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This study was designed to seek the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and toxicity potentials of methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of aerial and root parts of Crotalaria burhia. Total bioactive content, high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) polyphenolic quantification, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis were utilized to evaluate the phytochemical composition. Antioxidant [including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH)], 2,20-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation assays] and enzyme inhibition [against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a-glucosidase, a-amylase, and tyrosinase] assays were carried out for biological evaluation. The cytotoxicity was tested against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cell lines. The root-methanol extract contained the highest levels of phenolics (37.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and flavonoids (83.0 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract) contents, and was also the most active for DPPH (50.04 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) and CUPRAC (139.96 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) antioxidant assays. Likewise, the aerial-methanol extract exhibited maximum activity for ABTS (94.05 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) and FRAP (64.23 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) assays. The aerial-DCM extract was noted to be a convincing cholinesterase (AChE; 4.01 and BChE; 4.28 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract), and a-glucosidase inhibitor (1.92 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). All of the extracts exhibited weak to modest toxicity against the tested cell lines. A considerable quantities of gallic acid, catechin, 4-OH benzoic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, 3-OH-4-MeO benzaldehyde, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, rutin, naringenin, and carvacrol were quantified via HPLC-PDA analysis. UHPLC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts from roots and aerial parts revealed the tentative identification of important phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, and glycoside derivatives. To conclude, this plant could be considered a promising source of origin for bioactive compounds with several therapeutic uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to seek the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and toxicity potentials of methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of aerial and root parts of Crotalaria burhia. Total bioactive content, high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) polyphenolic quantification, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis were utilized to evaluate the phytochemical composition. Antioxidant [including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH)], 2,2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation assays] and enzyme inhibition [against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and tyrosinase] assays were carried out for biological evaluation. The cytotoxicity was tested against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cell lines. The root-methanol extract contained the highest levels of phenolics (37.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and flavonoids (83.0 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract) contents, and was also the most active for DPPH (50.04 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) and CUPRAC (139.96 mg Trolox equivalent /g extract) antioxidant assays. Likewise, the aerial-methanol extract exhibited maximum activity for ABTS (94.05 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) and FRAP (64.23 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) assays. The aerial-DCM extract was noted to be a convincing cholinesterase (AChE; 4.01 and BChE; 4.28 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract), and α-glucosidase inhibitor (1.92 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). All of the extracts exhibited weak to modest toxicity against the tested cell lines. A considerable quantities of gallic acid, catechin, 4-OH benzoic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, 3-OH-4-MeO benzaldehyde, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, rutin, naringenin, and carvacrol were quantified via HPLC-PDA analysis. UHPLC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts from roots and aerial parts revealed the tentative identification of important phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, and glycoside derivatives. To conclude, this plant could be considered a promising source of origin for bioactive compounds with several therapeutic uses.

Crotalaria burhia (Family: Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant widely distributed in arid parts of the world, including Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan. This plant has enormous ethnobotanical values and is used to treat various common ailments such as swelling, infections, cancer, hydrophobia, pain and skin diseases. Moreover, it is also utilised as food for goats, to make sheds for animals and as a suitable soil binder. This review article is an attempt to analyse critically and to provide updated and categorised information about C. burhia including comprehensive knowledge of the botanical description, traditional/folklore uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological/biological potential, and to facilitate scientific basis for future work. The phytochemical studies (qualitative and quantitative) on C. burhia have indicated the presence of important phytochemical classes, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, phenolics, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. Pharmacological studies such as anti-inflammatory/analgesic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-tumour, anti-nociceptive, enzyme inhibition, and termiticidal activities were reported from different parts of this plant. Most of the bioassays from this plant have been done on the crude extract. Minimal information about the phytochemicals (responsible for biological activities), except a few compounds has been reported. The potential chemical compounds may need to be purified and tested for the biological potential from isolated compounds in future.

ABSTRACT: Dry land plants owing to their capability to grow under stressful environment have shown higher allelopathic potential as compared to cultivated plants. An experiment was conducted to investigate the herbicidal potential of aqueous extracts of four dry land plants viz. fruit and vine of Citrullus colocynthis, and above ground parts of Rhazya stricta; Crotalaria burhia and Calligonum polygonoides, with four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of initially prepared extracts against Lathyrus aphaca, a common weed of wheat in the studied region. These plants were collected from dry land area (30.03° N and 70.38° E, 129 m above sea level, almost desert conditions) of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. All the four plants exhibited pronounced herbicidal potential with 9 to 91% suppression of different parameters in L. aphaca). Maximum inhibition was recorded in germination (36-91%). Significant suppression in leaf count (9-65%), shoot length (12-59%), root length (4-62%), shoot fresh weight (17-71%), root fresh weight (10-60%), shoot dry weight (15-72%), root dry weight (13-64%), and nodule numbers (34-89%) was also observed. The highest inhibition was exhibited by R. stricta followed by C. colocynthis: fruit. However, in case of nodulation maximum suppression was produced by C. burhia extract. Least suppressant activity was observed for the C. polygonides extract. These results encourage the potential use of locally available dry land plants possessing strong allelochemical properties for nonchemical control of weeds ultimately reducing reliance on chemical control.

