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Cell functionality, driven by remarkable plasticity, is strongly influenced by mechanical forces that regulate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) fate. This study explores the biomechanical properties of jaw periosteal cells (JPCs) and induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) under different culture conditions. We cultured both JPCs and iMSCs (n = 3) under normoxic and hypoxic environments, with and without osteogenic differentiation, and on laminin- or gelatin-coated substrates. Using atomic force microscopy, we measured cellular elasticity and Young's modulus of calcium phosphate precipitates (CaPPs) formed under osteogenic conditions. Correlation analyses between cellular stiffness, quantity of CaPP deposition, and stiffness of formed CaPPs were evaluated. The results showed that iMSCs, despite their softer cellular consistency, tended to form CaPPs of higher elastic moduli than osteogenically differentiated JPCs. Particularly under normoxic conditions, JPCs formed stronger CaPPs with lower cellular stiffness profiles. Conversely, iMSCs cultivated under hypoxic conditions on laminin-coated surfaces produced stronger CaPPs while maintaining lower cellular stiffness. We conclude that JPCs and iMSCs display distinct biomechanical responses to culture conditions. While JPCs increase cellular stiffness during osteogenic differentiation, in particular under hypoxic conditions, iMSCs exhibit a decrease in stiffness, indicating a higher resistance to lower oxygen levels. In both cell types, a lower cellular stiffness profile correlates with enhanced mineralization, indicating that this biomechanical fingerprint serves as a critical marker for osteogenic differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the last four decades, the assisted reproductive technology (ART) field has witnessed advances, resulting in improving pregnancy rates and diminishing complications, in particular reduced incidence of multiple births. These improvements are secondary to advanced knowledge on embryonic physiology and metabolism, resulting in the ability to design new and improved culture conditions. Indeed, the incubator represents only a surrogate of the oviduct and uterus, and the culture conditions are only imitating the physiological environment of the female reproductive tract. In vivo, the embryo travels through a dynamic and changing environment from the oviduct to the uterus, while in vitro, the embryo is cultured in a static fashion. Importantly, while culture media play a critical role in optimising embryo development, a large host of additional factors are equally important. Additional potential variables, including but not limited to pH, temperature, osmolality, gas concentrations and light exposure need to be carefully controlled to prevent stress and permit optimal implantation potential. This manuscript will provide an overview of how different current culture conditions may affect oocyte and embryo viability with particular focus on human literature.

Cultivated meat refers to edible meat obtained by proliferating cells without killing livestock in a laboratory. The selection of donor animals is a crucial factor for efficient cell culture production. Hanwoo is a native Korean taurine cattle breed raised as livestock in Korea since before 2000 B.C. Cells isolated from Hanwoo, which has little genetic diversity, are expected to be advantageous in cell culture because of the existence of fewer individual differences. However, cells collected from Hanwoo are in a state where efficient culture conditions have not been established. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of mimicking an in vivo environment on the proliferation and differentiation of Hanwoo muscle satellite cells. The culture conditions consisted of CON (37°C/20% O2), T1 (37°C/2% O2), T2 (39°C/20% O2), and T3 (39°C/2% O2). Cell numbers decreased and expression levels of PAX7 and MYF5 decreased at a temperature of 39°C (p < 0.05). Conversely, 2% oxygen increased the number of cells and expression levels of PAX7 and MYF5 (p < 0.05). A temperature of 39°C inhibited the proliferation of Hanwoo muscle satellite cells by reducing the expression of PAX7 and MYF5 (p < 0.05). Conversely, 2% oxygen promoted the proliferation of Hanwoo muscle satellite cells by enhancing the expression of PAX7 and MYF5 (p < 0.05). During differentiation, a temperature of 39°C improved the myotube area and fusion index (p < 0.05). The RT-qPCR and Western blotting results revealed that a culture temperature of 39°C increased expression levels of the MYH2 gene and DES and MYOG proteins (p < 0.05). Additionally, an interactive condition increased expression levels of MYOD1, DES, and MYOG genes (p < 0.05). These results indicated that a temperature of 39°C promoted the differentiation of Hanwoo muscle satellite cells by increasing DES and MYOG protein expression. Thus, the production of cultivated meat using Hanwoo muscle satellite cells is expected to be efficient under 2% oxygen for proliferation and 39°C for differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bulb of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don is widely used for the anti-asthmatic, anti-tussive, and anti-cancer agents, etc., while the yield is limited by an endangered status, a long juvenile phase, and restricted growth habitat. Ancillary approaches to improve the bulb yield by micropropagation and bioactive metabolites production by bioreactor have not been established. Here is reported the plant regeneration, suspension cell culture, and bioactive metabolite production at different treatments. The embryogenic calli were successfully induced via the histomorphological identification. The highest proliferation times (4.11-fold) were observed with a select combination of hormones [NAA (0.2 mg/L) + 6-BA (1.0 mg/L) + GA3 (1.0 mg/L)] and culture conditions (red light and 20 °C), the highest content of imperialine (0.13 mg/g) was observed under blue light, total phenolic (0.52 mg/g) under red light, polysaccharides (36.57 mg/g) and total flavonoids (2.67 mg/g) as well as antioxidant capacity under white light. The plantlets were regenerated within 125 d from the induced embryogenic calli to acclimation and transplantation of seedlings. For the suspension cell culture, a 6.30-, 1.78-, 1.37-, and 1.51-fold increase of proliferation times, imperialine, polysaccharides, and total phenolic contents was observed at 40 d, respectively. Based on the above observations, an effective and complete in vitro approach has been proposed to regenerate plants and produce bioactive metabolites in F. cirrhosa.

