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Los accidentes ofídicos son un problema de salud pública en nuestro país, considerando su estrecha relación con la actividad agrícola, principal fuente de ingreso. El objetivo es determinar la prevalencia de los accidentes ofídicos, por sexo, por edades, lugar del accidente, distribución por meses, localización anatómica más frecuente de la picadura, tipo de serpientes responsable, en todas las regiones Sanitarias del País durante el año 2004, mortalidad y letalidad general en dicho periodo. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo dónde se analizaron datos recolectados de fichas epidemiológicas de pacientes con antecedentes de accidentes ofídicos de todo el país en el año 2004. Se registraron 357 casos de accidentes ofídicos, con una tasa de incidencia de 6,2 casos por 100.000 habitantes, con predominio en el sexo masculino (73%), en edades comprendidas entre 10 y 59 años(62%), realizaban en su mayoría labores agrícolas (54%), la mayor frecuencia se observó entre los meses de marzo y abril (30%). La región con mayor frecuencia de accidentes ofídicos fue Concepción con 35,9 casos por 100.000 habitantes y Asunción la más baja 1,1 por 100.000 habitantes. El género Bothrops sp. fue el responsable del 92% de los casos, el género Crotalus sp. del 7% de los casos y otras especies 1%. Se registró una letalidad del 1,8%. Con este estudio se a podido identificar el perfil epidemiológico de los accidentes ofídicos en todo el país identificados por Regiones Sanitarias.

Descrevem-se os quadros clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais de equinos inoculados experimentalmente com a peçonha de Caudisona durissa terrificus (Crotalus durissus terrificus na antiga nomenclatura), com a finalidade de fornecer subsídios que favoreçam a compreensão desse tipo de acidente ofídico em equinos. O veneno liofilizado foi diluído em 1ml de solução salina a 0,9% e inoculado por via subcutânea em cinco equinos, nas doses de 0,12mg/kg (um animal), 0,066mg/kg (dois animais) e 0,03mg/kg (dois animais). O veneno causou a morte do equino que recebeu a dose de 0,12mg/kg e de um dos dois que receberam a dose de 0,066mg/kg, com evolução de 27h27min e 52h29min, respectivamente. O segundo animal que recebeu a dose de 0,066mg/kg também adoeceu, mas recuperou-se após 12 dias da inoculação. A dose de 0,03mg/kg determinou quadros não fatais do envenenamento, com período de evolução que variou entre 6 e 10 dias. O quadro clínico caracterizou-se por considerável aumento de volume no local de inoculação (escápula) que se estendeu por todo o membro, apatia e cabeça baixa, alterações locomotoras evidenciadas pelo arrastar das pinças no solo, decúbito e dificuldade para levantar, redução dos reflexos auricular, palatal, do lábio superior e de ameaça, e aumento das frequências cardíaca e respiratória. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram leucocitose por neutrofilia e linfocitose em apenas dois animais. Houve aumento das enzimas creatina quinase (CK), dehidrogenase láctica (DHL) e da ureia, e também redução nos níveis séricos de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio. O tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) aumentou nos equinos que morreram. Os achados de necropsia foram edema do tecido subcutâneo em todo o membro em que foi aplicado o veneno, sufusões no epicárdio dos ventrículos cardíacos esquerdo e direito, e bexiga com áreas hemorrágicas em grande parte da mucosa. Ao exame histopatológico observaram-se fígado com moderada vacuolização difusa, afetando mais a zona intermediária do lóbulo hepático, leve dilatação dos sinusoides hepáticos em algumas áreas e rim com leve dilatação dos túbulos uriníferos, principalmente no córtex. The clinic-pathological picture and laboratory findings in horses experimentally inoculated with the venom of Caudisona durissa terrificus (Crotalus durissus terrificus, according to the former nomenclature) are described. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the understanding of this type of snake accident in horses. The lyophilized venom was diluted into 1ml of a 0.9% saline solution and was inoculated subcutaneously into five horses, at the doses of 0.12mg/kg (one horse), 0.066mg/kg (two horses) and 0.03mg/kg (two horses). The venom caused death of the horse that had received 0.12mg/kg, and of one horse of the two that had received the dose of 0.066mg/kg. The clinical course varied from 27h27min to 52h29min. The second horse inoculated with 0.066mg/kg recovered within 12 days after inoculation. The dose of 0.03mg/kg had a course of 6 to 10 days, but did not cause fatal envenomation. The clinical picture in the horses was characterized by swelling of the inoculation site (shoulder) that spread to the whole leg, by apathy and lowered head, locomotory alterations shown by dragging of the hoves on the ground, decubitus and difficulty to get up, reduction of auricular, palatal, upperlip and threat reflexes, and increase of heart and breathing frequency. The laboratory examination revealed