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2. Irrigation contrasts through the morning transition

Author

Brooke, J.K., Best, M.J., Lock, A.P., Osborne, S.R., Price, J., Cuxart, J., Boone, A., Canut-Rocafort, G., Hartogensis, O.K., Roy, A., Brooke, J.K., Best, M.J., Lock, A.P., Osborne, S.R., Price, J., Cuxart, J., Boone, A., Canut-Rocafort, G., Hartogensis, O.K., and Roy, A.

Abstract

The Land surface Interactions with the Atmosphere over the Iberian Semi-arid Environment (LIAISE) campaign was conducted in July 2021, primarily to investigate the role of irrigation in modulating the boundary-layer evolution in the Catalan region of northeastern Spain. Contrasts in near-surface meteorological parameters and boundary-layer thermodynamic profiles at an irrigated and rainfed (arid) site were established during the morning transition. Evapotranspriation dominated the flux partitioning at the irrigated site (Bowen ratio of 0.07–1.1), whilst sensible heat flux dominated at the rainfed (arid) site (Bowen ratio greater than 10.0). The cumulative evapotranspiration during July 2021 was a factor of 10 greater at the irrigated site than at the rainfed (arid) site. The presence of irrigation was shown to modulate the vertical gradients of turbulence, temperature, and moisture. Irrigation is shown to have a significant effect on the development of the boundary layer, including during the morning transition. The morning transition mean buoyancy flux was 2.8 times smaller at the irrigated site (1.1 m (Formula presented.) s (Formula presented.)) compared with the rainfed (arid) site (3.1 m (Formula presented.) s (Formula presented.)), with a resultant delay in the near-surface buoyancy-flux crossover time (30–90 min) at the irrigated site. At the start of the morning transition (sunrise), the average screen-level (50-m) temperature was (Formula presented.) K ((Formula presented.) K) colder at the irrigated site relative to the rainfed (arid) site. The colder temperatures at sunrise at the irrigated site are predominantly the result of a colder boundary-layer thermodynamic profile from the previous day. At the end of the morning transition (convective onset), temperature differences between the two sites extend through much of the boundary layer and increase in magnitude. The average screen-level (50-m) temperature difference was (Formula presented.) K ((Formula pr

Published
2024

4. The BLLAST field experiment: Boundary-Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence

Author

Lothon, M, Lohou, F, Pino, D, Couvreux, F, Pardyjak, ER, Reuder, J, de Arellano, J Vilà-Guerau, Durand, P, Hartogensis, O, Legain, D, Augustin, P, Gioli, B, Lenschow, DH, Faloona, I, Yagüe, C, Alexander, DC, Angevine, WM, Bargain, E, Barrié, J, Bazile, E, Bezombes, Y, Blay-Carreras, E, van de Boer, A, Boichard, JL, Bourdon, A, Butet, A, Campistron, B, de Coster, O, Cuxart, J, Dabas, A, Darbieu, C, Deboudt, K, Delbarre, H, Derrien, S, Flament, P, Fourmentin, M, Garai, A, Gibert, F, Graf, A, Groebner, J, Guichard, F, Jiménez, MA, Jonassen, M, van den Kroonenberg, A, Magliulo, V, Martin, S, Martinez, D, Mastrorillo, L, Moene, AF, Molinos, F, Moulin, E, Pietersen, HP, Piguet, B, Pique, E, Román-Cascón, C, Rufin-Soler, C, Saïd, F, Sastre-Marugán, M, Seity, Y, Steeneveld, GJ, Toscano, P, Traullé, O, Tzanos, D, Wacker, S, Wildmann, N, and Zaldei, A

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Climate change science
Abstract

