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1. Ensembl 2008

Author

Flicek, P, Aken, BL, Beal, K, Ballester, B, Caccamo, M, Chen, Y, Clarke, L, Coates, G, Cunningham, F, Cutts, T, Down, T, Dyer, SC, Eyre, T, Fitzgerald, S, Fernandez-Banet, J, Gräf, S, Haider, S, Hammond, M, Holland, R, Howe, KL, Howe, K, Johnson, N, Jenkinson, A, Kähäri, A, Keefe, D, Kokocinski, F, Kulesha, E, Lawson, D, Longden, I, Megy, K, Meidl, P, Overduin, B, Parker, A, Pritchard, B, Prlic, A, Rice, S, Rios, D, Schuster, M, Sealy, I, Slater, G, Smedley, D, Spudich, G, Trevanion, S, Vilella, AJ, Vogel, J, White, S, Wood, M, Birney, E, Cox, T, Curwen, V, Durbin, R, Fernandez-Suarez, XM, Herrero, J, Hubbard, TJP, Kasprzyk, A, Proctor, G, Smith, J, Ureta-Vidal, A, and Searle, S

Subjects
Internet, Mice, User-Computer Interface, ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, Databases, Genetic, Computer Graphics, Animals, Humans, Genomics, Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional, Software
Abstract

The Ensembl project (http://www.ensembl.org) is a comprehensive genome information system featuring an integrated set of genome annotation, databases and other information for chordate and selected model organism and disease vector genomes. As of release 47 (October 2007), Ensembl fully supports 35 species, with preliminary support for six additional species. New species in the past year include platypus and horse. Major additions and improvements to Ensembl since our previous report include extensive support for functional genomics data in the form of a specialized functional genomics database, genome-wide maps of protein-DNA interactions and the Ensembl regulatory build; support for customization of the Ensembl web interface through the addition of user accounts and user groups; and increased support for genome resequencing. We have also introduced new comparative genomics-based data mining options and report on the continued development of our software infrastructure.

Published
2020
Full Text
View/download PDF

2. Ensembl 2009

Author

Hubbard, T. J. P., Aken, B. L., Ayling, S., Ballester, B., Beal, K., Bragin, E., Brent, S., Chen, Y., Clapham, P., Clarke, L., Coates, G., Fairley, S., Fitzgerald, S., Fernandez-Banet, J., Gordon, L., Graf, S., Haider, S., Hammond, M., Holland, R., Howe, K., Jenkinson, A., Johnson, N., Kahari, A., Keefe, D., Keenan, S., Kinsella, R., Kokocinski, F., Kulesha, E., Lawson, D., Longden, I., Megy, K., Meidl, P., Overduin, B., Parker, A., Pritchard, B., Rios, D., Schuster, M., Slater, G., Smedley, D., Spooner, W., Spudich, G., Trevanion, S., Vilella, A., Vogel, J., White, S., Wilder, S., Zadissa, A., Birney, E., Cunningham, F., Curwen, V., Durbin, R., Fernandez-Suarez, X. M., Herrero, J., Kasprzyk, A., Proctor, G., Smith, J., Searle, S., and Flicek, P.

Published
2009

3. Ensembl 2008

Author

Flicek, P., Aken, B. L., Beal, K., Ballester, B., Caccamo, M., Chen, Y., Clarke, L., Coates, G., Cunningham, F., Cutts, T., Down, T., Dyer, S. C., Eyre, T., Fitzgerald, S., Fernandez-Banet, J., Gräf, S., Haider, S., Hammond, M., Holland, R., Howe, K. L., Howe, K., Johnson, N., Jenkinson, A., Kähäri, A., Keefe, D., Kokocinski, F., Kulesha, E., Lawson, D., Longden, I., Megy, K., Meidl, P., Overduin, B., Parker, A., Pritchard, B., Prlic, A., Rice, S., Rios, D., Schuster, M., Sealy, I., Slater, G., Smedley, D., Spudich, G., Trevanion, S., Vilella, A. J., Vogel, J., White, S., Wood, M., Birney, E., Cox, T., Curwen, V., Durbin, R., Fernandez-Suarez, X. M., Herrero, J., Hubbard, T. J. P., Kasprzyk, A., Proctor, G., Smith, J., Ureta-Vidal, A., and Searle, S.

Published
2008

4. Ensembl 2007

Author

Hubbard, T. J. P., Aken, B. L., Beal, K., Ballester, B., Caccamo, M., Chen, Y., Clarke, L., Coates, G., Cunningham, F., Cutts, T., Down, T., Dyer, S. C., Fitzgerald, S., Fernandez-Banet, J., Graf, S., Haider, S., Hammond, M., Herrero, J., Holland, R., Howe, K., Johnson, N., Kahari, A., Keefe, D., Kokocinski, F., Kulesha, E., Lawson, D., Longden, I., Melsopp, C., Megy, K., Meidl, P., Ouverdin, B., Parker, A., Prlic, A., Rice, S., Rios, D., Schuster, M., Sealy, I., Severin, J., Slater, G., Smedley, D., Spudich, G., Trevanion, S., Vilella, A., Vogel, J., White, S., Wood, M., Cox, T., Curwen, V., Durbin, R., Fernandez-Suarez, X. M., Flicek, P., Kasprzyk, A., Proctor, G., Searle, S., Smith, J., Ureta-Vidal, A., and Birney, E.

