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3. Graphene as a p-type metal for ultimate miniaturization

Author

Iacopi, Francesca, Gould, Tim, Boeckl, John J., Mishra, Neeraj, Goding, Dayle, Pradeepkumar, Aiswarya, Cunning, Benjamin V., Wood, Barry, Brock, Ryan E., Dauskardt, Reinhold H., and Dimitrijev, Sima

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract

We report macroscopic sheets of highly conductive bilayer graphene with exceptionally high hole concentrations of ~ $10^{15}$ $cm^{-2}$ and unprecedented sheet resistances of 20-25 {\Omega} per square over macroscopic scales, and obtained in-situ over a thin cushion of molecular oxygen on a silicon substrate. The electric and electronic properties of this specific configuration remain stable upon thermal anneals and months of exposure to air. We further report a complementary ab-initio study, predicting an enhancement of graphene adhesion energy of up to a factor 20, also supported by experimental fracture tests. Our results show that the remarkable properties of graphene can be realized in a reliable fashion using a high-throughput process. In addition to providing exceptional material properties, the growth process we employed is scalable to large areas so that the outstanding conduction properties of graphene can be harnessed in devices fabricated via conventional semiconductor manufacturing processes. We anticipate that the approach will provide the necessary scalability and reliability for future developments in the graphene nanoscience and technology fields, especially in areas where further miniaturization is hampered by size effects and electrical reliability of classical conductors., Comment: This paper has been withdrawn due to new evidence of intrinsic interfacial shorting of the SiC to the silicon substrate after graphitization anneal, full details in A.Pradeepkumar, N.Mishra, A.R.Kermany, J.J.Boeckl, J.Hellerstedt, M.S.Fuhrer, F.Iacopi, "Catastrophic degradation of the interface of epitaxial silicon carbide on silicon at high temperatures", ApplPhysLett 109, 011604, 2016

Published
2015

4. Colossal grain growth yields single-crystal metal foils by contact-free annealing

Author

Jin, Sunghwan, Huang, Ming, Kwon, Youngwoo, Zhang, Leining, Li, Bao-Wen, Oh, Sangjun, Dong, Jichen, Luo, Da, Biswal, Mandakini, Cunning, Benjamin V., Bakharev, Pavel V., Moon, Inyong, Yoo, Won Jong, Camacho-Mojica, Dulce C., Kim, Yong-Jin, Lee, Sun Hwa, Wang, Bin, Seong, Won Kyung, Saxena, Manav, Ding, Feng, Shin, Hyung-Joon, and Ruoff, Rodney S.

Published
2018

8. Horizontal Surface Migration of Lithium Rhombic Dodecahedra

Author

Kim, Min-Ho, primary, Kim, Dong Yeon, additional, Li, Yunqing, additional, Kim, Juyoung, additional, Kim, Min Hyeok, additional, Seo, Jeongwoo, additional, Cunning, Benjamin V., additional, Kim, Myeong Seon, additional, Kim, Taewon, additional, Jung, Ukhyun, additional, Park, Sang-Wook, additional, Ruoff, Rodney S., additional, Seo, Dong-Hwa, additional, Jin, Sunghwan, additional, and Lee, Hyun-Wook, additional

Published
2023
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12. Multifunctional Macroassembled Graphene Nanofilms with High Crystallinity

Author

Peng, Li, primary, Han, Ying, additional, Wang, Meihui, additional, Cao, Xiaoxue, additional, Gao, Junfeng, additional, Liu, Yingjun, additional, Chen, Xianjue, additional, Wang, Bin, additional, Wang, Bo, additional, Zhu, Chongyang, additional, Wang, Xiao, additional, Cao, Ke, additional, Huang, Ming, additional, Cunning, Benjamin V., additional, Pang, Jintao, additional, Xu, Wendao, additional, Ying, Yibin, additional, Xu, Zhen, additional, Fang, Wenzhang, additional, Lu, Yang, additional, Ruoff, Rodney S., additional, and Gao, Chao, additional

Published
2021
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13. A general approach to composites containing nonmetallic fillers and liquid gallium

