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Marianne Rodrigues Fernandes,1,2 Juliana Carla Gomes Rodrigues,1 Olalla Maroñas,3 Ana Latorre-Pellicer,3,4 Raquel Cruz,5 João Farias Guerreiro,6 Rommel Mario Rodriguez Burbano,1,2 Paulo Pimentel de Assumpção,1 Andrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos,1,6 Sidney Emanuel Batista dos Santos,1,6 Angel Carracedo,3,5,7 Ney Pereira Carneiro dos Santos1 1Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil; 2Departamento de ensino e pesquisa, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém, Pará, Brazil; 3Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN-PRB3), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España; 4Unidad de Genética Clínica y Genómica Funcional, Departamento de Farmacología-Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS-Aragón, E-50009 Zaragoza, España; 5Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Grupo de Medicina Genómica, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España; 6Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil; 7Fundación Pública de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, EspañaCorrespondence: Ney Pereira Carneiro dos SantosHospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, 2º Floor of the Unidade de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia. Av. Mundurucus, 4487, Guamá, Belém 66073-005, PA, BrazilTel +55 (91) 99113-9221Email npcsantos.ufpa@gmail.comIntroduction: The genetic admixture of the Brazilian population has considerable relevance to the implementation of the principles of pharmacogenomics (PGx), as it may compromise the extrapolation of data obtained in more homogeneous world populations.Purpose: This study aims to investigate a panel of 117 polymorphisms in 35 pharmacogenes, which contains label recommendations or clinical evidence by international drug regulatory agencies, in Amazonian Native American populations, and compare the results obtained with continental population data from the 1000 Genomes Project Consortium.Patients and Methods: The study population is composed of 109 Native American individuals from three Brazilian Amazon groups. The genotyping of the PGx polymorphisms was performed by allelic discrimination using TaqMan® OpenArray Genotyping with a panel of 120 customized assays on the QuantStudio™ 12K Flex Real-Time PCR System.Results: Statistical differences within the Native American populations were observed regarding both genotypes and phenotypes of some genes of the CYP family. The discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPCs) between the NAM group and the continental populations of the 1000 Genomes Project resulted in the clustering of the three Native American populations. Additionally, in general, the NAM group was determined to be closely situated between East Asia, America, and South Asia groups, which enabled us to infer a genetic similarity between these populations. The DAPC analysis further demonstrated that eight polymorphisms and six polymorphisms were more relevant in differentiating the NAM from the continental populations and the NAM populations among themselves, respectively.Conclusion: Some investigated polymorphisms show differences among world populations, particularly with populations of European origin, for whom precision medicine protocols are primarily designed. The accumulated knowledge regarding these variations may assist in the design of specific protocols for Native American populations and populations admixed with them.Keywords: Native Americans, pharmacogenomics, polymorphisms, population, genetic admixture, Brazil

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) completed its 5 month Survey Validation in 2021 May. Spectra of stellar and extragalactic targets from Survey Validation constitute the first major data sample from the DESI survey. This paper describes the public release of those spectra, the catalogs of derived properties, and the intermediate data products. In total, the public release includes good-quality spectral information from 466,447 objects targeted as part of the Milky Way Survey, 428,758 as part of the Bright Galaxy Survey, 227,318 as part of the Luminous Red Galaxy sample, 437,664 as part of the Emission Line Galaxy sample, and 76,079 as part of the Quasar sample. In addition, the release includes spectral information from 137,148 objects that expand the scope beyond the primary samples as part of a series of secondary programs. Here, we describe the spectral data, data quality, data products, Large-Scale Structure science catalogs, access to the data, and references that provide relevant background to using these spectra.

Introducción: el vegetarianismo se encuentra en un momento histórico de expansión, proponiendo otras formas de alimentarse y un nuevo tipo de gastronomía en auge que requieren un monitoreo técnico para evaluar su impacto nutricional. Objetivo: caracterizar la estructura y evaluar cualitativamente la calidad de la dieta vegetariana de adultos venezolanos. Material y métodos: se evaluó el consumo de 224 personas (veganos n=29, vegetarianos n=74, flexitarianos n=121) usando la técnica combinada de R24H y FCCA, con el fin de comparar cualitativamente su patrón dietético con la guía de alimentación oficial para la población venezolana. Resultados: solo el grupo de vegetarianos logró ajustarse adecuadamente a la guía en cuanto a la armonía y proporcionalidad necesaria para alcanzar una alimentación equilibrada. Conclusión: una dieta vegetariana bien orientada puede brindar la posibilidad real de acceder a todos los grupos de alimentos necesarios para estructurar una dieta balanceada.