Published
2007

5. Ensembl 2006

Author

Birney, E., Andrews, D., Caccamo, M., Chen, Y., Clarke, L., Coates, G., Cox, T., Cunningham, F., Curwen, V., Cutts, T., Down, T., Durbin, R., Fernandez-Suarez, X. M., Flicek, P., Gräf, S., Hammond, M., Herrero, J., Howe, K., Iyer, V., Jekosch, K., Kähäri, A., Kasprzyk, A., Keefe, D., Kokocinski, F., Kulesha, E., London, D., Longden, I., Melsopp, C., Meidl, P., Overduin, B., Parker, A., Proctor, G., Prlic, A., Rae, M., Rios, D., Redmond, S., Schuster, M., Sealy, I., Searle, S., Severin, J., Slater, G., Smedley, D., Smith, J., Stabenau, A., Stalker, J., Trevanion, S., Ureta-Vidal, A., Vogel, J., White, S., Woodwark, C., and Hubbard, T. J. P.

Published
2006

6. Ensembl 2005

Author

Hubbard, T., Andrews, D., Caccamo, M., Cameron, G., Chen, Y., Clamp, M., Clarke, L., Coates, G., Cox, T., Cunningham, F., Curwen, V., Cutts, T., Down, T., Durbin, R., Fernandez-Suarez, X. M., Gilbert, J., Hammond, M., Herrero, J., Hotz, H., Howe, K., Iyer, V., Jekosch, K., Kahari, A., Kasprzyk, A., Keefe, D., Keenan, S., Kokocinsci, F., London, D., Longden, I., McVicker, G., Melsopp, C., Meidl, P., Potter, S., Proctor, G., Rae, M., Rios, D., Schuster, M., Searle, S., Severin, J., Slater, G., Smedley, D., Smith, J., Spooner, W., Stabenau, A., Stalker, J., Storey, R., Trevanion, S., Ureta-Vidal, A., Vogel, J., White, S., Woodwark, C., and Birney, E.

Published
2005

7. Ensembl 2004

Author

Birney, E., Andrews, D., Bevan, P., Caccamo, M., Cameron, G., Chen, Y., Clarke, L., Coates, G., Cox, T., Cuff, J., Curwen, V., Cutts, T., Down, T., Durbin, R., Eyras, E., Fernandez-Suarez, X. M., Gane, P., Gibbins, B., Gilbert, J., Hammond, M., Hotz, H., Iyer, V., Kahari, A., Jekosch, K., Kasprzyk, A., Keefe, D., Keenan, S., Lehvaslaiho, H., McVicker, G., Melsopp, C., Meidl, P., Mongin, E., Pettett, R., Potter, S., Proctor, G., Rae, M., Searle, S., Slater, G., Smedley, D., Smith, J., Spooner, W., Stabenau, A., Stalker, J., Storey, R., Ureta-Vidal, A., Woodwark, C., Clamp, M., and Hubbard, T.

Published
2004

8. Ensembl 2002: accommodating comparative genomics

Author

Clamp, M., Andrews, D., Barker, D., Bevan, P., Cameron, G., Chen, Y., Clark, L., Cox, T., Cuff, J., Curwen, V., Down, T., Durbin, R., Eyras, E., Gilbert, J., Hammond, M., Hubbard, T., Kasprzyk, A., Keefe, D., Lehvaslaiho, H., Iyer, V., Melsopp, C., Mongin, E., Pettett, R., Potter, S., Rust, A., Schmidt, E., Searle, S., Slater, G., Smith, J., Spooner, W., Stabenau, A., Stalker, J., Stupka, E., Ureta-Vidal, A., Vastrik, I., and Birney, E.

Published
2003

9. The Ensembl genome database project

Author

Hubbard, T., Barker, D., Birney, E., Cameron, G., Chen, Y., Clark, L., Cox, T., Cuff, J., Curwen, V., Down, T., Durbin, R., Eyras, E., Gilbert, J., Hammond, M., Huminiecki, L., Kasprzyk, A., Lehvaslaiho, H., Lijnzaad, P., Melsopp, C., Mongin, E., Pettett, R., Pocock, M., Potter, S., Rust, A., Schmidt, E., Searle, S., Slater, G., Smith, J., Spooner, W., Stabenau, A., Stalker, J., Stupka, E., Ureta-Vidal, A., Vastrik, I., and Clamp, M.

Published
2002

10. Ensembl 2008

Author

Flicek, P., Aken, B., Beal, K., Ballester, Benoit, Caccamo, M., Chen, Y., Clarke, L., Coates, G., Cunningham, F., Cutts, T., Down, T., Dyer, S., Eyre, T., Fitzgerald, S., Fernandez-Banet, J., Gräf, S., Haider, S., Hammond, M., Holland, R., Howe, K., Johnson, N., Jenkinson, A., Kähäri, A., Keefe, D., Kokocinski, F., Kulesha, E., Lawson, D., Longden, I., Megy, K., Meidl, P., Overduin, B., Parker, A., Pritchard, B., Prlic, A., Rice, S., Rios, D., Schuster, M., Sealy, I., Slater, G., Smedley, D., Spudich, G., Trevanion, S., Vilella, A., Vogel, J., White, S., Wood, M., Birney, E., Cox, T., Curwen, V., Durbin, R., Fernandez-Suarez, X. M., Herrero, J., Hubbard, J., Kasprzyk, A., Proctor, G., Smith, J., Ureta-Vidal, A., Searle, S., Graf, S., Kahari, A., Technologies avancées pour le génôme et la clinique (TAGC), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Expert and Training Centre for Breast Cancer Screening, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Techniques de l'Informatique et de la Microélectronique pour l'Architecture des systèmes intégrés (TIMA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dep. of Energy, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Techniques of Informatics and Microelectronics for integrated systems Architecture (TIMA), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Internet, 0303 health sciences, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, Articles, Genomics, Mice, User-Computer Interface, 03 medical and health sciences, ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, Databases, Genetic, Computer Graphics, Genetics, Animals, Humans, Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], Software, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