Author

Wang, Chunhui, primary, Gong, Yan, additional, Cunning, Benjamin V., additional, Lee, Seunghwan, additional, Le, Quan, additional, Joshi, Shalik R., additional, Buyukcakir, Onur, additional, Zhang, Hanyang, additional, Seong, Won Kyung, additional, Huang, Ming, additional, Wang, Meihui, additional, Lee, Jaeseon, additional, Kim, Gun-Ho, additional, and Ruoff, Rodney S., additional

Published
2021
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14. Graphene‐Based Hybrid Carbons: Ultrahigh Strength and Modulus Graphene‐Based Hybrid Carbons with AB‐Stacked and Turbostratic Structures (Adv. Funct. Mater. 50/2020)

Author

Jin, Sunghwan, primary, Chung, Bongjin, additional, Park, Hyo Ju, additional, Cunning, Benjamin V., additional, Lee, Jae‐Hyeok, additional, Yoon, Aram, additional, Huang, Ming, additional, Seo, Hojin, additional, Lee, Dongju, additional, Lee, Zonghoon, additional, Ruoff, Rodney S., additional, and Ryu, Seongwoo, additional

Published
2020
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17. Highly Ordered and Dense Thermally Conductive Graphitic Films from a Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Mixture

Author

Akbari, Abozar, primary, Cunning, Benjamin V., additional, Joshi, Shalik R., additional, Wang, Chunhui, additional, Camacho-Mojica, Dulce C., additional, Chatterjee, Shahana, additional, Modepalli, Vijayakumar, additional, Cahoon, Collin, additional, Bielawski, Christopher W., additional, Bakharev, Pavel, additional, Kim, Gun-Ho, additional, and Ruoff, Rodney S., additional

Published
2020
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20. Ultrastiff, Strong, and Highly Thermally Conductive Crystalline Graphitic Films with Mixed Stacking Order

Author

Wang, Bin, primary, Cunning, Benjamin V., additional, Kim, Na Yeon, additional, Kargar, Fariborz, additional, Park, Sun‐Young, additional, Li, Zhancheng, additional, Joshi, Shalik R., additional, Peng, Li, additional, Modepalli, Vijayakumar, additional, Chen, Xianjue, additional, Shen, Yongtao, additional, Seong, Won Kyung, additional, Kwon, Youngwoo, additional, Jang, Jeongsu, additional, Shi, Haofei, additional, Gao, Chao, additional, Kim, Gun‐Ho, additional, Shin, Tae Joo, additional, Kim, Kwanpyo, additional, Kim, Ju‐Young, additional, Balandin, Alexander A., additional, Lee, Zonghoon, additional, and Ruoff, Rodney S., additional

Published
2019
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23. Graphene Coatings as Barrier Layers to Prevent the Water-Induced Corrosion of Silicate Glass

Author

Wang, Bin, Cunning, Benjamin V., Park, Sun-Young, Huang, Ming, Kim, Ju-Young, and Ruoff, Rodney S.

Abstract

Corrosion-protective coatings for silicate glass based on the transfer of one or two layers of graphene grown on copper by chemical vapor deposition have been demonstrated. The effectiveness of graphene to act as a glass corrosion inhibitor was evaluated by water immersion testing. After 120 days of immersion in water, bare glass samples had a significant increase in surface roughness and defects, which resulted in a marked reduction in fracture strength. In contrast, the single- and double-layer graphene-coated glasses experienced negligible changes in both fracture strength and surface roughness. The anticorrosion mechanism was also studied.

Published
2024
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25. Different approaches for evaluating exponentially weighted nonequilibrium relations.

Author

Reid, James C., Cunning, Benjamin V., and Searles, Debra J.

Subjects
*NONEQUILIBRIUM thermodynamics, *EXPONENTIAL functions, *STOCHASTIC convergence, *LOGARITHMS, *GIBBS' free energy, *LOGARITHMIC functions, *MAXIMUM likelihood statistics
Abstract

The Kawasaki identity (KI) and the Jarzynski equality (JE) are important nonequilibrium relations. Both of these relations take the form of an ensemble average of an exponential function and can exhibit convergence problems when the average of the exponent differs greatly from the log of the average of the exponential function. In this work, we re-express these relations so that only selected regions need to be evaluated in an attempt to avoid these convergence issues. In the context of measuring free energies, we compare our method to the JE and the literature standard approach, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), and show that in a system with asymmetric work distributions it can perform as well as the MLE. For the KI, we derive an analog to the MLE to compare with our relation and show that these two new relations improve on the KI and are complimentary to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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26. Controlled Folding of Single Crystal Graphene

