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Cet article analyse les tensions entre professionnalisation et développement professionnel de professionnels pluri-catégoriels intervenant auprès de jeunes de 7 à 12 ans engagés dans un dispositif de formation d’adulte en matière de compétence psychosociale (CPS). Les CPS sont un des objets emblématiques afin de développer la promotion de la santé et le bien-être des enfants. Cet article vise à interroger la pertinence du déploiement de formations d’adulte afin de professionnaliser en matière de CPS et si tel est le cas, à identifier leurs caractéristiques et effets. Le cadre théorique repose sur l’analyse de l’activité en référence à la psychologie ergonomique et convoque trois autres notions : andragogie, professionnalisation et développement professionnel. Une méthodologie qualitative reposant sur la conduite d’entretiens semi-directifs (30) auprès des professionnels pluri-catégoriels impliqués dans ce dispositif a été mise en œuvre. Des indices de développement professionnel ont été identifiés en fonction des caractéristiques andragogiques et de professionnalisation des formations déployées. This article analyzes the tensions between professionalization and professional development of multi-category professionals working with young people aged 7 to 12 engaged in an adult training system in psychosocial skills (CPS). The CPS are one of the emblematic objects in order to develop the promotion of the health and well-being of children. This article aims to question the relevance of the deployment of adult training in order to professionalize CPS and if this is the case, what would be its characteristics and for what effects? The theoretical framework is based on the analysis of the activity with reference to ergonomic psychology and calls upon three other notions: andragogy, professionalization and professional development. A qualitative methodology based on the conduct of semi-structured interviews (30) with multi-category professionals involved in this system was implemented. Professional development indices have been identified according to the andragogical and professionalization characteristics of the training deployed.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a key conservation tool to meet the objectives of ocean protection policies. Many MPAs fail to be effective because of too weak levels of protection, and some governments aim to increase the coverage of fully and highly protected areas within their waters. However, governments face numerous barriers in translating their commitments into effective conservation measures. Here, we propose a three-step framework to identify the barriers faced when designating and implementing specific levels of protection and to design an action plan to lever these barriers. Using France as a case study, we found that differing stakeholders' perceptions and impaired interaction between stakeholders and decision makers hamper the transition from ambitions to action. We suggest a two-tiered action plan to address these barriers, acting at both deep and shallow leverage points. Enhancing participation and holding decision makers accountable for their commitments while mobilizing financial capital and simplifying governance will facilitate the implementation of effective conservation measures with adequate levels of protection.

Les enjeux globaux – le changement climatique, la réduction de la biodiversité, l’émergence de nouvelles pandémies, la sécurité alimentaire, les inégalités de genre et la lutte contre le terrorisme – nécessitent des solutions locales produites dans un contexte de limites planétaires. Les sciences de la connaissance et de l’innovation sont désormais sollicitées pour mieux évaluer les futurs dans lesquels nous pourrons vivre et trouver de nouvelles réponses, des appropriations locales, régionales et nationales. La recherche scientifique africaine doit se mobiliser pour répondre à l’ensemble des défis mentionnés, car le continent sera durement impacté. La capacité à mettre en œuvre ses propres transitions, avec ses propres politiques, son propre agenda de recherche et ses objectifs à court et moyen termes repose sur une recherche ancrée en Afrique qui rayonne au niveau international, une recherche de pointe aux implications pratiques et politiques. Or les faibles investissements, la fragilité de l’écosystème et la qualité problématique de la recherche africaine sont des freins majeurs à cette mobilisation à grande échelle. L’innovation, l’indépendance technologique et alimentaire, l’exploitation des ressources renouvelables, les luttes écologiques ne pourront être appropriées sans le recours à une recherche africaine forte au service des objectifs du développement durable., Global challenges –climate change, loss of biodiversity, the emergence of new pandemics, food security, gender inequalities and the fight against terrorism –require local solutions produced in a context of global limitations. Knowledge and innovation sciences are now called upon to better assess the futures we can live in and find new answers, local, regional and national adaptability. African scientific research must be mobilised to respond to all the challenges mentioned, as the continent will be severely impacted. The ability to implement its own transitions, with its own policies, research agenda and short-and medium-term objectives, depends on research rooted in Africa; that is, internationally relevant, cutting-edge research with practical and political implications. However, low investment, the fragility of the ecosystem and the problematic quality of African research are major obstacles to this large-scale mobilisation. Innovation, technological independence and food security, the judicious exploitation of renewable resources, and surmounting environmental problems will not happen without the use of strong African research in the service of sustainable development objectives., Scientific research, innovation, Africa, sustainability science, 2030 agenda, global challenges, Recherche scientifique, innovation, Afrique, science de la durabilité, agenda 2030, enjeux planétaires

International audience

The High Level Panel for Sustainable Ocean Economy (https://oceanpanel.org/) has commissioned a series of “Blue Papers” to explore pressing challenges at the nexus of the ocean and the economy. This paper is part of a series of 16 papers to be published between November 2019 and October 2020. It addresses how multiple human impacts will impact biodiversity underpinning ecosystem services such as marine fisheries, aquaculture, coastal protection and tourism. The paper examines the distribution of marine species and critical marine habitats around the world; analyses trends in drivers, pressures, impacts and response; and establishes thresholds for protecting biodiversity hot spots, and indicators to monitor change. From this scientific base, it assesses the current legal framework and available tools for biodiversity protection, current gaps in ocean governance and management and the implications for achieving a sustainable ocean economy tailored to individual coastal states grouped by social indicators.