Cell functionality, driven by remarkable plasticity, is strongly influenced by mechanical forces that regulate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) fate. This study explores the biomechanical properties of jaw periosteal cells (JPCs) and induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) under different culture conditions. We cultured both JPCs and iMSCs (n = 3) under normoxic and hypoxic environments, with and without osteogenic differentiation, and on laminin- or gelatin-coated substrates. Using atomic force microscopy, we measured cellular elasticity and Young’s modulus of calcium phosphate precipitates (CaPPs) formed under osteogenic conditions. Correlation analyses between cellular stiffness, quantity of CaPP deposition, and stiffness of formed CaPPs were evaluated. The results showed that iMSCs, despite their softer cellular consistency, tended to form CaPPs of higher elastic moduli than osteogenically differentiated JPCs. Particularly under normoxic conditions, JPCs formed stronger CaPPs with lower cellular stiffness profiles. Conversely, iMSCs cultivated under hypoxic conditions on laminin-coated surfaces produced stronger CaPPs while maintaining lower cellular stiffness. We conclude that JPCs and iMSCs display distinct biomechanical responses to culture conditions. While JPCs increase cellular stiffness during osteogenic differentiation, in particular under hypoxic conditions, iMSCs exhibit a decrease in stiffness, indicating a higher resistance to lower oxygen levels. In both cell types, a lower cellular stiffness profile correlates with enhanced mineralization, indicating that this biomechanical fingerprint serves as a critical marker for osteogenic differentiation.

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Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The environmental conditions were optimized to produce the enniatin H, I, and MK1688 by Fusarium strain on cereal grain exhibiting anti-carcinogenic potential against MES-SA (human uterine sarcoma cell line), HCT15 (human colorectal carcinoma cancer cell line), and their multidrug resistance sublines. From the statistical optimization by response surface methodology, the optimal condition of independent variables affecting the response variables were 20.85 °C (temperature), 46.85% (w/w, initial moisture content), and 18.42 days (growth time) for ENN H; 23.31 °C, 44.15% (w/w) and 17.23 days for ENN I; 23.08 °C, 43.97% (w/w) and 17.06 days for ENN MK1688. In case of cytotoxic effects, ENNs significantly suppressed growth of cancer cell lines without multidrug resistance, and ENN I inhibited growth of cancer cell lines most strongly. These data will provide valuable point to produce the cyclic hexadepsipeptide exhibiting anti-carcinogenic potential from Fusarium strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to explore the optimal medium composition and culture conditions for obtaining the maximum viable count of Brevibacillus laterosporus. Methods: Based on establishing the correlation regression equation between the MTT colorimetric method and plate counting method, the optimal medium composition (carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salt) and fermentation conditions (initial pH, temperature, inoculation amount, KH2PO4) for obtaining the maximum viable count of B. laterosporus were optimized. Results: A significant linear correlation for viable count determination between MTT colorimetry and plate counting (R2>0.999) was found; Maltose, CaCl2, initial pH and KH2PO4 were the significant factors. The optimal fermentation condition was 8.75 g/L maltose, 0.17 g/L CaCl2, 7.07 initial pH and 3.73 g/L KH2PO4. Under the control of these conditions, the number of viable counts was 8.12×108 CFU/mL. However, no significant difference from the theoretical number (8.25×108 CFU/mL) was found. Conclusion: Based on MTT colorimetry and response surface methodology, the culture conditions for the maximum viable count of B. laterosporus were optimized and the number of viable counts was higher than before optimization increased by 3.02 times.