The 1D power spectrum P1D of the Ly α forest provides important information about cosmological and astrophysical parameters, including constraints on warm dark matter models, the sum of the masses of the three neutrino species, and the thermal state of the intergalactic medium. We present the first measurement of P1D with the quadratic maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE) from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey early data sample. This early sample of 54 600 quasars is already comparable in size to the largest previous studies, and we conduct a thorough investigation of numerous instrumental and analysis systematic errors to evaluate their impact on DESI data with QMLE. We demonstrate the excellent performance of the spectroscopic pipeline noise estimation and the impressive accuracy of the spectrograph resolution matrix with 2D image simulations of raw DESI images that we processed with the DESI spectroscopic pipeline. We also study metal line contamination and noise calibration systematics with quasar spectra on the red side of the Ly α emission line. In a companion paper, we present a similar analysis based on the Fast Fourier Transform estimate of the power spectrum. We conclude with a comparison of these two approaches and discuss the key sources of systematic error that we need to address with the upcoming DESI Year 1 analysis.

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) was designed to conduct a survey covering 14,000 deg2 over 5 yr to constrain the cosmic expansion history through precise measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). The scientific program for DESI was evaluated during a 5 month survey validation (SV) campaign before beginning full operations. This program produced deep spectra of tens of thousands of objects from each of the stellar Milky Way Survey (MWS), Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS), luminous red galaxy (LRG), emission line galaxy (ELG), and quasar target classes. These SV spectra were used to optimize redshift distributions, characterize exposure times, determine calibration procedures, and assess observational overheads for the 5 yr program. In this paper, we present the final target selection algorithms, redshift distributions, and projected cosmology constraints resulting from those studies. We also present a One-Percent Survey conducted at the conclusion of SV covering 140 deg2 using the final target selection algorithms with exposures of a depth typical of the main survey. The SV indicates that DESI will be able to complete the full 14,000 deg2 program with spectroscopically confirmed targets from the MWS, BGS, LRG, ELG, and quasar programs with total sample sizes of 7.2, 13.8, 7.46, 15.7, and 2.87 million, respectively. These samples will allow exploration of the Milky Way halo, clustering on all scales, and BAO measurements with a statistical precision of 0.28% over the redshift interval z < 1.1, 0.39% over the redshift interval 1.1 < z < 1.9, and 0.46% over the redshift interval 1.9 < z < 3.5.

Given the extensive use of fluorination in molecular design, it is imperative to understand the solvation properties of fluorinated compounds and the impact of the C–F bond on electrostatic interactions. Vibrational spectroscopy can provide direct insights into these interactions by using the C–F bond stretching [v(C–F)] as an electric field probe through the vibrational Stark effect (VSE). In this work, we explore the VSE of the three basic patterns of aliphatic fluorination, i.e., mono-, di-, and trifluorination in CF, CF2, and CF3 groups, respectively, and compare their response to the well-studied aromatic v(C–F). Magnitudes (i.e., Stark tuning rates) and orientations of the difference dipole vectors of the v(C–F)-containing normal modes were determined using density functional theory and a molecular dynamics (MD)-assisted solvatochromic analysis of model compounds in solvents of varying polarity. We obtain Stark tuning rates of 0.2–0.8 cm−1/(MV/cm), with smallest and largest electric field sensitivities for CFaliphatic and CF3,aliphatic, respectively. While average electric fields of solvation were oriented along the main symmetry axis of the CFn, and thus along its static dipole, the Stark tuning rate vectors were tilted by up to 87° potentially enabling to map electrostatics in multiple dimensions. We discuss the influence of conformational heterogeneity on spectral shifts and point out the importance of multipolar and/or polarizable MD force fields to describe the electrostatics of fluorinated molecules. The implications of this work are of direct relevance for studies of fluorinated molecules as found in pharmaceuticals, fluorinated peptides, and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the operational experience of the Tier1 computer center at Port d’InformacióCientífica (PIC) supporting the commissioning and first run (Run1) of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Theevolution of the experiment computing models resulting from the higher amounts of data expected after therestart of the LHC are also described.