Purpose: To examine 70% aqueous-methanol crude extract of Crotalaria burhia (Cb.Cr) for its hypotensive and diuretic effects. Methods: The effect of intravenous administration of Cb.Cr on blood pressure (BP) of normotensive anesthetized rats was studied. In vitro experiments on rabbit isolated aortic and atrial preparations were performed to elucidate the mechanism of action. The diuretic effect was assessed following oral administration of Cb.Cr in rats. Results: Intravenous administration of Cb.Cr produced 14.70 ± 1.21, 22.00 ± 2.24 and 36.21 ± 2.65% reduction in mean arterial blood pressure of the rats at doses of 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. It was more potent in relaxing potassium (80 mM)- than phenylephrine (1 µM)-induced contractions in isolated aorta of rabbit with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.58 ± 0.03 and 1.58 ± 0.16 mg/mL, respectively, which are similar to verapamil. The extract showed depressant effects on spontaneously beating atrial preparations of rabbit in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Cb.Cr also increased urine volume and urinary electrolyte excretion in rats. Conclusion: Crotalaria burhia crude extract exhibits hypotensive and diuretic effects in rats. The hypotensive activity of the extract possibly involves vasodilator, cardio-depressant, calcium channel blocking and diuretic actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory studies were carried out at bioassay lab, Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Gurgaon to incur the repellent efficacy of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham and Anacardium occidentale L. against Odontotermes obesus (Rambur). Aqueous root extracts of C.burhia at different concentrations, viz. 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% and powdered leaf dusts of A. occidentale at 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% concentrations were prepared and tested for their repellent action against O. obesus, Chlorpyrifos 20% EC was maintained as standard check. An area of preference test described by Landani et al. (1955) and Mc Donald et al. (1970) was followed and the results unveiled that root extracts of C. burhia at concentration of 10% and 20% gave a mean repellency of 66.66% and 70%, whereas 5% and 7.5% powdered leaf dust of A. occidentale gave a mean repellent efficacy of 56.66% and 60%. The lower doses of C. burhia and A. occidentale were not much effective in repelling away O. obesus. The standard check chlorpyrifos 20% EC resulted in 96.66 % and 100% repellency in both the studies. Thus higher doses of root extracts of C. burhia and powdered leaf dust of A. occidentale can be further tested for their repellent efficacy in field against O. obesus and can be included in IPM for termites, as botanicals in IPM are gaining accent as they are environmentally safe.

Background: Roots of medicinal plants are common ingredients in many folk and herbal medicines system to treat inflammation. The detailed study on C. burhia root was lacking to support their anti-inflammatory potential. Henceforth, present investigation was carried out to establish scientific basis for the traditional uses of Crotalaria buriha root as antiinflammatory agent. Aims & Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of four fractions of ethanolic extract of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham. root in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity of four fractions of ethanolic extract of Crotalaria burhia root (EtCB) was evaluated by Carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellets induced granuloma in rats. Animals were divided into eight groups (n=6), in which two control groups (25% DMSO and ddH2O), two groups treated with anti-inflammatory drugs (Indomethacin: 10 mg/kg and Diclofenac: 25 mg/kg of body weight) and four fractions treated groups [Hexane (300 mg/kg of bodyweight in 25% DMSO), chloroform (300 mg/kg body weight in 25% DMSO), ethyl acetate (300 mg/kg body weight in 25% DMSO) and aqueous (300 mg/kg of bodyweight in ddH2O)] were treated with oral intubations. Acute antiinflammatory response was evaluated by measuring paw volume at different time intervals after treatment of test and standard drug. Chronic anti-inflammatory response was evaluated after administration of test and standard treatment for seven consecutive days. On day eighth, four sterile cotton pellets (50 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of the rats. On the day 16th, the rats were sacrificed and the cotton pellets with granulomatous tissue were taken out, fresh and dry pellets were weighed. Liver tissues was also excised and stored in 0.9% saline at - 20 °C for biochemical analysis. Results: In acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity hexane (HF), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and aqueous (AF) of EtCB were shown significant (p<0.05 & p<0.01) antiinflammatory activity when compared to respective control group. However, AF had shown negligible anti-inflammatory activity. Interestingly, EAF was founded more effective than HF and CF in this paradigm. Acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity of fractions was comparable with positive standard. Conclusion: The results of present study revealed promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of EAF. Thus, results indicate that the superiority in anti-inflammatory activity of EAF was largely due to its ability to modulate In vivo antioxidant parameters. The results presented here are the first pharmacological studies of EAF of EtCB as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]