Third-generation biomass production utilizing microalgae exhibits sustainable and environmentally friendly attributes, along with significant potential as a source of physiologically active compounds. However, the process of screening and localizing strains that are capable of producing high-value-added substances necessitates a significant amount of effort. In the present study, we have successfully isolated the indigenous marine diatom Odontella aurita OAOSH22 from the east coast of Korea. Afterwards, comprehensive analysis was conducted on its morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics. In addition, a series of experiments was conducted to analyze the effects of various environmental factors that should be considered during cultivation, such as water temperature, salinity, irradiance, and nutrients (particularly nitrate, silicate, phosphate, and iron). The morphological characteristics of the isolate were observed using optical and electron microscopes, and it exhibited features typical of O. aurita. Additionally, the molecular phylogenetic inference derived from the sequence of the small-subunit 18S rDNA confirmed the classification of the microalgal strain as O. aurita. This isolate has been confirmed to contain 7.1 mg g−1 dry cell weight (DCW) of fucoxanthin, a powerful antioxidant substance. In addition, this isolate contains 11.1 mg g−1 DCW of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which is one of the nutritionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, this indigenous isolate exhibits significant potential as a valuable source of bioactive substances for various bio-industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We aimed to determine the optimal conditions for the mass culture of rotifers, which can be used as feed for cold-water fish species at low temperatures. The growth and specific growth rates (SGRs) of rotifers were assessed considering water temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, and the amount of Chlorella supplied as feed. The growth of rotifers was higher at 15 °C than at 10 °C and at salinities of ~11–17 psu. Initial inoculation densities of 500 and 700 individuals/mL resulted in the highest rotifer density, and SGR was highest at 100 individuals/mL. DO concentration did not significantly affect the growth and SGRs of rotifers. Enrichment with fatty acids is important to supplement the diet of cold-water fish species. Highly unsaturated fatty acid content increased with enrichment time to 14.04 ± 0.86% at 12 h and 15.58 ± 2.20% at 24 h. Thus, the optimal conditions for rotifer mass culture are a water temperature of 15 °C, salinity of 11–17 psu, initial inoculation density of 300–500 individuals/mL, DO concentration of 8 mg/L or more, and Chlorella supply at 7.5 × 1012 cells/mL. Therefore, the present study suggests optimal culture conditions of rotifers at low temperatures for breeding cold-water fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and gas production test for Escherichia coli in the microbiological examination of food additives is stipulated in the ninth edition of Japan's Specifications and Standards for Food Additives (JSFA) and described as a part of the "Confirmation Test for Escherichia coli" in "Microbial Limit Tests" in the same manuscript. The growth and gas production test for E. coli indicated that the positive or negative of "gas production and/or turbidity" in EC broth should be confirmed after incubating at 45.5±0.2°C for 24±2 h. If both gas production and turbidity are negative, the culture is additionally incubated up to 48±2 h to determine E. coli contamination. The internationally referenced Bacteriological Analytical Manual of the U.S. FDA had revised the incubation temperature in tests for coliforms and E. coli from 45.5±0.2°C to 44.5±0.2°C in 2017. Therefore, we conducted research in anticipation of this temperature change being reflected in the microbiological examination of the JSFA. We used seven EC broth products and six food additives across eight products that are available in Japan in order to compare the growth and gas production at temperatures of 45.5±0.2°C and 44.5±0.2°C of E. coli NBRC 3972, which is designated as the test strain in JSFA. Both with/without food additives, the number of EC broth products in which medium turbidity and gas production by the strain were positive in three out of three tubes at all test times was greater at 44.5±0.2°C than at 45.5±0.2°C. These results suggest that the growth and gas production test for E. coli could be more appropriately conducted by incubation at 44.5±0.2°C in the "Confirmation Test for Escherichia coli" for E. coli in the JSFA in comparison to 45.5±0.2°C. Furthermore, there were differences in the growth and gas production of E. coli NBRC 3972 depending on the EC broth product used. Therefore, the importance of "Media growth promotion test" and "Method suitability test" in the ninth edition of the JSFA should be emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial oil has been gaining considerable attention from researchers recently as renewable and ecofriendly oil and its potential as feedstock for food industry and biodiesel industry. In this context, we have earlier demonstrated production of microbial oil and exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus JD-2. In this study, we explored increasing its production by optimizing the culture condition and nutrition. As expected, culture temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) are the contributing factors for co-producing microbial oil and EPS, in which 28℃ and lower quantum (i.e., 30 mL/500 mL) show the best conditions in shake-flasks fermentation. By contrast, the initial pH from 4 to 8 has no obvious effect on producing microbial oil and EPS. In addition, the culture nutrition (i.e., carbon/nitrogen source) were also discussed, and indicating that 20 g/L of corn steep liquor and 60 g/L of glucose are beneficial to produce microbial oil and EPS (i.e., 34.1±1.2 g/L and 11.5±0.2 g/L, respectively). Meanwhile, the residue glucose should be maintained at 20 g/L, in which the highest production of microbial oil and EPS was obtained (i.e., 34.6±1.7 g/L and 11.7±0.8 g/L, respectively). The biomass, microbial oil and EPS were further increased during optimizing the DO level, which reached to 67.8±2.1 g/L, 34.7±0.6 g/L and 11.8±0.5 g/L during maintaining DO level at 20-30%, respectively. The results suggest that appropriate culture condition and nutrition considerably improve the fermentation performance of S. pararoseus JD-2 and significantly increase co-production of microbial oil and EPS (by 11.2 and 8.3%, respectively) compared to the un-optimized fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To screen the antagonistic endophytic bacteria against Gloeosporium theae-sinensis Miyake, the healthy leaves of tea plants were utilized as materials, and the plate antagonistic method was used. The isolated bacteria were identified and evaluated for antimicrobial efficacy. The culture conditions were optimized using response surface methodology. One antagonistic bacterium X13 was screened from 162 strains of endophytic bacteria isolated, which had a good inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The strain X13 was identified as Bacillus subtilis through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis. The inhibitory rate of strain X13 on the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides reached 61.6%. The logarithmic growth was between 2-14 h. The optimal culture conditions