leukocytosis and lymphocytosis in two horses. There was increase of the creatine-kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (DHL) and urea, and reduction in the seric levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. The activated partial tromboplastina time (TTPA) increased in the horses that died. Postmortem findings were edema of the subcutaneous tissue of the whole leg into which the venom was inoculated, suffusions in the epicard of left and right heart ventricles, and bladder with hemorrhagic areas in its mucosa. Histopatologic examination revealed the liver parenchyma with diffuse moderate vacuolation affecting predominantly the intermediate area of the hepatic lobe, and slight dilation of the sinusoides in some areas, and slight dilation of the kidney tubules mainly in the cortex.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y laboratoriales de los accidentes por mordeduras de serpientes en niños y adultos hospitalizados en Instituto de Medicina Tropical en el periodo de enero del 2009 al febrero del 2010. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, de corte transverso de pacientes hospitalizados en el Instituto de Medicina tropical entre enero de 2009 y febrero de 2010 con mordeduras de serpientes. Resultados: De un total de 126 casos de accidentes ofídicos. El sexo masculino presentó mayor prevalencia 71,4% (90/126), en edades comprendida entre 10-19 años con un 23,3% (29/126). Los casos más frecuentes en el 2009 se observaron en el mes de febrero 16% (20/126), y en el 2010 en el mes de enero 14% (14/126).Lo que difiere con el estudio de Vera, Páez y Gamarra de Cáceres, Paraguay que se encontró que los meses con más incidencia de accidentes ofídicos es marzo y abril.8 Respecto a la región sanitaria el departamento que presentó mayor casos fue Cordillera con un 26,2% (33/126). El género Bothrops sp., fue responsable de la mayor frecuencia de accidentes. Las manifestaciones clínicas locales más comunes fueron: 37% (45/126) Edema y 28%(37/126) dolor. Las complicaciones más evidentes fueron 33% (8/24) insuficiencia renal aguda, 29% (7/22) anemia, 13% (3/24) Coagulación Intravascular diseminada, 13% (3/24) Necrosis, 8% (2/24) Celulitis y 4% (1/24) Abscesos. En cuanto a los datos laboratoriales, se observó que el 75% (95/126) de los valores de Tiempo Protrombina estaban disminuido, 59% (74/126) el Tiempo Parcial de Protrombina aumentado y el 64% (81/126) Fibrinógeno disminuido. En tanto que, el 70,6% (89/126) de la Urea y 54,5% (67/123) de la Creatinina se encontró dentro de los valores normale The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory of the snakebite accidents in children and adults of both genders who were hospitalized in the Institute of Tropical Medicine in the period January 2009 to February 2010.Materiales Methods: Retrospective, observational, transverse section. Results and Conclusion: From a total of 126 cases of snakebite accidents. The males had higher prevalence 71.4% (90/126), aged between 10-19 years to 23.3% (29/126). The most frequent cases in 2009 February was 16% (20/126) and 2010 January 14% (14/126). What differs with the study of Vera, Caceres Paez and Gamarra, Paraguay it was found that the months with the highest incidence of snakebite accidents is March and abril. 8 regard to the health region the department with more cases was Cordillera with 26.2% (33/126). The genus Bothrops sp. was responsible for the increased frequency of accidents. The most common clinical manifestations were local: 37% (45% / 126) Edema and 28% (37/126) pain. The most obvious complications were 33% (8 / 24) acute renal failure, 29% (7 / 22) anemia, 13% (3 / 24) Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 13% (3 / 24) Necrosis, 8% (2 / 24) Cellulite and 4% (1 / 24) abscesses. Regarding laboratory data, we observed that 75% (95/126) of prothrombin time values were decreased 59% (74/126) Partial Prothrombin Time increased to 64% (81/126) Fibrinogen decreased. While, 70.6% (89/126) of urea and 54.5% (67/123) of creatinine was within normal limits

Fil: Zorzo, Liliana. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Fil: Ruiz, Raquel Mónica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Fil: Acosta, Ofelia Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Existen factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos que intervienen en la susceptibilidad de un individuo ante una intoxicación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer la influencia de factores individuales de ratas tratadas con diferentes dosis de veneno entero de Crotalusdurissus terrificus (Cdt) de Argentina, establecer relaciones entre síntomas, letalidad, sexo y edad de los animales tratados. Se trabajó con ratas Wistar adultos, juveniles, infantes y neonatos (machos y hembras), sometiéndolas a una intoxicación aguda con dosis de 500, 700 y 900 ug/kg de veneno. Se formaron grupos de 10 animales según edad, sexo y dosis utilizada; el periodo de exposición fue de 5 horas, durante el cual se observaron y registraron los signos y síntomas neurológicos. Para evaluar la relación entre los síntomas y la letalidad, los animales se agruparon en 3 categorías según los síntomas presentados. También se analizó el tiempo sobrevida y el tiempo de inicio de síntomas. