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Doktorska disertacija z naslovom »Povezava psihosocialnega razvoja s stili starševske vzgoje ter njegovo spodbujanje v relacijski družinski terapiji« raziskuje povezavo psihosocialnega razvoja s stili starševske vzgoje ter spodbujanje psihosocialnega razvoja znotraj procesa terapije po paradigmi relacijske zakonske in družinske terapije. Teoretični del se nanaša na sledeče ugotovitve: * Razvoj osebnosti poteka z vidika 8 stadijev in faz po Eriksonu * Vzgojni stili staršev so pomembni z vidika lažjega razumevanja notranjih konstruktov primarnih odnosov, ki so ključni za analizo temeljnega afekta. * Navezanost, partnerski odnos, družinsko okolje in dinamika v njem so ostali pomembni dejavniki, ki pripomorejo k psihosocialnemu razvoju posameznika. * RZDT gleda na posameznika celostno, kar pomeni, da obravnava njegovo osebnost, doživljanje in delovanje. Odnosi so ključni segment za analizo psihične strukture posameznika. Spodbujanje psihosocialnega razvoja znotraj paradigme relacijske zakonske in družinske terapije tako služi kot temelj za drugi del raziskave. Raziskovalni del naloge vsebuje dva kvantitativna dela. V prvem delu raziskave sta sodelovala 502 udeleženca, vključena v splošni del, v katerem raziskujemo povezanost med psihosocialnim razvojem posameznika in primarno starševsko vzgojo. Uporabili smo dva vprašalnika, od tega eden meri tri vzgojne stile: permisivni, avtoritarni in avtoritativni vzgojni stil staršev (angl. Parental Authority Questionnaire for the Mother's and Father's Parenting Style-PAQ) avtorja J. R. Burija (1991). Drugi vprašalnik pa se nanaša na stadije psihosocialnega razvoja dveh avtorjev, Wessmana in Ricksa (1966 po Lamovec 1994). Pri zasledovanju materinega in očetovega starševskega vzgojnega stila (avtoritaren, permisiven ali avtoritativen) v povezavi s fazami psihosocialnega razvoja in specifičnimi značilnostmi posamezne faze smo ugotovili, da pri posamezniku, ki je bil deležen avtoritarnega vzgojnega stila s strani matere, obstaja večja verjetnost, da težje preide posamezne razvojne faze in se v naslednjih fazah sooča z več nezaupanja, sramom, dvomom, krivdo v zgodnjem otroštvu, difuznostjo vlog v puberteti in izolacijo v fazi mlade odrasle osebe. Posamezniki s permisivnim maternim vzgojnim stilom imajo več možnosti, da se pri psihosocialnem razvoju skozi faze soočajo z večjim nezaupanjem, krivdo, manjvrednostjo, difuznostjo vloge ter izolacijo v fazi mlade odrasle osebe. Obstaja trend, da posamezniki s permisivnim vzgojnim stilom matere v ranem otroštvu gradijo zaupanje, v nadaljnjem psihosocialnem razvoju pa se soočajo z nezaupanjem. Posamezniki z avtoritarnim vzgojnim stilom očeta imajo večjo možnost oteženega prehoda med posameznimi fazami psihosocialnega razvoja. V ranem otroštvu imajo posamezniki s permisivnim vzgojnim stilom večjo verjetnost razvoja povečanega zaupanja, hkrati pa v nadaljnjem razvoju možnost razvoja občutka nezaupanja, sramu, dvoma, manjvrednosti, difuznost vloge, izolacije ter povečane iniciative in hkrati krivde posameznika v lokomotorno-genitalni fazi. Obstaja trend, da posamezniki z avtoritativnim vzgojnim stilom očeta imajo optimalen prehod v oralno-senzorni fazi, kar pomeni, da obstaja možnost za lažji razvoj zaupanja z manjšim občutkom krivde ter lažjim prehodom skozi obdobje pubertete. Drugi del kvantitativne raziskave zajema 86 udeležencev, razdeljenih na dve skupini po 43 oseb. Prva skupina je bila vključena v proces relacijske in družinske terapije, druga pa ni bila vključena v nikakršno obravnavo. V tem delu doktorske disertacije raziskujemo spodbujanje psihosocialnega razvoja znotraj terapevtskega procesa relacijske in družinske terapije pri posameznikih, ki so vključeni v kontinuirani tedenski proces dvanajstih srečanj, ki jih zagovarja model. V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da se je od začetka do konca terapevtskega procesa psihosocialni razvoj skozi faze, merjene z vprašalnikom psihosocialnega razvoja dveh avtorjev, Wessmana in Ricksa (1966 po Lamovec 1994), pomembno izboljšal, razen v fazi mlade odrasle osebe, kjer pa ni prišlo do statistično pomembnih oz. zaznanih sprememb. Posamezniki, ki