were 4.0% (mass percentage concentration) corn flour, 1.0% (mass percentage concentration) NaNO3, and 3.5% (volume fraction) inoculation. This study laid a key theoretical foundation for the prevention of the tea pathogen G. theae-sinensis and the development of its biocontrol agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombinant mammalian host cell lines, in particular CHO and HEK293 cells, are used for the industrial production of therapeutic proteins. Despite their well-known genomic instability, the control mechanisms that enable cells to respond to changes in the environmental conditions are not yet fully understood, nor do we have a good understanding of the factors that lead to phenotypic shifts in long-term cultures. A contributing factor could be inherent diversity in transcriptomes within a population. In this study, we used a full-length coverage single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach to investigate and compare cell-to-cell variability and the impact of standardized and homogenous culture conditions on the diversity of individual cell transcriptomes, comparing suspension CHO-K1 and adherent HEK293FT cells. Our data showed a critical batch effect from the sequencing of four 96-well plates of CHO-K1 single cells stored for different periods of time, which was and may be therefore identified as a technical variable to consider in experimental planning. Besides, in an artificial and controlled culture environment such as used in routine cell culture technology, the gene expression pattern of a given population does not reveal any marker gene capable to disclose relevant cell population substructures, both for CHO-K1 cells and for HEK293FT cells. The variation observed is primarily driven by the cell cycle. [Display omitted] • scRNA-seq of CHO-K1 suspension and HEK293FT adherent cultures shows cellular homogeneity and lack of clear subpopulations. • The minor source of heterogeneity of HEK293FT attributable to the cell cycle may be due to the limited cells examined. • 53 highly variable genes shared between cell lines display the transcriptomes as close neighbours in the 2D-embedding plot. • The holding time of printed plates may affect the quality of the sequencing data and the variance in the data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the culture conditions for the mycelia of Chlorophyllum molybdites (Iwade strain 51), it was clarified that the optimal culture temperature for the mycelia is 25˚C, and the culture medium with rice bran added to bark compost ［bark compost: rice bran = 10 : 1 (w/w), moisture content 65% (wet basis)］ and the culture medium with corn steep liquor added to bark compost ［bark compost: corn steep liquor = 10 : 1 (w/w), moisture content 65% (wet basis)］ produce the fastest mycelial spreading. Regarding the cultivation conditions, it was confirmed that fruiting bodies were generated on the mushroom bed of bark compost with rice bran added ［bark compost: rice bran = 10 : 1 (w/w), moisture content 60 - 65% (wet basis)］, covered with black soil whose pH was adjusted to approximately 7.0 using oyster shell lime, by scratching the mycelia and sprinkling water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and irreversible memory impairment. Currently, several studies have failed to fully elucidate AD's cellular and molecular mechanisms. For this purpose, research on related cellular models may propose potential predictive models for the drug development of AD. Therefore, many cells characterized by neuronal properties are widely used to mimic the pathological process of AD, such as PC12, SH-SY5Y, and N2a, especially the PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line. Thus, this review covers the most systematic essay that used PC12 cells to study AD. We depict the cellular source, culture condition, differentiation methods, transfection methods, drugs inducing AD, general approaches (evaluation methods and metrics), and in vitro cellular models used in parallel with PC12 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation caused by aging, obesity, and lifestyle disturbances can lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance, reducing glucose and lipid metabolism. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have various bioactivities, and certain types of LAB have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. We hypothesized that LAB strains, which can strongly induce the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines by immune cells in the intestinal tract, may improve glucose and lipid metabolism by suppressing chronic inflammation. We selected Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OLL2712 (OLL2712) from the LAB library owned by Meiji Co., Ltd. based on its ability to induce the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), optimized the culture conditions of OLL2712 for industrial applications, and verified the efficacy of the strain in animal and clinical studies. The results showed that OLL2712 bacterial cells in the exponential phase had notably higher anti-inflammatory properties than the cells in the stationary phase and led to the inhibition of chronic inflammation and improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in animal studies. Two randomized controlled trials consisting of healthy adults with elevated blood glucose levels or body mass indices (BMIs) also showed that the intake of OLL2712 suppressed the aggravation of chronic inflammation and improved glucose and lipid metabolism. This review identified a novel LAB strain that may contribute to diabetes and obesity prevention and demonstrated its clinical efficacy. In addition, the mechanism of action of this LAB strain through the intestinal immune system was partially elucidated, and the importance of optimizing the culture conditions of LAB was clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Third-generation biomass production utilizing microalgae exhibits sustainable and environmentally friendly attributes, along with significant potential as a source of physiologically active compounds. However, the process of screening and localizing strains that are capable of producing high-value-added substances necessitates a significant amount of effort. In the present study, we have successfully isolated the indigenous marine diatom Odontella aurita OAOSH22 from the east coast of Korea. Afterwards, comprehensive analysis was conducted on its morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics. In addition, a series of experiments was conducted to analyze the effects of various environmental factors that should be considered during cultivation, such as water temperature, salinity, irradiance, and nutrients (particularly nitrate, silicate, phosphate, and iron). The morphological characteristics of the isolate were observed using optical and electron microscopes, and it exhibited features typical of O. aurita. Additionally, the molecular phylogenetic inference derived from the sequence of the small-subunit 18S rDNA confirmed the classification of the microalgal strain as O. aurita. This isolate has been confirmed to contain 7.1 mg g−1 dry cell weight (DCW) of fucoxanthin, a powerful antioxidant substance. In addition, this isolate contains 11.1 mg g−1 DCW of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which is one of the nutritionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, this indigenous isolate exhibits significant potential as a valuable source of bioactive substances for various bio-industrial applications.