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el veneno de Cdt causa alteraciones en la sinapsis neuromuscular, evidenciadas por la presencia de parestesia, paresia, parálisis posterior y total. Se observó una relación directa entre letalidad y dosis en infantes, juveniles y adultos; en neonatos no hubo diferencia entre las dosis, indicando una mayor susceptibilidad en dicho estadio. Los resultados del análisis de los grupos formados según síntomas presentes, evidenciaron una relación entre el tiempo de aparición de síntomas y la gravedad de la intoxicación, indicando que cuando más tardíos fueron los síntomas, aumentó la probabilidad de que el accidente sea leve. Inversamente, a medida que el tiempo disminuyó se constató mayor gravedad de los síntomas y aumento de letalidad. Los resultados evidencian una clara relación entre la gravedad de la intoxicación y el tipo y número de síntomas, así como el tiempo de aparición de los síntomas. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are involved in an individual susceptibility to envenoming. The aim of this work was to know the influence of individual factors in rats treated with different doses of whole venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) of Argentina, and to establish a relationship between neurological signs, lethality, sex and age. Adult, young, infant, and neonatal Wistar rats, males and females, were submitted to 500, 700 and 900 ug/kg of whole venom. Lots of 10 animals each were grouped according to age, sex, and dose. Exposition time to venom was 5 hours, during which rodents were observed and neurological signs became evident. Animals were grouped in 3 categories according to signs, to evaluate a possible relationship with lethality. Survival time as well as onset of signs, were considered. Results indicate that Cdt venom causes disturbances in the neuromuscular synapse, as evidenced by the presence of paresthesia, paresis, and paralysis. There was a direct relationship between lethality, dose, and the age of groups. It was demonstrated that infants are more susceptible to the venom. Analysis of the groups formed according to signs showed a relationship between the onset and the severity of poisoning: a late manifestation may indicate a less severe case, whereas an early onset suggests a severe envenoming. Our results show a clear relationship between the severity of poisoning with the type and number of signs and the beginning of them.

The Roosevelt Community Development Study (RCD) involved the testing and excavation of 27 sites in the Lower Tonto Basin of central Arizona. This is one of three related data recovery projects undertaken in the Tonto Basin for the Bureau of Reclamation prior to the raising of the Roosevelt Lake dam. The results of the RCD project are presented in four Anthropological Papers of the Center for Desert Archaeology: Anthropological Papers No. 12 is the research design; Anthropological Papers No. 13 (two volumes) contains background information and the site descriptions; Anthropological Papers No. 14 (three volumes) includes the artifact and environmental analyses; and Anthropological Papers No. 15 presents the synthesis and conclusions. The project was situated within the Tonto National Forest and covered a four-mile, continuous area along the north bank of the Salt River. Sites within the project area exhibited a great range of functional, temporal, and, possibly, cultural diversity. These included two sites with platform mounds (the Meddler Point and Pyramid Point sites); a 10Q-room masonry pueblo (the Griffin Wash site); smaller masonry compounds (e.g., the Porcupine site); and pithouse hamlets and farmsteads (e.g., the Hedge Apple and Eagle Ridge sites). Temporal components ranged from the Early Ceramic period (A.D. 100-600), at Locus B of the Eagle Ridge site, through the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350) of the Classic period. The Early Ceramic component of the Eagle Ridge site is now the earliest documented ceramic period site in the Tonto Basin and provides definitive evidence for an indigenous ceramic-using population. The project area was inhabited most intensively during the Roosevelt phase, when platform mounds, pueblo room blocks, and small masonry compounds were occupied. Architectural and artifact variability suggest the presence of several different cultural groups co-residing in the Tonto Basin at this time, and migration is believed to have been a significant process in Tonto Basin prehistory. The RCD project area was largely abandoned by A.D. 1325, prior to the large-scale aggregation that occurred during the Gila phase; very few Gila Polychrome sherds were recovered from project area sites. The mandate of the RCD project, as spedfied by the Bureau of Reclamation, was to investigate the temporal and developmental sequence of the prehistoric