International audience; The Ensembl project (http://www.ensembl.org) is a comprehensive genome information system featuring an integrated set of genome annotation, databases and other information for chordate and selected model organism and disease vector genomes. As of release 47 (October 2007), Ensembl fully supports 35 species, with preliminary support for six additional species. New species in the past year include platypus and horse. Major additions and improvements to Ensembl since our previous report include extensive support for functional genomics data in the form of a specialized functional genomics database, genome-wide maps of protein–DNA interactions and the Ensembl regulatory build; support for customization of the Ensembl web interface through the addition of user accounts and user groups; and increased support for genome resequencing. We have also introduced new comparative genomics-based data mining options and report on the continued development of our software infrastructure.

Published
2007
Full Text
View/download PDF

11. Ensembl: A multi-genome computational platform

Author

Birney, E., Clamp, M., Kraspcyk, A., Slater, G., Hubbard, T., Curwen, V., Stabenau, A., Stupka, E., Huminiecki, L., and Potter, S.

Subjects
Human genetics -- Research, Genomes -- Research, Eukaryotic cells -- Research, Genetic research, Biological sciences
Published
2001

12. Ensembl 2009

Author

Hubbard, T J P, Aken, B L, Ayling, S, Ballester, Benoit, Beal, K, Bragin, E, Brent, S, Chen, Y, Clapham, P, Clarke, L, Coates, G, Fairley, S, Fitzgerald, S, Fernandez-Banet, J, Gordon, L, Graf, S, Haider, S, Hammond, M, Holland, R, Howe, K, Jenkinson, A, Johnson, N, Kahari, A, Keefe, D, Keenan, S, Kinsella, R, Kokocinski, F, Kulesha, E, Lawson, D, Longden, I, Megy, K, Meidl, P, Overduin, B, Parker, A, Pritchard, B, Rios, D, Schuster, M, Slater, G, Smedley, D, Spooner, W, Spudich, G, Trevanion, S, Vilella, A, Vogel, J, White, S, Wilder, S, Zadissa, A, Birney, E, Cunningham, F, Curwen, V, Durbin, R, Fernandez-Suarez, X M, Herrero, J, Kasprzyk, A, Proctor, G, Smith, J, Searle, S, Flicek, P, and Spinelli, Lionel

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-BI] Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM]
Abstract

no abstract

Published
2009

13. Ensembl 2008

Author

Flicek, P, Aken, BL, Beal, K, Ballester, B, Caccamo, M, Chen, Y, Clarke, L, Coates, G, Cunningham, F, Cutts, T, Down, T, Dyer, SC, Eyre, T, Fitzgerald, S, Fernandez-Banet, J, Gräf, S, Haider, S, Hammond, M, Holland, R, Howe, KL, Howe, K, Johnson, N, Jenkinson, A, Kähäri, A, Keefe, D, Kokocinski, F, Kulesha, E, Lawson, D, Longden, I, Megy, K, Meidl, P, Overduin, B, Parker, A, Pritchard, B, Prlic, A, Rice, S, Rios, D, Schuster, M, Sealy, I, Slater, G, Smedley, D, Spudich, G, Trevanion, S, Vilella, AJ, Vogel, J, White, S, Wood, M, Birney, E, Cox, T, Curwen, V, Durbin, R, Fernandez-Suarez, XM, Herrero, J, Hubbard, TJP, Kasprzyk, A, Proctor, G, Smith, J, Ureta-Vidal, A, Searle, S, Graf, Stefan [0000-0002-1315-8873], Megy, Karyn [0000-0002-2826-3879], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Internet, Mice, User-Computer Interface, ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, Databases, Genetic, Computer Graphics, Animals, Humans, Genomics, Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional, Software
Abstract

The Ensembl project (http://www.ensembl.org) is a comprehensive genome information system featuring an integrated set of genome annotation, databases and other information for chordate and selected model organism and disease vector genomes. As of release 47 (October 2007), Ensembl fully supports 35 species, with preliminary support for six additional species. New species in the past year include platypus and horse. Major additions and improvements to Ensembl since our previous report include extensive support for functional genomics data in the form of a specialized functional genomics database, genome-wide maps of protein-DNA interactions and the Ensembl regulatory build; support for customization of the Ensembl web interface through the addition of user accounts and user groups; and increased support for genome resequencing. We have also introduced new comparative genomics-based data mining options and report on the continued development of our software infrastructure.

Published
2008

14. Ensembl 2007

Author

Hubbard, T J P, Aken, B L, Beal, K, Ballester, Benoit, Caccamo, M, Chen, Y, Clarke, L, Coates, G, Cunningham, F, Cutts, T, Down, T, Dyer, S C, Fitzgerald, S, Fernandez-Banet, J, Graf, S, Haider, S, Hammond, M, Herrero, J, Holland, R, Howe, K, johnson, n, Kahari, A, Keefe, D, Kokocinski, F, Kulesha, E, Lawson, D, Longden, I, Melsopp, C, Megy, K, Meidl, P, Ouverdin, B, Parker, A, Prlic, A, Rice, S, Rios, D, Schuster, M, Sealy, I, Severin, J, Slater, G, Smedley, D, Spudich, G, Trevanion, S, Vilella, A, Vogel, J, White, S, Wood, M, Cox, T, Curwen, V, Durbin, R, Fernandez-Suarez, X M, Flicek, P, Kasprzyk, A, Proctor, G, Searle, S, Smith, J, Ureta-Vidal, A, Birney, E, European Bioinformatics Institute [Hinxton] (EMBL-EBI), and EMBL Heidelberg