Author

Wang, Bin, primary, Huang, Ming, additional, Kim, Na Yeon, additional, Cunning, Benjamin V., additional, Huang, Yuan, additional, Qu, Deshun, additional, Chen, Xianjue, additional, Jin, Sunghwan, additional, Biswal, Mandakini, additional, Zhang, Xu, additional, Lee, Sun Hwa, additional, Lim, Hyunseob, additional, Yoo, Won Jong, additional, Lee, Zonghoon, additional, and Ruoff, Rodney S., additional

Published
2017
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29. An Exploration in Nano-Carbons: Bulk Graphene, Ultrafast Physics, Carbon-Nanotubes

Author

Cunning, Benjamin V

Subjects
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), Raman spectroscopy, Carbon nanomaterials, Saturable absorber mirrors (SAMs), Graphene
Abstract

Carbon nanomaterials encompass the newly discovered allotropes of carbon with at least one of its spatial dimensions on the order of a few nanometers. The physical properties of these nanomaterials differ substantially from the bulk carbon allotropes such as graphite and diamond. Of these nanomaterials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and graphene have illicited much of the attention owing to their unique and attractive electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties which have found numerous applications in emerging technologies. Raman spectroscopy is an invaluable technique in the characterisation of these materials as it allows for both a rapid and non-destructive analysis of these nanomaterials. We examined a number of methodologies for the synthesis of “bulk” quantities of graphene, and using Raman spectroscopy, analysed these samples to critically assess their crystalline quality, finding that many of the bulk methods produce material which could be considered as amorphous, rather than crystalline, having crystalline domain sizes less than a few nanometers. An important finding, as many of graphene’s unique properties are severely attenuated with increasing defects. Using these findings, we utilised the non-linear optical properties of graphene, namely its property of saturable absorption (wherby its light absorption decreases with increasing light intensitiy), to create saturable absorber mirrors (SAMs) which are used in the mode-locking of lasers creating pulses of light on the order femtoseconds with very high peak power. We developed graphene SAMs from the bulk synthetic methods which we found to have good crystalline quality and attempted to use them to passively mode-lock an Er:fiber laser operating at t 1560 nm. We successfully mode-locked the laser with graphene produced from the ultrasound induced exfoliation of graphite generating pules of sub-200 fs duration with low nonsaturable loss, and large modulation depths allowing use in low-gain lasers.

Published
2013
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30. Controlled Folding of Single Crystal Graphene.

Author

Bin Wang, Ming Huang, Na Yeon Kim, Cunning, Benjamin V., Yuan Huang, Deshun Qu, Xianjue Chen, Sunghwan Jin, Biswal, Mandakini, Xu Zhang, Sun Hwa Lee, Hyunseob Lim, Won Jong Yoo, Zonghoon Lee, and Ruoff, Rodney S.

Published
2017
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36. Dissolving Diamond: Kinetics of the Dissolution of (100) and (110) Single Crystals in Nickel and Cobalt Films

Author

Li, Yunqing, Kim, Yongchul, Bakharev, Pavel V., Seong, Won Kyung, Hyun, Chohee, Camacho-Mojica, Dulce C., Zhang, Liyuan, Cunning, Benjamin V., Shin, Tae Joo, Lee, Geunsik, and Ruoff, Rodney S.