niso bili vključeni v proces terapije, so na začetku in na koncu merjenja dosegali podobne vrednosti psihosocialnega razvoja, posamezniki, ki so bili vključeni v proces relacijske zakonske in družinske terapije, pa so imeli na začetku bistveno nižji psihosocialni razvoj kot posamezniki v kontrolni skupini, ki pa se je po procesu izenačil ali celo izboljšal. Primerjava med skupino, ki je bila vključena v relacijsko zakonsko in družinsko terapijo in kontrolno skupino, pokaže statistično pomembne razlike, razen v obdobju mlade odrasle osebnosti. Skupina, ki je bila vključena v proces relacijske družinske in zakonske terapije, je v smislu spodbujanja psihosocialnega razvoja presegla kontrolno skupino, za katero je na začetku procesa precej zaostajala. To nakazuje, da RZDT predeluje in spodbuja psihosocialni razvoj v večini faz oz. na večini psihosocialnih področij. Interpretacija rezultatov prvega dela raziskave kaže statistično pomembne povezave med starševskimi vzgojnimi stili in psihosocialnim razvojem posameznika, pri čemer imajo udeleženci pri avtoritativnem pristopu, v zgodnjem otroštvu pa tudi pri permisivnem, največjo možnost za zagotavljanje optimalnega psihosocialnega razvoja. V drugem delu ugotavljamo statistično pomembne razlike med začetkom in koncem merjenja pri posameznikih, ki so bili deležni RZDT, kar pomeni, da se zazna učinek terapevtskega pristopa pri spodbujanju psihosocialnega razvoja posameznika, ki je vključen v proces RZDT. Skupina RZDT in kontrolna skupina se bistveno razlikujeta pri vzgojnem stilu – avtoritarna in permisivna vzgoja matere, pri čemer ugotavljamo, da sta navedena vzgojna stila matere zastopana v bistveno večjem deležu pri skupini, vključeni v RZDT proces. Skupina RZDT je ob prvem merjenju na nižji stopnji psihosocialnega razvoja, po drugem merjenju pa na vseh nivojih psihosocialnega razvoja dohiti kontrolno skupino. Ob koncu drugega merjenja je v muskolarno-analni fazi, lokomotorno-genitalni fazi, v obdobju pubertete – v dimenziji difuznost vlog in v mladi odrasli dobi – dimenzija izolacija zaznati večje odstopanje RZDT skupine v primerjavi s kontrolno. The doctoral dissertation entitled »Encouragement of Psychosocial Development and its Relation to Parenting Styles in the Scope of Relational Family Therapy« explores the link between psychosocial development and parenting styles and the promotion of psychosocial development within the therapy process, following the paradigm of relational marriage and family therapy. The theoretical part relates to the following findings: * Personality development takes place in terms of 8 stages and phases according to Erikson. * Parental parenting styles are important in terms of facilitating an understanding of the internal constructs of primary relationships, which are crucial for the analysis of the underlying affect. * Attachment, the partner relationship, the family environment and the dynamics within it are other important factors that contribute to the psychosocial development of the individual. * RMFT takes a holistic view of the individual, which means that it looks at his or her personality, experience and functioning. Relationships are a key segment for analysing the psychological structure of an individual. Promoting psychosocial development within a relational marriage and family therapy paradigm thus serves as the foundation for the second part of the research. The research part of the thesis contains two quantitative parts. The first part of the research involved 502 participants included in the general part, in which the relationship between the psychosocial development of the individual and primary parenting is explored. Two questionnaires were used, one of which measures three parenting styles: permissive, authoritarian and authoritative (Parental Authority Questionnaire for the Mother's and Father's Parenting Style-PAQ) by J. R. Buri (1991). The second questionnaire refers to the stages of psychosocial development according to two authors, Wessman and Ricks (1966 after Lamovec 1994). When tracing the mother's and father's parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive or authoritative) in relation to the stages of psychosocial