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; no abstract

Published
2006

15. Ensembl 2006

Author

Birney, Ewan, Andrews, Thomas Daniel, Caccamo, M., Chen, Y., Clarke, Laura, Coates, G., Cox, T., Cunningham, F., Curwen, V., Cutts, T., Down, T, Birney, Ewan, Andrews, Thomas Daniel, Caccamo, M., Chen, Y., Clarke, Laura, Coates, G., Cox, T., Cunningham, F., Curwen, V., Cutts, T., and Down, T

Published
2006

18. The Ensembl genome database project

Author

Hubbard, T., Barker, D., Birney, E., Cameron, G., Chen, Y., Clark, L., Cox, T., Cuff, J., Curwen, V., Down, T., Durbin, R., Eyras, E., Gilbert, J., Hammond, M., Huminiecki, L., Kasprzyk, A., Lehvaslaiho, H., Lijnzaad, P., Melsopp, C., Mongin, E., Pettett, R., Pocock, M., Potter, S., Rust, A., Schmidt, E., Searle, S., Slater, G., Smith, J., Spooner, W., Stabenau, A., Stalker, J., Stupka, E., Ureta-Vidal, A., Vastrik, I., Clamp, M., and Tim @timjph Hubbard

Subjects
Systems Integration, Internet, ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, Genome, Human, Databases, Genetic, Computational Biology, Database Management Systems, Humans, Information Storage and Retrieval, Sequence Analysis, DNA
Abstract

The Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/) database project provides a bioinformatics framework to organise biology around the sequences of large genomes. It is a comprehensive source of stable automatic annotation of the human genome sequence, with confirmed gene predictions that have been integrated with external data sources, and is available as either an interactive web site or as flat files. It is also an open source software engineering project to develop a portable system able to handle very large genomes and associated requirements from sequence analysis to data storage and visualisation. The Ensembl site is one of the leading sources of human genome sequence annotation and provided much of the analysis for publication by the international human genome project of the draft genome. The Ensembl system is being installed around the world in both companies and academic sites on machines ranging from supercomputers to laptops.

19. The Ensembl genome database project

Author

Hubbard, T., Barker, D., Birney, E., Cameron, G., Chen, Y., Clark, L., Cox, T., Cuff, J., Curwen, V., Down, T., Durbin, R., Eyras, E., Gilbert, J., Hammond, M., Huminiecki, L., Kasprzyk, A., Lehvaslaiho, H., Lijnzaad, P., Melsopp, C., Mongin, E., Pettett, R., Pocock, M., Potter, S., Rust, A., Schmidt, E., Searle, S., Slater, G., Smith, J., Spooner, W., Stabenau, A., Stalker, J., Stupka, E., Ureta-Vidal, A., Vastrik, I., Clamp, M., Hubbard, T., Barker, D., Birney, E., Cameron, G., Chen, Y., Clark, L., Cox, T., Cuff, J., Curwen, V., Down, T., Durbin, R., Eyras, E., Gilbert, J., Hammond, M., Huminiecki, L., Kasprzyk, A., Lehvaslaiho, H., Lijnzaad, P., Melsopp, C., Mongin, E., Pettett, R., Pocock, M., Potter, S., Rust, A., Schmidt, E., Searle, S., Slater, G., Smith, J., Spooner, W., Stabenau, A., Stalker, J., Stupka, E., Ureta-Vidal, A., Vastrik, I., and Clamp, M.

Subjects
Bioinformatics., Computational biology., Human genome., Computational Biology, Genome, Human, Bio-informatique., Génome humain., Human genome, Computational biology, Bioinformatics
Abstract

The Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/) database project provides a bioinformatics framework to organise biology around the sequences of large genomes. It is a comprehensive source of stable automatic annotation of the human genome sequence, with confirmed gene predictions that have been integrated with external data sources, and is available as either an interactive web site or as flat files. It is also an open source software engineering project to develop a portable system able to handle very large genomes and associated requirements from sequence analysis to data storage and visualisation. The Ensembl site is one of the leading sources of human genome sequence annotation and provided much of the analysis for publication by the international human genome project of the draft genome. The Ensembl system is being installed around the world in both companies and academic sites on machines ranging from supercomputers to laptops.

20. The Ensembl gene annotation system.

Author

Aken BL, Ayling S, Barrell D, Clarke L, Curwen V, Fairley S, Fernandez Banet J, Billis K, García Girón C, Hourlier T, Howe K, Kähäri A, Kokocinski F, Martin FJ, Murphy DN, Nag R, Ruffier M, Schuster M, Tang YA, Vogel JH, White S, Zadissa A, Flicek P, and Searle SM

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Mice, Databases, Nucleic Acid, Databases, Protein, Internet, Molecular Sequence Annotation methods
Abstract

The Ensembl gene annotation system has been used to annotate over 70 different vertebrate species across a wide range of genome projects. Furthermore, it generates the automatic alignment-based annotation for the human and mouse GENCODE gene sets. The system is based on the alignment of biological sequences, including cDNAs, proteins and RNA-seq reads, to the target genome in order to construct candidate transcript models. Careful assessment and filtering of these candidate transcripts ultimately leads to the final gene set, which is made available on the Ensembl website. Here, we describe the annotation process in detail.Database URL: http://www.ensembl.org/index.html., (© The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Published
2016
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21. The consensus coding sequence (CCDS) project: Identifying a common protein-coding gene set for the human and mouse genomes.

