronavirus activity. Many databases of natural and synthetic substances have been used for the identification of potent inhibitors of various viral targets. The field of computer-aided drug design seems to be promising and useful for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors; hence, different structure- and ligand- based computational approaches have been used for their identification. This review analyzes in-depth and critically the most recent publications in the field of applied computational chemistry to find out molecules of natural origin with potent antiviral activity. Furthermore, a critical and functional selection of some molecules with the best hypothetical anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity is made for further studies by biological tests.

This chapter analyses salient phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features in the fully fledged Israeli language. It illustrates the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of Israeli. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics, or productivity. The chapter demonstrates the ubiquitous multiple causation in Israeli and that the revival of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character.

Cannabis (Cannabaceae) is one of the oldest cultivated plants for fiber, food and medicine. The plant has been reported to contain over 560 different compounds belonging to a diverse group of chemical classes, the most important of which is the cannabinoids. There are 120 cannabinoids reported so far. Among the cannabinoids, D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two major compounds with very different pharmacological profile and a tremendous therapeutic potential. Due to its medicinal properties, cannabis has gained a lot of popularity in the last few decades. However, there are many challenges in bringing cannabis from grow-farms to pharmaceuticals. Among many, one important challenge is to maintain the supply chain of biomass, which is consistent in its cannabinoids profile. Cannabis is a wind-pollinated species which is highly allogamous (cross fertilization) in nature. If grown from seeds, it is very difficult to maintain the consistency in cannabinoid profile of produced biomass. A high degree of plant to plant variation in the cannabinoid profile is also observed. The problem becomes worse when more than one variety are grown together. To avoid this process, male plants are removed from growing fields as they appear. Even with that practice, still there are fair chances of cross fertilization. Therefore, controlled indoor cultivation for screening, selection of high yielding female plants based on their cannabinoids profile and their conservation and multiplication using vegetative propagation and/or micropropagation is a suitable path to ensure consistency in biomass material. In this chapter, the botany and propagation of elite cannabis varieties will be discussed.

As the purpose of this panel is to explore the critical need for embedding international legal instruments within paradigms provided by disaster risk reduction (DRR), the area of international cultural heritage law could be a significant test-case in this regard. First, as experienced by several other branches of international law, it is possible to recognize an increasing attention paid by relevant specialized institutions, in this case the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), to challenges posed by DRR, and finally permitting to: (1) integrate DRR concerns in the institutional and lawmaking agenda of this international organization, in order to inform and guide activities to be carried out by member states who face threats posed by disasters against their cultural heritage; and (2) provide an evolutionary and contextual interpretation of the existing commitments in this area in light of DRR paradigms. Second, a cross-fertilization phenomenon could also be recognized, as for the emerging recognition of cultural concerns in the same DRR system, through a process which has subsequently permitted UNESCO to additionally foster action in this area.

International audience

Summary Adaptive designs involve preplanned rules for modifying an on-going study based on accruing data. We compare the goals and methods of adaptation for trials and surveys, identify similarities and differences, and make recommendations for what types of adaptive approaches from one domain have high potential to be useful in the other. For example, clinical trials could benefit from recently developed survey methods for monitoring which groups have low response rates and intervening to fix this. Clinical trials may also benefit from more formal identification of the target population, and from using paradata (contextual information collected before or during the collection of actual outcomes) to predict participant compliance and retention and then to intervene to improve these. Surveys could benefit from stopping rules based on information monitoring, applying techniques from sequential multiple-assignment randomized trial designs to improve response rates, prespecifying a formal adaptation protocol and including a data monitoring committee. We conclude with a discussion of the additional information, infrastructure and statistical analysis methods that are needed when conducting adaptive designs, as well as benefits and risks of adaptation.