Due to the major role of the sun in heating the earth's surface, the atmospheric planetary boundary layer over land is inherently marked by a diurnal cycle. The afternoon transition, the period of the day that connects the daytime dry convective boundary layer to the night-time stable boundary layer, still has a number of unanswered scientific questions. This phase of the diurnal cycle is challenging from both modelling and observational perspectives: it is transitory, most of the forcings are small or null and the turbulence regime changes from fully convective, close to homogeneous and isotropic, toward a more heterogeneous and intermittent state. These issues motivated the BLLAST (Boundary-Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence) field campaign that was conducted from 14 June to 8 July 2011 in southern France, in an area of complex and heterogeneous terrain. A wide range of instrumented platforms including full-size aircraft, remotely piloted aircraft systems, remote-sensing instruments, radiosoundings, tethered balloons, surface flux stations and various meteorological towers were deployed over different surface types. The boundary layer, from the earth's surface to the free troposphere, was probed during the entire day, with a focus and intense observation periods that were conducted from midday until sunset. The BLLAST field campaign also provided an opportunity to test innovative measurement systems, such as new miniaturized sensors, and a new technique for frequent radiosoundings of the low troposphere. Twelve fair weather days displaying various meteorological conditions were extensively documented during the field experiment. The boundary-layer growth varied from one day to another depending on many contributions including stability, advection, subsidence, the state of the previous day's residual layer, as well as local, meso-or synoptic scale conditions. Ground-based measurements combined with tethered-balloon and airborne observations captured the turbulence decay from the surface throughout the whole boundary layer and documented the evolution of the turbulence characteristic length scales during the transition period. Closely integrated with the field experiment, numerical studies are now underway with a complete hierarchy of models to support the data interpretation and improve the model representations.

Published
2014

5. Irrigation contrasts through the morning transition

Author

Brooke, J. K., primary, Best, M. J., additional, Lock, A. P., additional, Osborne, S. R., additional, Price, J., additional, Cuxart, J., additional, Boone, A., additional, Canut‐Rocafort, G., additional, Hartogensis, O. K., additional, and Roy, A., additional

Published
2023
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7. Complex terrain experiments in the New European Wind Atlas

Author

Mann, J., Angelou, N., Arnqvist, J., Callies, D., Cantero, E., Arroyo, R. Chávez, Courtney, M., Cuxart, J., Dellwik, E., Gottschall, J., Ivanell, S., Kühn, P., Lea, G., Matos, J. C., Palma, J. M. L. M., Pauscher, L., Peña, A., Rodrigo, J. Sanz, Söderberg, S., Vasiljevic, N., and Rodrigues, C. Veiga

Published
2017

8. Irrigation contrasts through the morning transition.

Author

Brooke, J. K., Best, M. J., Lock, A. P., Osborne, S. R., Price, J., Cuxart, J., Boone, A., Canut‐Rocafort, G., Hartogensis, O. K., and Roy, A.

Subjects
IRRIGATION, BOUNDARY layer (Aerodynamics), MORNING, COLD (Temperature), SURFACE interactions, MORNINGNESS-Eveningness Questionnaire
Abstract

The Land surface Interactions with the Atmosphere over the Iberian Semi‐arid Environment (LIAISE) campaign was conducted in July 2021, primarily to investigate the role of irrigation in modulating the boundary‐layer evolution in the Catalan region of northeastern Spain. Contrasts in near‐surface meteorological parameters and boundary‐layer thermodynamic profiles at an irrigated and rainfed (arid) site were established during the morning transition. Evapotranspriation dominated the flux partitioning at the irrigated site (Bowen ratio of 0.07–1.1), whilst sensible heat flux dominated at the rainfed (arid) site (Bowen ratio greater than 10.0). The cumulative evapotranspiration during July 2021 was a factor of 10 greater at the irrigated site than at the rainfed (arid) site. The presence of irrigation was shown to modulate the vertical gradients of turbulence, temperature, and moisture. Irrigation is shown to have a significant effect on the development of the boundary layer, including during the morning transition. The morning transition mean buoyancy flux was 2.8 times smaller at the irrigated site (1.1 m2·$$ {}^2\cdotp $$s−2$$ {}^{-2} $$) compared with the rainfed (arid) site (3.1 m2·$$ {}^2\cdotp $$s−2$$ {}^{-2} $$), with a resultant delay in the near‐surface buoyancy‐flux crossover time (30–90 min) at the irrigated site. At the start of the morning transition (sunrise), the average screen‐level (50‐m) temperature was −1.2$$ -1.2 $$ K (−1.9$$ -1.9 $$ K) colder at the irrigated site relative to the rainfed (arid) site. The colder temperatures at sunrise at the irrigated site are predominantly the result of a colder boundary‐layer thermodynamic profile from the previous day. At the end of the morning transition (convective onset), temperature differences between the two sites extend through much of the boundary layer and increase in magnitude. The average screen‐level (50‐m) temperature difference was −3.6$$ -3.6 $$ K (−2.4$$ -2.4 $$ K) colder at the irrigated site relative to the rainfed (arid) site. There was considerable day‐to‐day variability in temperature contrasts at a regional level (−2.4$$ -2.4 $$ to −6.0$$ -6.0 $$ K). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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18. Evaluation of the Diurnal Cycle in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Land as Represented by a Variety of Single-Column Models: The Second GABLS Experiment