development and the specific characteristics of each stage, we found that for the individual, who has been exposed to an authoritarian parenting style by his/her mother is more likely to have difficulty in passing through each developmental stage and to face more mistrust, shame, doubt, guilt in early childhood, role diffusion in puberty and isolation in young adulthood. Individuals with a permissive parenting style are more likely to experience more mistrust, guilt, inferiority, role diffusion and isolation in the young adult phase of psychosocial development. Individuals with an authoritarian parenting style of the father are more likely to have difficulties in the transition between the different stages of psychosocial development. Individuals with a permissive parenting style are more likely to develop increased trust in early childhood, but at the same time are more likely to develop feelings of mistrust, shame, doubt, inferiority, role diffusion, isolation and increased initiative as well as guilt in the locomotor-genital phase. There is a trend for individuals with an authoritative parenting style to have an optimal transition in the oral-sensory phase, which means that there is a potential for easier development of trust with a reduced sense of guilt and an easier transition through puberty. The second part of the quantitative research involved 86 participants divided into two groups of 43. The first group was included in the relational and family therapy process, while the second group did not receive any treatment. In this part of the PhD thesis, we investigate the promotion of psychosocial development within the therapeutic process of relational and family therapy in individuals involved in a continuous weekly process of twelve sessions advocated by the model. The study found that from the beginning to the end of the therapeutic process, psychosocial development improved significantly across the phases measured by the Psychosocial Development Questionnaire by the authors Wessman and Ricks (1966 adapted from Lamovec 1994), with the exception of the young adult phase, where there were no statistically significant or perceived changes. Individuals who were not involved in the therapy process had similar psychosocial development scores at baseline and at the end of the measurement, whereas individuals who were involved in the relational marriage and family therapy process had significantly lower psychosocial development than the control group at baseline, but this development levelled off or even improved after the process. A comparison between the RMFT group and the control group shows statistically significant differences, except for the young adult personality period. The RMFT group outperformed the control group in terms of promoting psychosocial development, after having lagged far behind at the beginning of the process. This suggests that relational marriage and family therapy processes and promotes psychosocial development in most stages or in most psychosocial domains. Interpretation of the results of the first part of the study shows statistically significant associations between parenting styles and psychosocial development, with participants experiencing authoritative and permissive approaches in early childhood having the best chance of ensuring optimal psychosocial development. In the second part, we find statistically significant differences between the beginning and end measurements for the individuals who received RMFT, which means that the effect of the therapeutic approach in promoting the psychosocial development of the individual involved in the RMFT process is detected. The RMFT group and the control group differ significantly in terms of the parenting style - authoritarian and permissive mothering - and we note that these two parenting styles are represented in a significantly higher proportion in the group involved in the RMFT process. The RMFT group is at a lower level of psychosocial development at the first measurement, but catches up with the control group at all levels of psychosocial development at the second measurement. At the end of the second measurement, the RMFT group shows a greater discrepancy with the control group in the muscular-anal, the locomotor-genital, and the puberty stages - in the dimension of role diffusion, and in the young adulthood stage - in the dimension of isolation.