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶是谷氨酸棒杆菌中调控脂肪酸合成的关键酶。为了研究乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α亚基（accBC）基因对脂肪酸合成的影响，以accBC表达的菌株重组谷氨酸棒杆菌G-BC为材料，研究了诱导剂异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）浓度、培养时间、培养温度对重组谷氨酸棒杆菌G-BC脂肪酸产量的影响，并通过响应面法优化了重组谷氨酸棒杆菌G-BC产脂肪酸的培养条件，同时与原始菌株脂肪酸产量进行了对比。结果表明：重组谷氨酸棒杆菌G-BC产脂肪酸的最佳条件为诱导剂浓度1 mmol/L 、培养时间20 h、培养温度32 ℃，在此条件下脂肪酸产量为34.56 mg/g（以菌体干质量计），比原始菌株提高了1.68倍。说明乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α亚基对于谷氨酸棒杆菌合成脂肪酸有促进作用。 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a key enzyme regulating fatty acid synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. In order to study the effect of acetyl-CoA carboxylase α subunit (accBC) gene on fatty acid synthesis,the recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum G-BC(expression strain of accBC) was used as raw material, the effects of inducer(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG) concentration, culture time and culture temperature on the yield of fatty acid were studied. Moreover, the culture conditions for fatty acid production of recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum G-BC were optimized by response surface methodology. The fatty acid yield of the original strain and the recombinant strain was also compared.The results showed that the optimal culture conditions were obtained as follows: inducer concentration 1 mmol/L, culture time 20 h, and culture temperature 32 ℃. Under these conditions, the yield of fatty acid was 34.56 mg/g（based on dry weight of bacteria）, which was 1.68 times higher than original strain. The accBC can promote the synthesis of fatty acid by Corynebacterium glutamicum.

The US Environmental Protection Agency listed phenolic compounds as priority pollutants, and their occurrence in water systems poses serious health risks to humans and other living species. The culture conditions are extremely crucial for microbial growth, enzymatic and cellular metabolic activities. Thus, the effects of different culture parameters like pH, temperature (°C), and agitation speed (RPM) on the indigenous Rhodococcus pyridinivorans strain PDB9T NS-1 were modeled using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). The results showed that the main effect of pH and interaction between pH and agitation speed had a significant to a moderately significant effect on phenol degradation by the indigenous R. pyridinivorans strain PDB9T NS-1. Almost complete phenol degradation was obtained at an optimal setting of pH 7.5, 187 rpm, and 34 °C in 18 h. Growth and phenol degradation kinetics of the actinomycetes was examined in a batch shake flask under the optimized conditions. The growth of Rhodococcus species at varying initial levels of the phenol followed a Pamukoglu and Kargi substrate inhibition model with half-saturation constant (Ks) of 54.21 mg/l, maximum specific growth rate (µmax) of 0.169 (1/h), substrate inhibition constant (Ksi) of 243.26 mg/l. The results obtained from the optimization of culture conditions and growth kinetics by the indigenous R. Pyridinivorans strain PDB9T NS-1 suggest the potential of the system in the treatment of phenolic wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy targeting CD20 has the potential to become a promising novel treatment for canine B cell lymphoid malignancy. However, the optimal approach for producing potent CAR-T cells with favorable phenotype for dogs remains unknown. In this study, we assessed several culture conditions and their effects on the phenotypic characteristics of CD20-CAR-T cells. Materials and Methods: Canine CAR-T cells were generated by incubating with several mitogens in the presence or absence of Akt inhibitor. Gene transduction efficiency and phenotypic characteristics were determined by flow cytometry. Results: Comparison of several kinds of mitogens revealed that stimulation with phytohemagglutinin has high transduction efficacy, whereas stimulation with concanavalin A was superior in memory T cell formation. Akt inhibition at the initial stage of CAR-T production tended to enhance transduction efficiency and memory T cell formation. Conclusion: This study provides a significant insight into the understanding of the ex vivo expansion of canine T cells in adoptive immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fucoxanthin is one of the light-harvesting pigments in brown microalgae, which is increasingly gaining attention due to its numerous health-promoting properties. Currently, the production of microalgal fucoxanthin is not yet feasible from an economic perspective. However, the cultivation of microalgae at favourable conditions holds great potential to increase the viability of this fucoxanthin source. Hence, this study aimed to review the fucoxanthin production of microalgae under different conditions systematically. A literature search was performed using the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases. A total of 188 articles were downloaded and 28 articles were selected for the current review by two independent authors. Microalgae appeared to be a more reliable fucoxanthin source compared to macroalgae. Overall, a consensus fucoxanthin production condition was obtained and proposed: light intensity ranging from 10 to 100 µmol/m2/s could achieve a higher fucoxanthin content. However, the optimal light condition in producing fucoxanthin is species-specific. The current review serves as an antecedent by offering insights into the fucoxanthin-producing microalgae response to different culture factors via a systematic analysis. With the current findings and recommendations, the feasibility of producing fucoxanthin commercially could be enhanced and possibly achieve practical and sustainable fucoxanthin production.

