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This study examines the factors affecting women officials' intention to leave their chosen sport, including personal, work-related, and sociocultural factors. The empirical analysis is based on survey data of women officials in 69 different sports across Europe (n = 3,214). Overall, 10.7% of women expressed a turnover intention. Regression analyses indicate that this intention is higher for women who have more officiating experience (16–20 years), officiate at lower levels of sport (grassroots, junior), frequently experience abuse, and dislike the stress and time commitments of officiating, lack of support from the federation, and their lack of opportunity to progress. Younger women (≤24 years) with a mentor, who enjoy being part of a sport community and live in a more gender equal society are less likely to leave. The findings suggest that multiple factors are at work, which need to be addressed by sport managers to retain women in officiating roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among the political leanings of a state, the state-level implicit and explicit biases against transgender people, and the presence of transgender athlete bans. The authors collected archival data from 2021 and 2022 bans in the United States to examine the hypotheses. As of 2022, 18 states had passed laws barring transgender athletes from participating in sports. Results from regression analyses showed that conservative-leaning states were more likely to enact transgender athlete bans than their peers. The relationship was mediated by explicit (but not implicit) bias toward transgender people. The findings have implications for research and practice. Sport managers have an opportunity to create transgender-inclusive workplaces for staff, coaches, and other managers. They should also work with campus counselors and other staff to ensure that transgender athletes have ample support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the burgeoning Latinx student population in the United States, a conspicuous gap exists in the academic literature, particularly within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) context. Consequently, the central objective of this study was to redress this void by analyzing the racial experiences encountered by NCAA Division I Latinx student-athletes enrolled in Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs). To fulfill this objective, the researchers applied a qualitative phenomenological approach, seeking an in-depth comprehension of the significance of diversity practices within the distinct educational milieus inhabited by the study's participants. Employing Latin Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) as the theoretical framework, the authors gathered data through six semi-structured interviews and supplemented this information with pertinent diversity and inclusion-related information derived from each participating university and the respective athletic programs. The study's findings underscored the persistent issue of racial discrimination confronted by NCAA Division I Latinx student-athletes within the university setting. Remarkably, despite the extensive diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) trainings and councils within these institutions, Latinx student-athletes continued to grapple with racial disparities. Indeed, recurring themes from the data highlighted their significant reliance on familial support and campus resources as strategies for navigating and mitigating these challenges. In light of a substantial body of scholarly work that recognizes the critical importance of DEI in sport, this study serves as a poignant reminder of the pressing need for further academic and practical endeavors aimed at effectively addressing racial disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with autism spectrum disorder are less physically active than are their peers. Nurses can play a key role in helping to promote such behaviors, but they do so sparingly. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the degree to which nurses recommend physical activity to patients with autism spectrum disorder, and to identify antecedents thereof. Adopting a mixed methods approach, data were collected from a representative sample of nurses (n=180) working in the United States. Results from regression analyses indicate that nurses were only moderately likely to recommend physical activity. When perceived barriers to physical activity were low, perceived benefits of physical activity held a positive, significant association with recommendations. However, when perceived barriers were high, the relationship between perceived benefits and recommendations was no longer significant. Inductive thematic analysis of the qualitative data showed the value nurses place on physical activity, how they interpret barriers and benefits, and strategies for making physical activity inclusive for people with autism spectrum disorder. In conclusion, nurses have an opportunity to more frequently promote physical activity to their patients with autism spectrum disorder and, in doing so, help mitigate some of the poor health outcomes people with autism spectrum disorder experience.

In the context of the United States (U.S.) sport sector, particularly within the boxing domain, a prevalent hypermasculine culture has been widely observed. Despite this prevalence, there exists a significant gap in research: addressing the shared experiences of Latinas, specifically Mexican American women boxers in the U.S. To bridge this divide, the authors employ a qualitative study utilizing Latin Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) as the primary theoretical framework to further investigate the boxing experiences of Mexican American women inside and outside the ring. The study engaged 10 participants in semistructured interviews, while additionally collecting data from their respective boxing gyms' media sites. The findings revealed that despite facing numerous biases, Mexican American women boxers demonstrated resilience and determination in their efforts to overcome the barriers posed by both Latin cultural dominance and the male-dominated U.S. sports landscape. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights to the existing scholarship on Latinas, specifically Mexican American women in the sports field, while also offering practical suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderators are variables that affect the relationship between a predictor and outcome. They help to clarify otherwise ambiguous patterns of results, extend theory, and signal the growth of a field. Given the importance of moderators, the authors offer an overview of methodological and statistical considerations for testing moderation and then examine sport management scholars' use of moderation in their research. A content analysis of "European Sport Management Quarterly," "Journal of Sport Management," and "Sport Management Review" shows that tests of moderation have not followed the growth in scholarship in the field. Further analyses showed (a) analysis of variance was the most popular analytical tool employed; (b) one in six tests of moderation were conducted incorrectly; and (c) 13% of tests for moderation were conducted absent specific hypotheses or research questions. The authors offer implications for sport management researchers.