Author

Pruitt KD, Harrow J, Harte RA, Wallin C, Diekhans M, Maglott DR, Searle S, Farrell CM, Loveland JE, Ruef BJ, Hart E, Suner MM, Landrum MJ, Aken B, Ayling S, Baertsch R, Fernandez-Banet J, Cherry JL, Curwen V, Dicuccio M, Kellis M, Lee J, Lin MF, Schuster M, Shkeda A, Amid C, Brown G, Dukhanina O, Frankish A, Hart J, Maidak BL, Mudge J, Murphy MR, Murphy T, Rajan J, Rajput B, Riddick LD, Snow C, Steward C, Webb D, Weber JA, Wilming L, Wu W, Birney E, Haussler D, Hubbard T, Ostell J, Durbin R, and Lipman D

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Mice, Sequence Alignment, Consensus Sequence, Genome, Open Reading Frames genetics
Abstract

Effective use of the human and mouse genomes requires reliable identification of genes and their products. Although multiple public resources provide annotation, different methods are used that can result in similar but not identical representation of genes, transcripts, and proteins. The collaborative consensus coding sequence (CCDS) project tracks identical protein annotations on the reference mouse and human genomes with a stable identifier (CCDS ID), and ensures that they are consistently represented on the NCBI, Ensembl, and UCSC Genome Browsers. Importantly, the project coordinates on manually reviewing inconsistent protein annotations between sites, as well as annotations for which new evidence suggests a revision is needed, to progressively converge on a complete protein-coding set for the human and mouse reference genomes, while maintaining a high standard of reliability and biological accuracy. To date, the project has identified 20,159 human and 17,707 mouse consensus coding regions from 17,052 human and 16,893 mouse genes. Three evaluation methods indicate that the entries in the CCDS set are highly likely to represent real proteins, more so than annotations from contributing groups not included in CCDS. The CCDS database thus centralizes the function of identifying well-supported, identically-annotated, protein-coding regions.

Published
2009
Full Text
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22. The Ensembl automatic gene annotation system.

Author

Curwen V, Eyras E, Andrews TD, Clarke L, Mongin E, Searle SM, and Clamp M

Subjects
Animals, Anopheles genetics, Caenorhabditis genetics, DNA genetics, DNA, Helminth genetics, Expressed Sequence Tags, Gene Dosage, Genes, Helminth physiology, Genes, Insect physiology, Genome, Genome, Human, Helminth Proteins genetics, Humans, Insect Proteins genetics, Mice, Predictive Value of Tests, Proteins genetics, Pseudogenes genetics, Rats, Sequence Alignment methods, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Software, Tandem Repeat Sequences genetics, Untranslated Regions genetics, Automation, Computational Biology methods, Genes physiology
Abstract

As more genomes are sequenced, there is an increasing need for automated first-pass annotation which allows timely access to important genomic information. The Ensembl gene-building system enables fast automated annotation of eukaryotic genomes. It annotates genes based on evidence derived from known protein, cDNA, and EST sequences. The gene-building system rests on top of the core Ensembl (MySQL) database schema and Perl Application Programming Interface (API), and the data generated are accessible through the Ensembl genome browser (http://www.ensembl.org). To date, the Ensembl predicted gene sets are available for the A. gambiae, C. briggsae, zebrafish, mouse, rat, and human genomes and have been heavily relied upon in the publication of the human, mouse, rat, and A. gambiae genome sequence analysis. Here we describe in detail the gene-building system and the algorithms involved. All code and data are freely available from http://www.ensembl.org.

Published
2004
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23. The Ensembl analysis pipeline.

Author

Potter SC, Clarke L, Curwen V, Keenan S, Mongin E, Searle SM, Stabenau A, Storey R, and Clamp M

Subjects
Base Sequence genetics, DNA genetics, Databases, Genetic standards, Programming Languages, Proteins classification, Software, Software Design, Computational Biology methods
Abstract

The Ensembl pipeline is an extension to the Ensembl system which allows automated annotation of genomic sequence. The software comprises two parts. First, there is a set of Perl modules ("Runnables" and "RunnableDBs") which are 'wrappers' for a variety of commonly used analysis tools. These retrieve sequence data from a relational database, run the analysis, and write the results back to the database. They inherit from a common interface, which simplifies the writing of new wrapper modules. On top of this sits a job submission system (the "RuleManager") which allows efficient and reliable submission of large numbers of jobs to a compute farm. Here we describe the fundamental software components of the pipeline, and we also highlight some features of the Sanger installation which were necessary to enable the pipeline to scale to whole-genome analysis.

Published
2004
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24. An overview of Ensembl.

Author

Birney E, Andrews TD, Bevan P, Caccamo M, Chen Y, Clarke L, Coates G, Cuff J, Curwen V, Cutts T, Down T, Eyras E, Fernandez-Suarez XM, Gane P, Gibbins B, Gilbert J, Hammond M, Hotz HR, Iyer V, Jekosch K, Kahari A, Kasprzyk A, Keefe D, Keenan S, Lehvaslaiho H, McVicker G, Melsopp C, Meidl P, Mongin E, Pettett R, Potter S, Proctor G, Rae M, Searle S, Slater G, Smedley D, Smith J, Spooner W, Stabenau A, Stalker J, Storey R, Ureta-Vidal A, Woodwark KC, Cameron G, Durbin R, Cox A, Hubbard T, and Clamp M

Subjects
Computational Biology trends
Abstract

Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/) is a bioinformatics project to organize biological information around the sequences of large genomes. It is a comprehensive source of stable automatic annotation of individual genomes, and of the synteny and orthology relationships between them. It is also a framework for integration of any biological data that can be mapped onto features derived from the genomic sequence. Ensembl is available as an interactive Web site, a set of flat files, and as a complete, portable open source software system for handling genomes. All data are provided without restriction, and code is freely available. Ensembl's aims are to continue to "widen" this biological integration to include other model organisms relevant to understanding human biology as they become available; to "deepen" this integration to provide an ever more seamless linkage between equivalent components in different species; and to provide further classification of functional elements in the genome that have been previously elusive.