Author

Svensson, G., Holtslag, A. A. M., Kumar, V., Mauritsen, T., Steeneveld, G. J., Angevine, W. M., Bazile, E., Beljaars, A., de Bruijn, E. I. F., Cheng, A., Conangla, L., Cuxart, J., Ek, M., Falk, M. J., Freedman, F., Kitagawa, H., Larson, V. E., Lock, A., Mailhot, J., Masson, V., Park, S., Pleim, J., Söderberg, S., Weng, W., and Zampieri, M.

Published
2011
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25. Mixing processes in a nocturnal low-level jet: an LES study

Author

Cuxart, J. and Jiminez, M.A.

Subjects
Atmospheric turbulence -- Measurement, Atmospheric turbulence -- Research, Simulation methods -- Usage, Earth sciences, Science and technology
Abstract

A steady-state low-level jet observed in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment in Spain1998 (SABLES-98) campaign is simulated using a large-eddy simulation model. The radiation is taken into account since its contribution to the budget of the tendency of temperature is as important as the contribution of the turbulence in the surface layer. The resulting regime is a two-layer flow separated by a change of the temperature gradient at the level of maximum speed. The upper part has turbulence originated by shear production extending up to 3 times the height of wind maximum and of the same order of magnitude as in the layer below. The jet nose is seen by the model as a decoupling layer, and the use of passive scalars allows for the inspection of the amount of transport across it, which is very small. The lower layer is very sensitive to the surface boundary conditions, but the principal patterns in the upper layer do not change significantly. The runs are compared to the observations through mean profiles, time series, and probability density functions.

Published
2007

33. Single-column Model Intercomparison for a Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Author

Cuxart, J, Holtslag, A. A. M, Steeneveld, G-J, Beare, R. J, Bazile, E, Beljaars, A, Cheng, A, Conangla, L, Ek, M, Freedman, F, and Hamdi, R

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

The parameterization of the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer is a difficult issue, which has a large impact on the medium-range weather forecasts and on climate integrations. A non-strongly stratified arctic case is simulated by nineteen single-column turbulence schemes. The statistics from the Large-eddy simulation (LES) intercomparison made for the same case by eight different models are used as a guiding reference. The single-column parameterizations include research schemes and operational schemes from major forecast and climate research centres. First order schemes, a large number of turbulence kinetic energy closures, and other proposals have submitted results. There is a large spread in the results; in general, the operational schemes mix more efficiently than the research ones, and the TKE and other higher order closures give results closer to the LES statistics. The sensitivities of the schemes to the parameters of their turbulence closures are partially explored.

Published
2004

35. Complex terrain experiments in the New European Wind Atlas

Author

Mann, Jakob, Angelou, Nikolas, Arnqvist, Johan, Callies, Doron, Cantero, E., Arroyo, Roberto Chavez, Courtney, Michael, Cuxart, J., Dellwik, Ebba, Gottschall, Julia, Ivanell, S., Kuhn, Phoebe, Lea, Guillaume, Matos, C.J.S. de, Palma, J.M.L.M., Pauscher, Lukas, Peña, Alfredo, Rodrigo, Javier Sanz, Söderberg, Stefan, Vasiljevic, Nikola, Rodrigues, C Veiga, Mann, Jakob, Angelou, Nikolas, Arnqvist, Johan, Callies, Doron, Cantero, E., Arroyo, Roberto Chavez, Courtney, Michael, Cuxart, J., Dellwik, Ebba, Gottschall, Julia, Ivanell, S., Kuhn, Phoebe, Lea, Guillaume, Matos, C.J.S. de, Palma, J.M.L.M., Pauscher, Lukas, Peña, Alfredo, Rodrigo, Javier Sanz, Söderberg, Stefan, Vasiljevic, Nikola, and Rodrigues, C Veiga