The species Pantoea agglomerans includes strains that are agronomically relevant for their growth-promoting or biocontrol traits. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the IPDC pathway involved in the conversion of tryptophan (Trp) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is highly conserved among P. agglomerans strains at both gene and protein levels. Results also indicated that the promoter region controlling the inducible expression of ipdC gene differs from the model system Enterobacter cloacae, which is in accordance with the observation that P. agglomerans accumulates higher levels of IAA when cells are collected in the exponential phase of growth. To assess the potential applications of these microorganisms for IAA production, P. agglomerans C1, an efficient auxin-producer strain, was cultivated in 5 L fermenter so as to evaluate the effect of the medium formulation, the physiological state of the cells, and the induction timing on the volumetric productivity. Results demonstrated that higher IAA levels were obtained by using a saline medium amended with yeast extract and saccharose and by providing Trp, which acts both as a precursor and an inducer, to a culture in the exponential phase of growth. Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed a significant effect of the carbon source on the exometabolome profile relative to IAA-related compounds and other plant bioactive signaling molecules. The IAA-enriched metabolites secreted in the culture medium by P. agglomerans C1 were used as plant biostimulants to run a series of trials at a large-scale nursery farm. Tests were carried out with in vitro and ex vitro systems following the regular protocols used for large-scale plant tree agamic propagation. Results obtained with 4,540 microcuttings of Prunus rootstock GF/677 and 1,080 plantlets of Corylus avellana L. showed that metabolites from strain C1 improved percentage of rooted-explant, number of adventitious root formation, plant survival, and quality of plant as vigor, with an increase in the leaf area between 17.5 and 42.7% compared to IBA-K (indole-3-butyric acid potassium salt)–treated plants.

Abstract Utilization of algicidal bacteria as a biological agent have been receiving significant interest for controlling harmful algal blooms. While various algicidal bacterial strains have been identified, limited studies have explored the influence of bacterial culture conditions on its algicidal activity. Here, the effect of oxygen on the algicidal activity of a novel bacterium JK12, against a model diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) was studied. Strain JK12 showed high algicidal activity against P. tricornutum and was identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis (P. chlororaphis) by 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis. JK12 culture supernatant exhibited strong algicidal activity while washed JK12 cells showed no obvious activity, indicating that JK12 indirectly attacks algae by secreting extracellular algicidal metabolites. Micro-aerobic culture condition dramatically enhanced the algicidal activity of JK12 by 50%, compared to that cultured under aerobic condition in 24 h. Extracellular metabolomic profiling of JK12 using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed significantly higher amounts of allantoic acid, urocanic acid, cytidine 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate, uridine 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate, and chlorinated tryptophan in the micro-aerobic culture. This is the first report to demonstrate the important role of oxygen on the algicidal activity of a non-pathogenic strain P. chlororaphis. In addition, the metabolomics analysis provided insights into the algicidal mechanism of P. chlororaphis.

Abstract Background Aberrant DNA methylation patterns of genes required for development are common in in vitro produced embryos. In this regard, we previously identified altered DNA methylation patterns of in vivo developed blastocysts from embryos which spent different stages of development in vitro, indicating carryover effects of suboptimal culture conditions on epigenetic signatures of preimplantation embryos. However, epigenetic responses of in vivo originated embryos to suboptimal culture conditions are not fully understood. Therefore, here we investigated DNA methylation patterns of in vivo derived bovine embryos subjected to in vitro culture condition before, during or after major embryonic genome activation (EGA). For this, in vivo produced 2-, 8- and 16-cell stage embryos were cultured in vitro until the blastocyst stage and blastocysts were used for genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. Results The 2- and 8-cell flushed embryo groups showed lower blastocyst rates compared to the 16-cell flush group. This was further accompanied by increased numbers of differentially methylated genomic regions (DMRs) in blastocysts of the 2- and 8-cell flush groups compared to the complete in vivo control ones. Moreover, 1623 genomic loci including imprinted genes were hypermethylated in blastocyst of 2-, 8- and 16-cell flushed groups, indicating the presence of genomic regions which are sensitive to the in vitro culture at any stage of embryonic development. Furthermore, hypermethylated genomic loci outnumbered hypomethylated ones in blastocysts of 2- and 16-cell flushed embryo groups, but the opposite occurred in the 8-cell group. Moreover, DMRs which were unique to blastocysts of the 2-cell flushed group and inversely correlated with corresponding mRNA expression levels were involved in plasma membrane lactate transport, amino acid transport and phosphorus metabolic processes, whereas DMRs which were specific to the 8-cell group and inversely correlated with corresponding mRNA expression levels were involved in several biological processes including regulation of fatty acids and steroid biosynthesis processes. Conclusion In vivo embryos subjected to in vitro culture before and during major embryonic genome activation (EGA) are prone to changes in DNA methylation marks and exposure of in vivo embryos to in vitro culture during the time of EGA increased hypomethylated genomic loci in blastocysts.