Published
2004
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25. ESTGenes: alternative splicing from ESTs in Ensembl.

Author

Eyras E, Caccamo M, Curwen V, and Clamp M

Subjects
Animals, Caenorhabditis genetics, Caenorhabditis elegans genetics, Computational Biology, Culicidae genetics, DNA, Helminth genetics, Genes, Genes, Helminth, Genes, Insect, Humans, Mice, Predictive Value of Tests, Rats, Reproducibility of Results, Transcription, Genetic, Zebrafish genetics, Alternative Splicing genetics, Expressed Sequence Tags, Software
Abstract

We describe a novel algorithm for deriving the minimal set of nonredundant transcripts compatible with the splicing structure of a set of ESTs mapped on a genome. Sets of ESTs with compatible splicing are represented by a special type of graph. We describe the algorithms for building the graphs and for deriving the minimal set of transcripts from the graphs that are compatible with the evidence. These algorithms are part of the Ensembl automatic gene annotation system, and its results, using ESTs, are provided at www.ensembl.org as ESTgenes for the mosquito, Caenorhabditis briggsae, C. elegans, zebrafish, human, mouse, and rat genomes. Here we also report on the results of this method applied to the human and mouse genomes.

Published
2004
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26. Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution.

Author

Gibbs RA, Weinstock GM, Metzker ML, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Scherer S, Scott G, Steffen D, Worley KC, Burch PE, Okwuonu G, Hines S, Lewis L, DeRamo C, Delgado O, Dugan-Rocha S, Miner G, Morgan M, Hawes A, Gill R, Celera, Holt RA, Adams MD, Amanatides PG, Baden-Tillson H, Barnstead M, Chin S, Evans CA, Ferriera S, Fosler C, Glodek A, Gu Z, Jennings D, Kraft CL, Nguyen T, Pfannkoch CM, Sitter C, Sutton GG, Venter JC, Woodage T, Smith D, Lee HM, Gustafson E, Cahill P, Kana A, Doucette-Stamm L, Weinstock K, Fechtel K, Weiss RB, Dunn DM, Green ED, Blakesley RW, Bouffard GG, De Jong PJ, Osoegawa K, Zhu B, Marra M, Schein J, Bosdet I, Fjell C, Jones S, Krzywinski M, Mathewson C, Siddiqui A, Wye N, McPherson J, Zhao S, Fraser CM, Shetty J, Shatsman S, Geer K, Chen Y, Abramzon S, Nierman WC, Havlak PH, Chen R, Durbin KJ, Simons R, Ren Y, Song XZ, Li B, Liu Y, Qin X, Cawley S, Worley KC, Cooney AJ, D'Souza LM, Martin K, Wu JQ, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Jackson AR, Kalafus KJ, McLeod MP, Milosavljevic A, Virk D, Volkov A, Wheeler DA, Zhang Z, Bailey JA, Eichler EE, Tuzun E, Birney E, Mongin E, Ureta-Vidal A, Woodwark C, Zdobnov E, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Alexandersson M, Trask BJ, Young JM, Huang H, Wang H, Xing H, Daniels S, Gietzen D, Schmidt J, Stevens K, Vitt U, Wingrove J, Camara F, Mar Albà M, Abril JF, Guigo R, Smit A, Dubchak I, Rubin EM, Couronne O, Poliakov A, Hübner N, Ganten D, Goesele C, Hummel O, Kreitler T, Lee YA, Monti J, Schulz H, Zimdahl H, Himmelbauer H, Lehrach H, Jacob HJ, Bromberg S, Gullings-Handley J, Jensen-Seaman MI, Kwitek AE, Lazar J, Pasko D, Tonellato PJ, Twigger S, Ponting CP, Duarte JM, Rice S, Goodstadt L, Beatson SA, Emes RD, Winter EE, Webber C, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Adetobi M, Chiaromonte F, Elnitski L, Eswara P, Hardison RC, Hou M, Kolbe D, Makova K, Miller W, Nekrutenko A, Riemer C, Schwartz S, Taylor J, Yang S, Zhang Y, Lindpaintner K, Andrews TD, Caccamo M, Clamp M, Clarke L, Curwen V, Durbin R, Eyras E, Searle SM, Cooper GM, Batzoglou S, Brudno M, Sidow A, Stone EA, Venter JC, Payseur BA, Bourque G, López-Otín C, Puente XS, Chakrabarti K, Chatterji S, Dewey C, Pachter L, Bray N, Yap VB, Caspi A, Tesler G, Pevzner PA, Haussler D, Roskin KM, Baertsch R, Clawson H, Furey TS, Hinrichs AS, Karolchik D, Kent WJ, Rosenbloom KR, Trumbower H, Weirauch M, Cooper DN, Stenson PD, Ma B, Brent M, Arumugam M, Shteynberg D, Copley RR, Taylor MS, Riethman H, Mudunuri U, Peterson J, Guyer M, Felsenfeld A, Old S, Mockrin S, and Collins F

