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Insulin-stimulated sodium transport across A6 cell (derived from amphibian distal nephron) monolayers involves the activation of a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. We previously demonstrated that exogenous addition of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] to the incubation medium of A6 cell monolayers provokes an increase in PI 3-kinase activity and a subsequent rise in sodium transport (Markadieu N, Crutzen R, Blero D, Erneux C, Beauwens R. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288: F1201-F1212, 2005). We therefore questioned whether insulin would produce an intracellular burst of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] leading to PI 3-kinase activation and subsequent increase in sodium transport. An acute production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A6 cells incubated with the oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe 5,6-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was already detected after 2 min of insulin stimulation. This fluorescent signal and the increase in sodium transport were completely inhibited in monolayers incubated with peggylated catalase, indicating that [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] is the main intracellular ROS produced upon insulin stimulation. Similarly, preincubation of monolayers with different chelators of either superoxide ([O.sup.*.sub.2]; nitro blue tetrazolium, 100 [micro]M) or[H.sub.2][O.sub.2] (50 [micro]M ebselen), or blockers of NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes (diphenyleneiodonium, 5 [micro]M; phenylarsine oxide, 1 [micro]M and plumbagin, 30 [micro]M) prevented both insulin-stimulated [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] production and insulin-stimulated sodium transport. Furthermore, diphenyleneiodonium pretreatment inhibited the recruitment of the p85 PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit in an anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitate in insulin-stimulated cells. In contrast, PI-103, an inhibitor of class IA PI 3-kinase, inhibited insulin-stimulated sodium transport but did not significantly reduce insulin-stimulated [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] production. Taken together, our data suggest that insulin induces an acute burst of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] production which participates in an increase in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate production and subsequently stimulation of sodium transport. ENaC;[H.sub.2][O.sub.2] ; ROS; dichlorodihydrofluorescein; PI 3-kinase

Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is required for insulin stimulation of sodium transport in A6 cell monolayers. In this study, we investigate whether stimulation of the PI 3-kinase by other agents also provoked an increase in sodium transport. Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] provoked a rise in sodium transport that was inhibited by LY-294002, an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase activity. PI 3-kinase activity was estimated in extracts from A6 cell monolayers directly by performance of a PI 3-kinase assay. We also estimated the relative importance of the PI 3-kinase pathway by two different methods: 1) coprecipitation of the p85 regulatory subunit with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies and 2) phosphorylation of PKB on both Ser 473 and Thr 308 residues observed by Western blotting. Since the mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has also been implicated in the regulation of sodium transport, we also investigated whether this pathway is turned on by insulin, [H.sub.2][O.sub.2], or EGF. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was increased only transiently by insulin and [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] but quite sustainedly by EGF. Inhibitors of this pathway (U-0126 and PD-98059) failed to affect the insulin and [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] stimulation of sodium transport but increased substantially the stimulation induced by EGF. The latter effect was associated with an increase in PKB phosphorylation, thus suggesting that the stimulation of the MAPK pathway prevents, in part, the stimulation of the PI 3-kinase pathway in the transport of sodium stimulated by EGF. epithelial sodium channels; mitogen-activated protein kinase

The nucleophilic cleavage reactions of unsymmetrical disilanes were analyzed during the nucleophilic Si, Si bond cleavage reactions of a series of 12 phenyl-substituted arylpentamethyldisilanes in Still's conditions. Nucleophilic cleavage of the phenyl-substituted disilanes was affected by the electrophilic character and steric hindrance produced by the silicon atom. Furthermore, the reaction was characterized by Si-aryl bond cleavage that led to the formation of aryl anions.