Abstract

We report a study of the kinetics of dissolution of (100) and (110) single-crystal diamond plates (“D(100)” and “D(110)”) in thin films of nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co). This dissolution occurs at the metal–D(100) or metal–D(110) interface and was studied in the presence and also in the absence of water vapor at temperatures near 1000 °C. The single-crystal D(100) dissolves in Ni, and also in Co, in the temperature range 900–1050 °C. The dissolution is too slow to measure below 900 °C. In an argon (Ar) atmosphere (under an Ar(g) flow at 1000 sccm and 1 atm pressure, with no water vapor present in the reaction chamber) and at any temperature in the range 900–1050 °C, the metal film is rapidly saturated with dissolved carbon (C), thin graphite films form on the free metal surface and at the metal–D interface during heating at or above 650 °C, and the dissolution of the diamond then stops. For addition of water vapor, its partial pressure was controlled by using a water bubbler immersed in a constant temperature bath and Ar(g) was used as the carrier gas. We discovered two different regimes (I and II) for the kinetics of dissolution of D(100) and D(110), in which the rate-determining step was the removal of carbon atoms on the open metal surface (regime I, lower partial pressure of water vapor) or dissolution of diamond at the metal–diamond interface (regime II, higher partial pressure of water vapor) that yielded different Arrhenius parameters. Time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiles show the concentration gradient of C from a certain depth into the metal film surface down to the M–D(100) interface, and residual gas analyzer measurements show that the gas products formed in the presence of water vapor on the metal surface are CO and H2. It was found that the rate of dissolution of diamond in Co was higher than that in Ni for both D(100) and D(110) and for both regimes I and II, and possible reasons are suggested. We also found that D(111) could not be dissolved at the Ni/D(111) and Co/D(111) interface in the presence of water vapor (over the same range of sample temperatures). The reaction paths for dissolution of C at the M–D(100) or M–D(110) interface and for removal of C from the free surfaces of Ni and Co were assessed through density functional theory modeling at 1273 K.

Published
2022
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38. A general approach to composites containing nonmetallic fillers and liquid gallium.

Author

Chunhui Wang, Yan Gong, Cunning, Benjamin V., Seunghwan Lee, Quan Le, Joshi, Shalik R., Buyukcakir, Onur, Hanyang Zhang, Won Kyung Seong, Ming Huang, Meihui Wang, Lee, Jaeseon, Gun-Ho Kim, and Ruoff, Rodney S.

Subjects
*GALLIUM, *MATERIALS science, *NONMETALLIC materials, *GALLIUM alloys, *BLOWING agents, *SMART materials
Abstract

The article presents research report on general approach to composites containing nonmetallic fillers and liquid gallium. Topics include versatile method to make liquid metal composites by vigorously mixing gallium (Ga) with non-metallic particles of graphene oxide (G-O); and gallium putty (GalP) containing reduced G-O (rG-O) has excellent electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness.

Published
2021
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39. Selective, cytotoxic organoruthenium(II) full-sandwich complexes: a structural, computational and in vitro biological study.

Author

Loughrey BT, Cunning BV, Healy PC, Brown CL, Parsons PG, and Williams ML

Subjects
Animals, Antineoplastic Agents chemical synthesis, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Cell Proliferation drug effects, Crystallography, X-Ray, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Fibroblasts cytology, Fibroblasts drug effects, Humans, Macrophages cytology, Macrophages drug effects, Mice, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Organometallic Compounds chemical synthesis, Organometallic Compounds chemistry, Organometallic Compounds pharmacology, Quantum Theory, Structure-Activity Relationship, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Antineoplastic Agents toxicity, Organometallic Compounds toxicity, Ruthenium chemistry
Abstract

A structurally diverse range of lipophilic, cationic η(6)-arene η(5)-cyclopentadienyl (η(5)-Cp*) full-sandwich complexes of ruthenium(II) have been prepared and structurally characterized by Fourier-transform IR and NMR spectroscopy, electrospray mass spectrometry, and elemental microanalyses. Computational experiments incorporating the Hartree-Fock theory and the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory predict each complex to possess a uniform δ+ electrostatic potential, with the cationic charge of the [RuCp*](+) moiety completely delocalizing throughout the molecular structure of each metallocene. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrate these delocalized lipophilic cations to be potent growth inhibitors of eleven unique tumorigenic cell lines, while exhibiting significantly lower levels of toxicity towards both a normal human fibroblast and a mouse macrophage cell line. Single-crystal X-ray structural determinations are additionally reported for five complexes, [Ru(η(6)-C(6)H(5)(CH(2))(2)CH(3))(η(5)-C(5)(CH(3))(5))]BPh(4), [Ru(η(6)-C(6)H(5)CO(2)CH(2)CH(3))(η(5)-C(5)(CH(3))(5))]BF(4), [Ru(η(6)-C(10)H(8))(η(5)-(5) (CH(3))(5))]BPh(4), [Ru(η(6)-C(14)H(10))(η(5)-C(5)(CH(3))(5))]BPh(4), and [Ru(η(6)-C(16)H(10))(η(5)-C(5)(CH(3))(5))]BPh(4)., (Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Published
2012
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