Subjects
Animals, Base Composition, Centromere genetics, Chromosomes, Mammalian genetics, CpG Islands genetics, DNA Transposable Elements genetics, DNA, Mitochondrial genetics, Gene Duplication, Humans, Introns genetics, Male, Mice, Models, Molecular, Mutagenesis, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide genetics, RNA Splice Sites genetics, RNA, Untranslated genetics, Rats, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid genetics, Retroelements genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Telomere genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Genomics, Rats, Inbred BN genetics
Abstract

The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) is an indispensable tool in experimental medicine and drug development, having made inestimable contributions to human health. We report here the genome sequence of the Brown Norway (BN) rat strain. The sequence represents a high-quality 'draft' covering over 90% of the genome. The BN rat sequence is the third complete mammalian genome to be deciphered, and three-way comparisons with the human and mouse genomes resolve details of mammalian evolution. This first comprehensive analysis includes genes and proteins and their relation to human disease, repeated sequences, comparative genome-wide studies of mammalian orthologous chromosomal regions and rearrangement breakpoints, reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes and the events leading to existing species, rates of variation, and lineage-specific and lineage-independent evolutionary events such as expansion of gene families, orthology relations and protein evolution.

Published
2004
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27. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome.

Author

Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, Agarwal P, Agarwala R, Ainscough R, Alexandersson M, An P, Antonarakis SE, Attwood J, Baertsch R, Bailey J, Barlow K, Beck S, Berry E, Birren B, Bloom T, Bork P, Botcherby M, Bray N, Brent MR, Brown DG, Brown SD, Bult C, Burton J, Butler J, Campbell RD, Carninci P, Cawley S, Chiaromonte F, Chinwalla AT, Church DM, Clamp M, Clee C, Collins FS, Cook LL, Copley RR, Coulson A, Couronne O, Cuff J, Curwen V, Cutts T, Daly M, David R, Davies J, Delehaunty KD, Deri J, Dermitzakis ET, Dewey C, Dickens NJ, Diekhans M, Dodge S, Dubchak I, Dunn DM, Eddy SR, Elnitski L, Emes RD, Eswara P, Eyras E, Felsenfeld A, Fewell GA, Flicek P, Foley K, Frankel WN, Fulton LA, Fulton RS, Furey TS, Gage D, Gibbs RA, Glusman G, Gnerre S, Goldman N, Goodstadt L, Grafham D, Graves TA, Green ED, Gregory S, Guigó R, Guyer M, Hardison RC, Haussler D, Hayashizaki Y, Hillier LW, Hinrichs A, Hlavina W, Holzer T, Hsu F, Hua A, Hubbard T, Hunt A, Jackson I, Jaffe DB, Johnson LS, Jones M, Jones TA, Joy A, Kamal M, Karlsson EK, Karolchik D, Kasprzyk A, Kawai J, Keibler E, Kells C, Kent WJ, Kirby A, Kolbe DL, Korf I, Kucherlapati RS, Kulbokas EJ, Kulp D, Landers T, Leger JP, Leonard S, Letunic I, Levine R, Li J, Li M, Lloyd C, Lucas S, Ma B, Maglott DR, Mardis ER, Matthews L, Mauceli E, Mayer JH, McCarthy M, McCombie WR, McLaren S, McLay K, McPherson JD, Meldrim J, Meredith B, Mesirov JP, Miller W, Miner TL, Mongin E, Montgomery KT, Morgan M, Mott R, Mullikin JC, Muzny DM, Nash WE, Nelson JO, Nhan MN, Nicol R, Ning Z, Nusbaum C, O'Connor MJ, Okazaki Y, Oliver K, Overton-Larty E, Pachter L, Parra G, Pepin KH, Peterson J, Pevzner P, Plumb R, Pohl CS, Poliakov A, Ponce TC, Ponting CP, Potter S, Quail M, Reymond A, Roe BA, Roskin KM, Rubin EM, Rust AG, Santos R, Sapojnikov V, Schultz B, Schultz J, Schwartz MS, Schwartz S, Scott C, Seaman S, Searle S, Sharpe T, Sheridan A, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Singer JB, Slater G, Smit A, Smith DR, Spencer B, Stabenau A, Stange-Thomann N, Sugnet C, Suyama M, Tesler G, Thompson J, Torrents D, Trevaskis E, Tromp J, Ucla C, Ureta-Vidal A, Vinson JP, Von Niederhausern AC, Wade CM, Wall M, Weber RJ, Weiss RB, Wendl MC, West AP, Wetterstrand K, Wheeler R, Whelan S, Wierzbowski J, Willey D, Williams S, Wilson RK, Winter E, Worley KC, Wyman D, Yang S, Yang SP, Zdobnov EM, Zody MC, and Lander ES

Subjects
Animals, Base Composition, Conserved Sequence genetics, CpG Islands genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes genetics, Genetic Variation genetics, Genome, Human, Genomics, Humans, Mice classification, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Transgenic, Models, Animal, Multigene Family genetics, Mutagenesis, Neoplasms genetics, Proteome genetics, Pseudogenes genetics, Quantitative Trait Loci genetics, RNA, Untranslated genetics, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid genetics, Selection, Genetic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sex Chromosomes genetics, Species Specificity, Synteny, Chromosomes, Mammalian genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Mice genetics, Physical Chromosome Mapping
Abstract

The sequence of the mouse genome is a key informational tool for understanding the contents of the human genome and a key experimental tool for biomedical research. Here, we report the results of an international collaboration to produce a high-quality draft sequence of the mouse genome. We also present an initial comparative analysis of the mouse and human genomes, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the two sequences. We discuss topics including the analysis of the evolutionary forces shaping the size, structure and sequence of the genomes; the conservation of large-scale synteny across most of the genomes; the much lower extent of sequence orthology covering less than half of the genomes; the proportions of the genomes under selection; the number of protein-coding genes; the expansion of gene families related to reproduction and immunity; the evolution of proteins; and the identification of intraspecies polymorphism.