Abstract

The New European Wind Atlas project will create a freely accessible wind atlas covering Europe and Turkey, develop the model chain to create the atlas and perform a series of experiments on flow in many different kinds of complex terrain to validate the models. This paper describes the experiments of which some are nearly completed while others are in the planning stage. All experiments focus on the flow properties that are relevant for wind turbines, so the main focus is the mean flow and the turbulence at heights between 40 and 300 m. Also extreme winds, wind shear and veer, and diurnal and seasonal variations of the wind are of interest. Common to all the experiments is the use of Doppler lidar systems to supplement and in some cases replace completely meteorological towers. Many of the lidars will be equipped with scan heads that will allow for arbitrary scan patterns by several synchronized systems. Two pilot experiments, one in Portugal and one in Germany, show the value of using multiple synchronized, scanning lidar, both in terms of the accuracy of the measurements and the atmospheric physical processes that can be studied. The experimental data will be used for validation of atmospheric flow models and will by the end of the project be freely available.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wind energy in complex terrains'.

Published
2017

36. Salvage surgery in foot and ankle pathology. A multidisciplinary approach

Author

Cámara Baeza, M.A.l., primary, Durán Morell, A., additional, Sabater Vives, A., additional, Calafell Más, P., additional, González Gil, A.B., additional, Titos Justicia, J., additional, Calles Alonso, A., additional, Villafranca Solano, S., additional, Monge Castresana, I., additional, Estrada Cuxart, J., additional, Riera Jaume, M., additional, and Suárez Pérez, L., additional

Published
2017
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38. Phases of the sea breeze in the island of Mallorca

Author

Jimenez, M.A., Simo, G., Wrenger, B., Martinez, J., Guijarro, J.A., Telišman Prtenjak, M., and Cuxart, J.

Subjects
sea/land breeze, Western Mediterranean, mesoscale model
Abstract

In order to better understand the diurnal cycle of the Sea-Breeze (SB) in the island of Mallorca, during September 2013 and June 2014 two experimental field campaigns have been conducted in the Campos basin (at the south side). A total of 6 IOPs (clear skies and weak pressure gradient conditions) are analysed using data from the AEMET network and the observations taken close to the coastline (about 900 m inland). They consist on a surface portable station (equipped with an IR camera and a sonic anemometer), a captive balloon (temperature and humidity) and a multicopter (temperature and humidity). Preliminary analysis of the observations show a good agreement between the different sources of data. During the previous phase (0430-0730 UTC) land-breeze conditions were present and after sunrise the sensible heat flux turned to positive meanwhile the turbulence started. In the preparatory phase (0730-0900 UTC) the wind close to the coast started to veer progressively towards the SB direction. As soon as the SB was initiated (0900-1200 UTC), the SB front progressed to the inland direction reaching a mature phase between 1200-1500 UTC. Afterwards, the SB decaying starts and at about 1900 UTC the wind speed was close to zero and the wind veered towards the land to sea direction. During the campaign all phases were measured, except the sounding systems for the mature phase due to the strong wind. Some selected IOPs are further analysed through the use of high-resolution mesoscale simulation. It is found that the model is able to reproduce the observed establishment of the SB although the observed temperature gradients are larger than those observed.

Published
2015

39. Estimation of the advection effects induced by surface heterogeneities in the surface energy budget

Author

Cuxart, J., Wrenger, B., Martinez-Villagrasa, D., Reuder, J., Jonassen, M.O., Jimenez, M.A., Lothon, M., Hartogensis, O.K., Dunnermann, J., Conangla, L., Garai, A., Cuxart, J., Wrenger, B., Martinez-Villagrasa, D., Reuder, J., Jonassen, M.O., Jimenez, M.A., Lothon, M., Hartogensis, O.K., Dunnermann, J., Conangla, L., and Garai, A.