populations within this area. To meet these goals, six sites were intensively examined through full-scale excavation, and an extensive data set was gathered from the remaining 21 sites. The three volumes in Anthropological Papers No. 14 contain the artifact and environmental analyses. More than 150,000 artifacts were recovered from the RCD excavations. This volume (Volume 3) presents the paleobotanical and osteological data. Included are analyses of the pollen (Chapter 18), flotation (Chapter 19), faunal (Chapter 20), and mortuary (Chapter 21) assemblages. Data from the subsistence analyses are combined and synthesized in Chapter 22. Volume 1 of Anthropological Papers No. 14 presents the analyses of the chipped stone, ground stone, jewelry and personal ornament, and shell assemblages. The ceramic artifact assemblage is examined in Volume 2 More spedfic information on the individual sites and the project background can be found in Anthropological Papers No. 13. Anthropological Papers No. 15 integrates and synthesizes these data to provide a more inclusive view of the prehistoric occupation of the RCD project area and the Tonto Basin.

Under the sponsorship of the Bureau of Reclamation, the New Waddell Dam Borrow Areas Mitigative Data Recovery Project, more simply known as the Waddell Project, performed data recovery at 17 sites in the vicinity of Lake Pleasant, Arizona. Supplemental surveys conducted under the same contract added two sites to the inventory slated for investigation. The project area, composed of multiple survey areas, was spread across two drainages, the Agua Fria and New River, in what is considered the northern periphery of the prehistoric Hohokam culture. The sites studied included large agricultural fields, sometimes with associated surface masonry field houses; farmsteads with small numbers of pithouses; resource procurement and processing sites; and a single special-purpose crematory site. Research efforts were organized into three broad topic areas so that all project researchers, including specialists, could gear their investigations along the same lines. At the intra-drainage level, the focus was on the individual sites and their locations with respect to the physical environment and each other. Terminology employed for agricultural features and systems in the literature was reviewed and it was proposed that the use of terms be standardized. The topographic situation, source of water (e.g., river. wash, and/or runoff), and soil conditions were identified for the different agricultural systems investigated. The functions of the various agricultural feature types were assessed. It was found, for example, that linear rock alignments tend to slow the flow of water across the fields and/or direct the flow from one portion of a field to another. A model of the development of an agricultural system was employed that helps account for the functions of certain enigmatic features (i.e., field stones) and aspects of features (i.e., gaps between rocks in alignments). Contemporaneity of sites was difficult to establish as dating was less than satisfactory, but it was possible to discern differences between one early site (primarily Colonial period) and several later sites that appeared to form a late Sacaton-Soho phase community. At the inter-drainage level, a comparison of patterns at project sites in the two drainages was made to assess whether the drainages had been used by the same or different populations and whether specialization in subsistence resources had occurred as suggested by survey evidence. Results of ceramic and ground stone petrographic analyses as well as ethnobotanical analyses suggested the areas had been used by distinct populations and that although corn cultivation was universal, agave cultivation took place in the Agua Fria, but not the New River, drainage. Evidence also suggested that the New River study area had been used seasonally, whereas a strong case could be made for year-round occupation of the Agua Fria study area during the later time periods. At the inter-regional level, we studied how our sites fit with those surrounding them in the northern periphery and farther afield in both the Hohokam core area and northern Arizona. Differences found between the two study areas at the inter-drainage level were used to suggest that they had different focal sites. The Beardsley Canal site was identified as a prime candidate for the Agua Fria study area's focal site and AZ T:4:10 (ASM) was suggested as the hub for the New River study area. Little, if any, contact was indicated between sites in the New River study area investigated by ACS and those to the south examined earlier by Soil Systems Inc. Based on the decrease over time in the frequencies of artifacts of Hohokam derivation (i.e., buff ware ceramics, schist palettes, and shell artifacts), it was obvious that ties with the Hohokam core area decreased concomitant with an increase in exchange with northern Arizona populations. probably those in the Prescott area. Note that the volumes are included here as one file.