Published
2002
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28. The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

Author

Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, Sutton GG, Charlab R, Nusskern DR, Wincker P, Clark AG, Ribeiro JM, Wides R, Salzberg SL, Loftus B, Yandell M, Majoros WH, Rusch DB, Lai Z, Kraft CL, Abril JF, Anthouard V, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Baden H, de Berardinis V, Baldwin D, Benes V, Biedler J, Blass C, Bolanos R, Boscus D, Barnstead M, Cai S, Center A, Chaturverdi K, Christophides GK, Chrystal MA, Clamp M, Cravchik A, Curwen V, Dana A, Delcher A, Dew I, Evans CA, Flanigan M, Grundschober-Freimoser A, Friedli L, Gu Z, Guan P, Guigo R, Hillenmeyer ME, Hladun SL, Hogan JR, Hong YS, Hoover J, Jaillon O, Ke Z, Kodira C, Kokoza E, Koutsos A, Letunic I, Levitsky A, Liang Y, Lin JJ, Lobo NF, Lopez JR, Malek JA, McIntosh TC, Meister S, Miller J, Mobarry C, Mongin E, Murphy SD, O'Brochta DA, Pfannkoch C, Qi R, Regier MA, Remington K, Shao H, Sharakhova MV, Sitter CD, Shetty J, Smith TJ, Strong R, Sun J, Thomasova D, Ton LQ, Topalis P, Tu Z, Unger MF, Walenz B, Wang A, Wang J, Wang M, Wang X, Woodford KJ, Wortman JR, Wu M, Yao A, Zdobnov EM, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zhao S, Zhu SC, Zhimulev I, Coluzzi M, della Torre A, Roth CW, Louis C, Kalush F, Mural RJ, Myers EW, Adams MD, Smith HO, Broder S, Gardner MJ, Fraser CM, Birney E, Bork P, Brey PT, Venter JC, Weissenbach J, Kafatos FC, Collins FH, and Hoffman SL

Subjects
Animals, Anopheles classification, Anopheles parasitology, Anopheles physiology, Biological Evolution, Blood, Chromosome Inversion, Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Computational Biology, DNA Transposable Elements, Digestion, Drosophila melanogaster genetics, Enzymes chemistry, Enzymes genetics, Enzymes metabolism, Expressed Sequence Tags, Feeding Behavior, Gene Expression Regulation, Genetic Variation, Haplotypes, Humans, Insect Proteins chemistry, Insect Proteins genetics, Insect Proteins physiology, Insect Vectors genetics, Insect Vectors parasitology, Insect Vectors physiology, Malaria, Falciparum transmission, Molecular Sequence Data, Mosquito Control, Physical Chromosome Mapping, Plasmodium falciparum growth & development, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Proteome, Species Specificity, Transcription Factors chemistry, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors physiology, Anopheles genetics, Genes, Insect, Genome, Sequence Analysis, DNA
Abstract

Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency ("dual haplotypes") in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.

Published
2002
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29. A whole genome screen for linkage disequilibrium in multiple sclerosis confirms disease associations with regions previously linked to susceptibility.

Author

Sawcer S, Maranian M, Setakis E, Curwen V, Akesson E, Hensiek A, Coraddu F, Roxburgh R, Sawcer D, Gray J, Deans J, Goodfellow PN, Walker N, Clayton D, and Compston A

Subjects
Adult, Chi-Square Distribution, Female, Genetic Markers genetics, Genetic Testing methods, Humans, Male, Microsatellite Repeats genetics, Pilot Projects, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Genome, Human, Linkage Disequilibrium genetics, Multiple Sclerosis genetics
Abstract

Linkage analysis in multiplex families has provisionally identified several genomic regions where genes influencing susceptibility to multiple sclerosis are likely to be located. It is anticipated that association mapping will provide a higher degree of resolution, but this more powerful approach is limited by the substantial genotyping effort required. Here, we describe the first use of DNA pooling to screen the whole genome for association in multiple sclerosis based on a 0.5 cM map of microsatellite markers and using four DNA pools derived from cases (n = 216), controls (n = 219) and trio families (n = 745 affected individuals and their 1490 parents). The 10 markers showing the greatest evidence for association with multiple sclerosis that emerge from this analysis include three from the HLA region on chromosome 6p (D6S1615, D6S2444 and TNFa), providing a positive control for the method, four from regions previously identified by linkage analysis in UK multiplex families (two mapping to chromosome 17q GCT6E11 and D17S1535; one to chromosome 1p GGAA30B06; and one to 19q D19S585), and three from novel sites with respect to linkage analysis (D1S1590 at 1q; D2S2739 at 2p; and D4S416 at 4q). Our results thus provide further supporting evidence for the candidature of 6p, 17q, 19q and 1p as regions encoding susceptibililty genes for multiple sclerosis. The protocol used in this UK-based study is now being extended to 18 additional sites in Europe in order to search for susceptibility genes shared between populations of common ancestry, as well as those that exert ethnically more restricted effects.

Published
2002
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