Abstract

The effect of terrain heterogeneities in one-pointmeasurements is a continuous subject of discussion. Herewe focus on the order of magnitude of the advection termin the equation of the evolution of temperature as generatedby documented terrain heterogeneities and we estimate itsimportance as a term in the surface energy budget (SEB),for which the turbulent fluxes are computed using the eddycorrelationmethod. The heterogeneities are estimated fromsatellite and model fields for scales near 1 km or broader,while the smaller scales are estimated through direct measurementswith remotely piloted aircraft and thermal camerasand also by high-resolution modelling. The variabilityof the surface temperature fields is not found to decreaseclearly with increasing resolution, and consequently the advectionterm becomes more important as the scales becomefiner. The advection term provides non-significant values tothe SEB at scales larger than a few kilometres. In contrast,surface heterogeneities at the metre scale yield large valuesof the advection, which are probably only significant in thefirst centimetres above the ground. The motions that seemto contribute significantly to the advection term in the SEBequation in our case are roughly those around the hectometrescales.

Published
2016

42. Overview of the GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study (GABLS)

Author

Holtslag, A.A.M., Svensson, G., Basu, S., Beare, B., Bosveld, F.C., and Cuxart, J.

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, WIMEK, Meteorology and Air Quality, Life Science
Abstract

In 2001 the steering group of GEWEX (formally known as the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) initiated the GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study (GABLS). The objective of GABLS is to improve the representation of the atmospheric boundary layer in regional and large-scale atmospheric models. As such, GABLS provides a platform for model inter-comparison and development to benefit studies of Climate, Weather, Air Quality, Wind Energy and other applications. The focus of GABLS has so far been on stable boundary layers (SBLs) over land and on the representation of the diurnal cycle under clear skies. Three inter-comparison studies have been organised and below a summary of some of the results and achievements is given. Here we primarily focus on the performance of single column versions of several state-of-the-art atmospheric models.

Published
2012

43. High frequency ground temperature fluctuation in a Convective Boundary Layer

Author

Garai, A., Kleissl, J., Lothon, M., Lohou, F., Pardyjak, E., Saïd, F., Cuxart, J., Steeneveld, G.J., Yaguë, C., Derrien, S., Alexander, D., and Villagrasa, D.M.

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, WIMEK, Meteorology and Air Quality, Life Science, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

To study influence of the turbulent structures in the convective boundary layer (CBL) on the ground temperature, during the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) observational campaign, high frequency ground temperature was recorded through infra-red imagery from 13 June - 8 July, 2011. The 2-D ground temperature characteristics were then studied and compared to surface layer turbulence data for clear days. The ground temperature standard deviation follows the power-law exponent similar to surface layer similarity theory. The high correlation region between the air and the ground temperatures is aligned with the wind direction; the spanwise spread of the correlation region depends on the wind direction variability. The upwind part of the high correlation region is comparable with the flux footprint function by Hsieh et al. (2000). Conditional averaging shows that when a cold air parcel descends through the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) during a sweep event, the ground cools down. As the air parcel remains near the ground, it warms up and the heat transport from the ground to the air decreases. Thus the ground warms up during this period. After attaining a certain buoyancy the warm air parcel ascends, creating an ejection event. During the initial period of ejection, the ground temperature peaks, and subsequently the ground starts to cool down as the ground heat flux starts to decrease. Animation of ground temperature fluctuations reveals that the imprints of these ejection and sweep events move along with the wind. The estimated speed of these coherent structures is of the same order as the wind speed at 8 m above ground level or higher. With increasing stability of the CBL, the mean size of these structures increases and they become streakier.