Blastocystis hominis, a protozoan parasite commonly found in the gut of humans and animals, is closely related to a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea and intestinal mucosal damage. B. hominis is distributed all over the world. The in vitro culture of B. hominis is of great significance for the clinical diagnosis of B. hominis infection and the establishment of B. hominis animal model, the study of genotype and pathogenic mechanism and so on. The selection of efficient and economical culture medium lays the foundation for the follow-up study of B. hominis life cycle, morphological classification, infection immunity and so on. The state, type, serum concentration of culture medium and culture conditions are important factors affecting the culture of B. hominis in vitro. This review summarizes the research progress of B. hominis culture in vitro and the culture conditions suitable for rapid growth and propagation of B. hominis under different physical conditions, expounds the differences between different media and the factors affecting the culture of B. hominis in vitro, in order to provide reference for clinical and scientific researchers to select suitable culture medium and culture conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drynaria bonii H. Christ is a medicinal plant that has traditionally been used for the treatment of chronic diseases and tuberculosis. However, D. bonii has not yet been cultivated or propagated. In this study, we optimized the conditions for the spore culture of D. bonii to produce sporophytes. First, we evaluated the effects of various factors, such as temperature, light intensity, potting material, and pH, on spore germination and early gametophyte development. Under optimal culture conditions, 95–99% of the spores germinated within 2 weeks of culture. Next, based on these results, we established a culture system for gametophyte development and sporophyte production. Mature gametophytes first appeared 5 months post-germination (mpg), and at 12 mpg, the rate of production of heart-shaped gametophytes reached 56.6%. Sporophytes at the early first-leaf stage first appeared at 6 mpg, and at 12 mpg, the rate of formation of sporophytes reached 15.4%. Interestingly, 6.3% of all gametophytes produced multiple sporophytes. Additionally, 42–62% of the gametophytes also produced multiple secondary gametophytes, indicating a high potential of D. bonii gametophytes to generate new gametophytes and, subsequently, sporophytes. When transferred to new trays or pots, sporophytes grew well and showed 100% survival. Overall, we conclude that this spore culture system can be successfully used for the propagation of D. bonii sporophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species Pantoea agglomerans includes strains that are agronomically relevant for their growth-promoting or biocontrol traits. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the IPDC pathway involved in the conversion of tryptophan (Trp) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is highly conserved among P. agglomerans strains at both gene and protein levels. Results also indicated that the promoter region controlling the inducible expression of ipdC gene differs from the model system Enterobacter cloacae , which is in accordance with the observation that P. agglomerans accumulates higher levels of IAA when cells are collected in the exponential phase of growth. To assess the potential applications of these microorganisms for IAA production, P. agglomerans C1, an efficient auxin-producer strain, was cultivated in 5 L fermenter so as to evaluate the effect of the medium formulation, the physiological state of the cells, and the induction timing on the volumetric productivity. Results demonstrated that higher IAA levels were obtained by using a saline medium amended with yeast extract and saccharose and by providing Trp, which acts both as a precursor and an inducer, to a culture in the exponential phase of growth. Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed a significant effect of the carbon source on the exometabolome profile relative to IAA-related compounds and other plant bioactive signaling molecules. The IAA-enriched metabolites secreted in the culture medium by P. agglomerans C1 were used as plant biostimulants to run a series of trials at a large-scale nursery farm. Tests were carried out with in vitro and ex vitro systems following the regular protocols used for large-scale plant tree agamic propagation. Results obtained with 4,540 microcuttings of Prunu s rootstock GF/677 and 1,080 plantlets of Corylus avellana L. showed that metabolites from strain C1 improved percentage of rooted-explant, number of adventitious root formation, plant survival, and quality of plant as vigor, with an increase in the leaf area between 17.5 and 42.7% compared to IBA-K (indole-3-butyric acid potassium salt)–treated plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the dyes production of mixed Aspergillus and Paecilomyces on different culture conditions and evaluate the combination between culture and dyeing conditions on cloth color by the fungal dyes. The different media consist of mineral salt glucose (MSG) medium and mineral salt sucrose (MSS) medium were evaluated. Additionally, different culture conditions such as C and N sources, incubation temperature, and pH of the media were evaluated together with variation of dyeing conditions including pH and mordants. The result showed that different culture conditions on media and the combination of those with dyeing conditions produce distinction colors on the fabric. The variation of dyed colors on the fabric was related to the dyes concentration produced by combination treatment of culture condition and dyeing pH. However, the effect was not observed on the combination between culture condition and mordants. Combination of culture and dyeing conditions on cloth color dyed with mixed fungi dyes generated various cloth colors, adding a color variation on textile dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Many microalgae are rich in lipid. Due to their low growth rates in the autotrophic culture, the best alternative is to cultivate cells under different conditions such as heterotrophic or mixotrophic, which results in the highest yield of biomass and lipid in the shortest duration. In this study, Dunaliela bardawil (UTEX 2538) green microalgae was cultivated under different culture conditions, autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic, and effects on cell concentration, lipid production and reactive oxygen species (ROS), total chlorophyll and beta-carotene concentrations were investigated. Due to very low cellular growth, this alga is not recommended for heterotrophic culture. In terms of mixotrophic conditions containing different concentrations of glucose or acetate, the highest cell growth and lipid production in 60mM glucose was similar to the control (autotrophic condition), while the concentrations of chlorophyll and beta-carotene decreased. However, at all concentrations of acetate, a slight increase in cell growth was achieved, while the lipid content decreased. Additionally, the concentrations of chlorophyll and beta-carotene increased. A positive correlation was observed between beta-carotene biosynthesis and lipid production, as well as levels of reactive species of oxygen and lipid production in the presence of glucose and acetate. This study showed that for D. bardawil the mixotrophic culture with 60mM glucose was the most suitable type of culture for increasing lipid content and cell growth rates in less time (one week).