On 18 August 2020, Masbate Island was struck by a magnitude (MW) 6.6 earthquake. This seismic event represents the second occurrence of a strong earthquake (M > 6) in 17 years, emphasizing the necessity for further investigation into the characteristics of this event. In this study, we employ Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, seismicity analysis, and field investigations to comprehensively characterize the coseismic and postseismic slip associated with the event. Our findings reveal a 50‐km‐long fault rupture along the Masbate segment of the Philippine Fault, with ∼23 km surface rupture mapped onshore, despite the occurrence of interseismic creep. The slip distribution demonstrates decreasing displacements northwestward toward the creeping section, with a maximum left‐lateral displacement of 0.97 m near the epicenter. Toward the southeast offshore, the rupture terminates at a left stepover of a fault. While the surface rupture appears relatively straight and narrowly concentrated, the secondary ruptures and mapped offshore faults reveal a more complex transtensional fault structure in the southeastern part of Masbate Island. This fault complexity represents an asperity that facilitates high‐stress accumulation and rupture initiation. Postseismic slip persists for several months along the onshore creeping segment. Based on comprehensive measurements of both cumulative and coseismic slip along the Masbate fault segment, we calculate a slip rate ranging between 2.8 and 3.8 cm/year and a recurrence interval of 16–41 years for earthquakes similar to the 2020 earthquake. Our study highlights how heterogeneity in fault properties, including geometry and coupling state, influences the distribution of slip and magnitude of earthquakes. The 2020 Masbate earthquake provides valuable insights into the rupture dynamics and fault behavior of the Philippine Fault in the Masbate region. Plain Language Summary: The 2020 earthquake on Masbate Island, Philippines, provided an opportunity to study how faults behave during earthquakes. We used different methods to understand the movement of the ground during and after the earthquake. We found that the fault ruptured for about 23 km on land, despite its slow movement before the earthquake. The rupture continued along the fault's offshore extension. The fault structure becomes more complex in the southeastern part of Masbate Island. After the earthquake, the ground continued to move for several months along the fault. Our research helps us understand how different factors affect earthquakes, which is important for predicting and preparing for future earthquakes in the region. Key Points: The 2020 Masbate earthquake nucleated offshore along the Philippine Fault, rupturing 23 km onshore accompanied by postseismic slipThe Masbate segment of the Philippine Fault is characterized by both aseismic and seismic slip which account for the total slip budgetThe earthquake demonstrated how creeping behavior and fault geometry complexities control rupture extent [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective Folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies can impair proper growth and brain development in children. Data on the folate and vitamin B12 status of children aged 6-59 months in Guatemala are scarce. Identification of factors associated with higher prevalence of these micronutrient deficiencies within the population is needed for national and regional policymakers. Objective To describe national and regional post-fortification folate and vitamin B12 status of children aged 6-59 months in Guatemala. Methods A multistage, cluster probability study was carried out with national and regional representation of children aged 6-59 months. Demographic and health information was collected for 1246 preschool children, but blood samples for red blood cell (RBC) folate and vitamin B12 were collected and analyzed for 1,245 and 1143 preschool children, respectively. We used the following deficiency criteria as cutoff points for the analyses: < 305 nmol/L for RBC folate, < 148 pmol/L for vitamin B12 deficiency, and 148-221 pmol/L for marginal vitamin B12 deficiency. Prevalence of RBC folate deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency and marginal deficiency were estimated. Prevalence risk ratios of RBC folate and vitamin B12 deficiency were estimated comparing subpopulations of interest. Results The national prevalence estimates of RBC folate deficiency among children was 33.5% [95% CI 29.1, 38.3]. The prevalence of RBC folate deficiency showed wide variation by age (20.3-46.6%) and was significantly higher among children 6-11 months and 12-23 months (46.6 and 37.0%, respectively), compared to older children aged 48-59 months (20.3%). RBC folate deficiency also varied widely by household wealth index (22.6-42.0%) and geographic region (27.2-46.7%) though the differences were not statistically significant. The national geometric mean for RBC folate concentrations was 354.2 nmol/L. The national prevalences of vitamin B12 deficiency and marginal deficiency among children were 22.5% [95% CI 18.2, 27.5] and 27.5% [95% CI 23.7, 31.7], respectively. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly higher among indigenous children than among non-indigenous children (34.5% vs. 13.1%, aPRR 2.1 95% CI 1.4, 3.0). The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency also significantly varied between the highest and lowest household wealth index (34.3 and 6.0%, respectively). The national geometric mean for vitamin B12 concentrations was 235.1 pmol/L. The geometric means of folate and B12 concentrations were significantly lower among children who were younger, had a lower household wealth index, and were indigenous (for vitamin B12 only). Folate and vitamin B12 concentrations showed wide variation by region (not statistically significant), and the Petén and Norte regions showed the lowest RBC folate and vitamin B12 concentrations, respectively. Conclusions In this study, a third of all children had RBC folate deficiency and half were vitamin B12 deficient. Folate deficiency was more common in younger children and vitamin B12 deficiency was more common in indigenous children and those from the poorest families. These findings suggest gaps in the coverage of fortification and the need for additional implementation strategies to address these gaps in coverage to help safeguard the health of Guatemalan children., Author(s): E. Wong [sup.1] , R. Molina-Cruz [sup.2] , C. Rose [sup.3] , L. Bailey [sup.4] , G. P. A. Kauwell [sup.5] , J. Rosenthal [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.410711.2, [...]