Published
2012

49. The BLLAST field experiment: Boundary-Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence

Author

Lothon, M., primary, Lohou, F., additional, Pino, D., additional, Couvreux, F., additional, Pardyjak, E. R., additional, Reuder, J., additional, Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., additional, Durand, P., additional, Hartogensis, O., additional, Legain, D., additional, Augustin, P., additional, Gioli, B., additional, Faloona, I., additional, Yagüe, C., additional, Alexander, D. C., additional, Angevine, W. M., additional, Bargain, E., additional, Barrié, J., additional, Bazile, E., additional, Bezombes, Y., additional, Blay-Carreras, E., additional, van de Boer, A., additional, Boichard, J. L., additional, Bourdon, A., additional, Butet, A., additional, Campistron, B., additional, de Coster, O., additional, Cuxart, J., additional, Dabas, A., additional, Darbieu, C., additional, Deboudt, K., additional, Delbarre, H., additional, Derrien, S., additional, Flament, P., additional, Fourmentin, M., additional, Garai, A., additional, Gibert, F., additional, Graf, A., additional, Groebner, J., additional, Guichard, F., additional, Jimenez Cortes, M. A., additional, Jonassen, M., additional, van den Kroonenberg, A., additional, Lenschow, D. H., additional, Magliulo, V., additional, Martin, S., additional, Martinez, D., additional, Mastrorillo, L., additional, Moene, A. F., additional, Molinos, F., additional, Moulin, E., additional, Pietersen, H. P., additional, Piguet, B., additional, Pique, E., additional, Román-Cascón, C., additional, Rufin-Soler, C., additional, Saïd, F., additional, Sastre-Marugán, M., additional, Seity, Y., additional, Steeneveld, G. J., additional, Toscano, P., additional, Traullé, O., additional, Tzanos, D., additional, Wacker, S., additional, Wildmann, N., additional, and Zaldei, A., additional

Published
2014
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50. Evaluation of the Diurnal Cycle in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Land as Represented by a Variety of Single-Column Models : The Second GABLS Experiment

Author

Svensson, Gunilla, Holtslag, A. A. M., Kumar, V., Mauritsen, T., Steeneveld, G. J., Angevine, W. M., Bazile, E., Beljaars, A., de Bruijn, E. I. F., Cheng, A., Conangla, L., Cuxart, J., Ek, M., Falk, M. J., Freedman, F., Kitagawa, H., Larson, V. E., Lock, A., Mailhot, J., Masson, V., Park, S., Pleim, J., Söderberg, S., Weng, W., Zampieri, M., Svensson, Gunilla, Holtslag, A. A. M., Kumar, V., Mauritsen, T., Steeneveld, G. J., Angevine, W. M., Bazile, E., Beljaars, A., de Bruijn, E. I. F., Cheng, A., Conangla, L., Cuxart, J., Ek, M., Falk, M. J., Freedman, F., Kitagawa, H., Larson, V. E., Lock, A., Mailhot, J., Masson, V., Park, S., Pleim, J., Söderberg, S., Weng, W., and Zampieri, M.

Abstract

We present the main results from the second model intercomparison within the GEWEX (Global Energy and Water cycle EXperiment) Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study (GABLS). The target is to examine the diurnal cycle over land in today's numerical weather prediction and climate models for operational and research purposes. The set-up of the case is based on observations taken during the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study-1999 (CASES-99), which was held in Kansas, USA in the early autumn with a strong diurnal cycle with no clouds present. The models are forced with a constant geostrophic wind, prescribed surface temperature and large-scale divergence. Results from 30 different model simulations and one large-eddy simulation (LES) are analyzed and compared with observations. Even though the surface temperature is prescribed, the models give variable near-surface air temperatures. This, in turn, gives rise to differences in low-level stability affecting the turbulence and the turbulent heat fluxes. The increase in modelled upward sensible heat flux during the morning transition is typically too weak and the growth of the convective boundary layer before noon is too slow. This is related to weak modelled near-surface winds during the morning hours. The agreement between the models, the LES and observations is the best during the late afternoon. From this intercomparison study, we find that modelling the diurnal cycle is still a big challenge. For the convective part of the diurnal cycle, some of the first-order schemes perform somewhat better while the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) schemes tend to be slightly better during nighttime conditions. Finer vertical resolution tends to improve results to some extent, but is certainly not the solution to all the deficiencies identified., authorCount :25

Published
2011
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