The objective of this study was the development of bioprocess for enhanced biomass production of probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum. In the first process optimization step in Erlenmeyer flasks cultures, different experiments were conducted to study the effect of inoculum volume, inoculum age, temperature and pH of the growth medium on the kinetics of cell growth. In Erlenmeyer flasks cultures, the maximal biomass production was observed with 1% inoculum of 6 log hours at 37°C, and optimal pH of initial media was found to be 6.0. Further positive development in biomass production was observed by scaling up the fermentation process to stirred tank bioreactor. Fermentation was carried out in 2L stirred tank bioreactor, with agitation of 100 rpm and constant temperature of 37°C. The batch culture produced higher biomass of 34.1 g wet cell weight g/l in 12 log hours and viable counts (2.5 × 109 CFU/ml) compared to Erlenmeyer flasks. In conclusion, batch cultivation in the 2 l bioreactor with this growth medium under optimal conditions gives enhanced biomass production. However, based on our end result, high-cell density fed-batch and pH control strategies are recommended for the commercial production of B. bifidum as a probiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The study aimed to analyze the effects of different culture conditions on nilrogenase activity (NA) of strains A02 and A08 and optimize the combination of them, providing evidence and technical support for culture and application of endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. [Method] The effects of five culture conditions, including pH, temperature, KNO3 , NH4C1, O2 on the NAs of A02 and A08 were studied by single factor concentration gradient method, the orthogonal experiment was used to optimize the culture system for two strains. [Result] The NAs of A02 and A08 increased first and then decreased with increasing pH, temperature and the concentration of KNO3 , and showed a linear downward trend with increasing concentration of NH4C1 and O2. A02 was more sensitive to the increase of NH4C1 concentration, while A08 was more sensitive to the increase of O2 concentration. Orthogonal experiments of culture conditions showed that pH 7.5, temperature 25°C , KNO3 8 g/L and oxygen 21 % were optimal for A02 , while pH 7. 5, temperature 25°C,KNO3 6 g/L and NH4C1 8 g/L. for A08. Under these optimal culture conditions, the NAs of A02 and A08 could increase up to 935 nmof/(mL·h) and 768 nmol/(mb·h) , respectively. The order of culture conditions according to their effects on NAs was: temperature > O2 > pH value > NH4C1 > KNO3 for A02 and temperature > KNO3 > pH value > O2 > NH4CI for A08. [Conclusion] The optimal culture conditions of A02 and A08 were obtained by orthogonal experiments, the NAs of the two strains increased significantly under the optimum conditions, which laid a foundation for the application of both strains to promote cassava production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To determine the optimal culture condition for a strain of Metarhizium sp. (MAXD170705) isolated from muscardine-infected cadavers of Maladera ovatula (Fairmaire) larvae from Daheqiao farm, Xundian county, Kunming city, Yunnan province. [Methods] The fungal strain MAXD170705 was identified based on morphological and culturing characteristics and its ITS-5.8S gene sequence. Optimal culture conditions for the growth and sporulation of this strain, including culture medium, temperature, light and pH, were determined based on an orthogonal rotational combined design. [Results] The MAXD170705 strain was Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin. This strain can be cultured on either SMAY, PDA or SDAY medium, but cumulative germination, growth rate, sporulation time and spore quantity were best on SDAY medium. Optimal culture conditions were a pH of 7.0, 25 and a photoperiod of 16 h light and 8 h darkness. Cumulative germination was 100.00% by Day 4, the colony growth rate was 0.38 cm/d and the diameter was 2.73 cm. The colony began to sporulate on the day 3 and sporulation was 6.68-106 spore/cm2. [Conclusion] Nutrients played an important role in the development of this strain. Optimal mycelium growth and sporulation of Metarhizium sp. obtained from different sources was only achieved when nutrients were abundant and appropriate. In addition, external environmental conditions were important factors affecting colony growth and development. Of the media evaluated, the SDAY medium was the best for the growth and sporulation of the MAXD170705 strain of M. anisopliae. Optimal culture conditions were a pH of 7.0, 25 and a photoperiod of 16 L 8 D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]