In this empirical study, we have analysed three innovation management strategies that could be influencing the process of cross-fertilization of KETs (Key Enabling Technologies), currently being fostered by European initiatives. To do so, we have interviewed Nanotechnology-related project leaders participating in Horizon 2020. Results from a MCA (Multiple Correspondence Analysis) have shown that higher levels of cross-fertilization of KETs are associated with customer/market-oriented projects developed in informal networks characterized by a moderately heterogeneous knowledge, with a high level of involvement in nanotechnologies. With these outcomes, we argue that absorptive capacities and dynamic capabilities of organizations are decisive in a technologically convergent approach, lead by open innovation strategies.

While most scholars tend to agree that it is worthwhile for firms to strive for ambidexterity, less consensus exists on how to organize simultaneously for exploration and exploitation. Although firms increasingly conduct R&D activities in multiple locations and countries, prior ambidexterity research has ignored a geographical dimension in explaining the ambidexterity-performance relationship. In this paper, we develop and validate the concept of spatial ambidexterity, which we define as the degree to which firms pursue technology exploration and exploitation in proximate locations. We argue that both activities benefit from proximity as firms will increase their ability to enact cross-fertilization opportunities and synergies between explorative and exploitative technological activities. Relying on a panel dataset (1995-2003) of the technological activities of 156 large R&D intensive European, U.S. and Japanese firms, we examine the degree to which technology exploration and exploitation activities are pursued simultaneously in similar or different geographical regions. Patent data are used to construct indicators of technology exploration and exploitation activities. Spatial ambidexterity is measured as the degree to which global technology exploration and exploitation activities are pursued in proximity. Our analysis confirms that firms exhibiting greater geographic proximity between technology exploration and exploitation activities display an elevated level of technological performance. Both technology activities of an explorative and exploitative nature appear to benefit from spatial proximity.

The paper describes a technology for cross-fertilization of berry bushes with simultaneous treatment of the space between the rows and technical equipment for its implementation, developed by ITSA – branch of FSAC VIM. The developed combined unit serves to the implementation of the technology for soil tillage with a disk harrow with adjustable working width in the space between the rows of the berry bushes under treatment, and it is able to carry out subsurface band root treatment with liquid fertilizers and foliage spraying of the bushes simultaneously and (or) separately.

Software engineering is related to a set of disciplines both inside and outside computing. One of the aspects to consider in the development of a discipline is cross fertilization. In this paper, author reviews the cross fertilization produced by related disciplines in Software Engineering. The influences come from Computer Engineering and Computer Science inside computing outside this field quality and project management, naming just a few of them. More in particular by focusing on specific technologies, author will overview bidirectional relationships between two of the most promising technologies nowadays namely: blockchain and machine learning.

Over recent decades large amounts of data about our Planet have become available. If this information could be easily discoverable, accessible and properly exploited, preserved and shared, it would potentially represent a wealth of information for a whole spectrum of stakeholders: from scientists and researchers to the highest level of decision and policy makers. By creating a Virtual Research Environment (VRE) using a service oriented architecture (SOA) tailored to the needs of Earth Science (ES) communities, the EVER-EST ( http://ever-est.eu ) project provides a range of both generic and domain specific data analysis and management services to support a dynamic approach to collaborative research. EVER-EST provides the means to overcome existing barriers to sharing of Earth Science data and information allowing research teams to discover, access, share and process heterogeneous data, algorithms, results and experiences within and across their communities, including those domains beyond Earth Science. The main objective of this paper is to present the EVER-EST platform in all its components describing the most relevant use cases implemented by the Virtual Research Communities (VRCs) involved in the project.

In contrast to the United Nations Human Rights Committee, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has not yet found that a prohibition of abortion in cases of fatal foetal abnormality violates the prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. We argue that the ECtHR is on the verge of aligning itself with the Committee because, first, recent ECtHR jurisprudence is broadening its interpretation of rights within the abortion context; second, the ECtHR frequently uses international law as an interpretative tool; and, third, moving in the direction of the Committee would not be as controversial as it may have been in the past. More broadly, we view the proliferation of international and regional human rights' treaty regimes as a positive aspect of international human rights law and demonstrate how a body established to adjudicate on human rights disputes can, with some ingenuity, broaden its approach on sensitive topics by engaging with views of other human rights courts and treaty monitoring bodies.