Telesne zaznave so entiteta, ki vznikajo, spremljajo, zorijo in skozi obdobje mladostništva dobivajo svoj pomen kot same zase ali v povezavi z notranjim čustvenim svetom mladostnika in njegovo regulacijo. V zgodnjem obdobju adolescence mladostnik nima izoblikovanih mehanizmov, ki bi mu pomagali pri prepoznavanju in uravnavanju telesnih sprememb, težje opredeljuje telesne zaznave in jih težje povezuje s svojim čustvenim doživljanjem. V splošnem se predvideva, da se mlajši mladostniki od starejših razlikujejo glede na zmožnosti zaznavanja telesnih zaznav in zmožnostjo povezovanja tega vidika s čustvi. Dotično delo skuša prikazati, kaj so telesne zaznave, kako jih mladostniki prepoznavajo in kako se področje povezuje s čustvi. Avtorico je posebej zanimalo, kakšne strategije uporablja terapevt inovativnega modela relacijske družinske terapije pri delu s telesom in telesnimi zaznavami pri mladostnikih. V kvantitativnem delu raziskave je sodelovalo 792 mladostnikov med 15. in 25. letom starosti, razdeljenih v skupino mlajših (15–25 let N = 591) in starejših mladostnikov (20–25 let N = 201). Kvantitativna raziskava je bila dopolnjena še s kvalitativnim delom. V njem je sodelovalo 18 mladostnikov iz obeh skupin. Za preverjanje zmožnosti zaznavanja telesnih zaznav je bil uporabljen vprašalnik Multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA), izraženost psihosomatskih pritožb je bila merjena z vprašalnikom Psychosomatic complaints scale (PCS), za preverjanje zmožnosti čustvenega procesiranja je bil uporabljen vprašalnik Emotional processing scale (EPS), Alexithymia questionnaire for children (AQC) pa je meril zmožnost prepoznavanja in ubesedenja občutkov. V kvalitativnem delu, kjer so bile raziskovane intervencije v povezavi s procesiranjem telesnih zaznav pri mladostnikih, je sodelovalo 10 udeležecev med 17. in 25. letom starosti. Rezultati kvantitativnega dela raziskave na izbranem vzorcu niso potrdili predvidevanja o obstoju razlike med skupinama v izbranih dimenzijah ocene notranjega zavedanja (MAIA). Pri obeh skupinah je bila stopnja izraženosti psihosomatskih pritožb (PCS) obratno povezana z izbranimi dimenzijami ocene notranjega zavedanja (MAIA). Skupini sta se razlikovali v stopnji izraženosti psihosomatskih pritožb (PCS): starejši mladostniki so jih izražali manj. Na izbranem vzorcu se je pokazala povezanost med skoraj vsemi izbranimi dimenzijami ocene notranjega zavedanja (MAIA) in dimenzijami čustvenega procesiranja (EPS). Potrdila se je obratna povezanost med čustveno stabilnostjo (EPS) in splošno izraženostjo telesne simptomatike (PCS). Enako se je pokazala povezanost med težavnostjo prepoznavanja občutkov (AQC), težavnostjo opisovanja občutkov (AQC) in stopnjo izraženosti telesne simptomatike (PCS). Rezultati kvalitativne raziskave, ki je dopolnjevala kvantitativni del za prvo raziskovalno vprašanje, se kažejo v zmožnostih mladostnikov za opredelitev vrst fizioloških zaznav v telesu, opredelitev lokacije telesnih zaznav v telesu, opredelitev možnih načinov opisovanja telesnih zaznav v telesu s pomočjo fizikalnih kategorij, opredelitev načinov telesnega odgovarjanja na telesne zaznave in reflektiranje telesnih zaznav v duševnosti. V kvalitativnem delu, ki se je nanašal na oblikovanje nabora terapevtskih strategij pri obravnavi telesnih senzacij, so opredeljene identifikacija terapevtskih strategij rokovanja s telesnimi zaznavami in telesom pri mladostnikih, identifikacija strategij rokovanja s telesnimi zaznavami pri terapevtu v navezavi na telesne zaznave pri mladostniku in identifikacija korakov v procesu predelovanja telesnih zaznav pri mladostnikih. Pri dobljenih rezultatih je treba upoštevati tudi omejitve raziskave: način pridobivanja udeležencev, način pridobivanja podatkov, neprilagojenost postavk vprašalnikov populaciji mladostnikov, dolgotrajnost zbiranja kvalitativnih podatkov. Throughout the course of adolescence, bodily perceptions become entities that arise, accompany and mature, acquiring their meaning on