International audience

International audience; Les questions éducatives mêlant la santé s'incarnent dans le système éducatif français dans une perspective dite de promotion de la santé. Si les enjeux sont maintenant clairs, les travaux scientifiques pointent les difficultés chez les enseignants à mettre en oeuvre des pratiques effectives promotrices de santé. La formation constitue alors une stratégie pertinente sous certaines conditions. A travers la synthèse des travaux conduits sur l'analyse de l'activité enseignante, il s'agira d'envisager la formation des enseignants dans ce domaine.

Forage fish populations often undergo large and rapid fluctuations in abundance. However, most of their predators are buffered against such fluctuations owing to their slower pace of life, which allows them to maintain more stable populations, at least during short periods of food scarcity. In this study, we investigated top-down processes exerted by seabirds on forage fish stocks in five contrasted marine ecosystems, compiling numerous data sets on seabird counts, diets, energetic needs and prey energy content and abundance. Off Norway, South Africa, Peru, Sweden and Scotland, we found that predation pressure-estimated as the proportion of a fish stock consumed by seabirds-was generally low (median = 1%), but increased sharply at low levels of prey abundance. When prey biomass decreased below 15-18% of its maximum recorded value, predation by seabirds became a source of important additional pressure on prey stocks (similar to 20% of prey biomass is consumed by seabirds). An earlier empirical study advocated for keeping forage stocks from falling below a threshold of 33% of long-term maximum prey biomass in order to safeguard seabird breeding success, but here we further suggest that a threshold of 18% should be considered as a limit not to be exceeded for the sake of the forage fish themselves, and below which extra cautious management of fisheries may be required. Nevertheless, despite exceptionally high rates of predation on some occasions, predation pressure was not correlated with prey dynamics, suggesting an absence of prey entrapment due to seabirds alone in these five ecosystems.

International audience; Forage fish populations often undergo large and rapid fluctuations in abundance. However, most of their predators are buffered against such fluctuations owing to their slower pace of life, which allows them to maintain more stable populations, at least during short periods of food scarcity. In this study, we investigated top‐down processes exerted by seabirds on forage fish stocks in five contrasted marine ecosystems, compiling numerous data sets on seabird counts, diets, energetic needs and prey energy content and abundance. Off Norway, South Africa, Peru, Sweden and Scotland, we found that predation pressure—estimated as the proportion of a fish stock consumed by seabirds—was generally low (median = 1%), but increased sharply at low levels of prey abundance. When prey biomass decreased below 15–18% of its maximum recorded value, predation by seabirds became a source of important additional pressure on prey stocks (~20% of prey biomass is consumed by seabirds). An earlier empirical study advocated for keeping forage stocks from falling below a threshold of 33% of long‐term maximum prey biomass in order to safeguard seabird breeding success, but here we further suggest that a threshold of 18% should be considered as a limit not to be exceeded for the sake of the forage fish themselves, and below which extra cautious management of fisheries may be required. Nevertheless, despite exceptionally high rates of predation on some occasions, predation pressure was not correlated with prey dynamics, suggesting an absence of prey entrapment due to seabirds alone in these five ecosystems.

National audience

« Transformer les vies tout en préservant la planète », telle est l'ambition des 17 Objectifs de développement durable (ODD), cadre d'action à l'échelle planétaire adopté par tous les pays membres de l'ONU en septembre 2015. Universels, les ODD s'adressent autant aux pays du Nord qu'aux pays du Sud et concernent à la fois l'économie, le développement des sociétés et la protection de l'environnement. Lutte contre la pauvreté, égalité entre les sexes, accès de tous à une énergie propre et à une éducation de qualité, bonne santé et bien-être, villes durables, consommation et production responsables… c'est à un profond changement de modèle que nous invitent les ODD. Cette transformation passe par un dialogue renouvelé entre science, société et politique, et entraîne des mutations majeures dans les rapports Nord-Sud. Proposant une analyse critique de chacun des 17 Objectifs, de leurs interactions et des contradictions dont ils sont aussi porteurs, cet ouvrage réunit une soixantaine d'auteurs d'horizons divers : responsables d'institutions scientifiques, chercheurs, experts, acteurs du développement… Cette approche plurielle offre différentes clés de lecture et met en avant l'importance de la recherche pour comprendre les enjeux des ODD, mesurer l'avancement de leur mise en œuvre et concevoir, en lien avec la société, des solutions innovantes. Accessible à un large public, il apporte un éclairage inédit, à la fois critique et documenté, sur les grands défis de l'Agenda 2030 pour le développement durable.