their own or in connection with the adolescent’s inner emotional world and its regulation. In the early period of adolescence, adolescents have no established mechanisms to help them recognize and regulate bodily changes, they find it hard to define bodily perceptions, and also to relate bodily states to their emotional experience. It is generally assumed that younger adolescents differ from older ones in terms of their ability of perceiving bodily perceptions (sensations) and in the ability to associate this aspect with emotions. The present dissertation attempts to define bodily perceptions, how adolescents recognize them, and how the field of feelings relates to emotions. The author was also particularly interested in strategies the therapists of an innovative model of relational family therapy use when working with the body and body perceptions in adolescents. The quantitative part of this research included 792 adolescents between 15 and 25 years of age. They were divided into a group of younger (15–25 years N = 591) and older adolescents (20–25 years N = 201). Quantitative research was supplemented by qualitative research in which 18 adolescents from both age groups participated. The Multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA) was used to measure the ability of perceiving bodily sensations, the expression of psychosomatic complaints was measured with the Psychosomatic complaints scale (PCS), the Emotional processing scale (EPS) was used to measure the ability of emotional processing, Alexithymia questionnaire for children (AQC) measured the ability to identify and verbalize bodily feelings. Ten participants between 17 and 25 years participated in the qualitative part of the research which identified developed categories of theurapeutic interventions related to processing of bodily perceptions in adolescents. The results of the quantitative part of this research failed to confirm the hypothesis of the existence of statistically significant differences between the groups on the selected dimensions of the MAIA in the selected sample. In younger adolescents, there is an inverse statistically significant degree of association between some selected dimensions of the MAIA and the dimension of PCS. In older adolescents, the prediction of an inverse statistically significant degree of correlation between selected dimensions of the MAIA and the overall expression of psychosomatic complaints was confirmed. There is a statistically significant difference in the rate of overall dimension of PCS between the two groups, with the rate of expression of psychosomatic complaints being statistically significantly lower within the group of older adolescents. There is also a statistically significant degree of correlation between almost all selected dimensions of the MAIA and the EPS. There is an inverse statistically significant degree of association between emotional stability (EPS) and expression of physical symptoms (PCS) in the selected sample. The existence of a statically significant degree of association between the dimensions of difficulty recognizing feelings, difficulty describing feelings (AQC), and level of expression of physical symptoms (PCS) was confirmed. The results of the qualitative research supplementing the quantitative part of the first research question, define the types of possible physiological perceptions in the body, location of bodily perceptions in the body, definition of possible ways of describing bodily perceptions in the body with the help of physical categories, and definition of bodily responses to bodily perceptions. Categories of therapeutic interventions emerging from the use of ground theory research method are identification of: therapeutic strategies of handling bodily perceptions and the body in adolescents, strategies of handling bodily perceptions in the therapist in relation to bodily sensations in adolescents, and identification of the steps in the therapeutic process of processing bodily sensations in adolescents. The results of this research have to be interpreted in the context of its limitations, including: the participant recruitment method of obtaining, the method of data acquisition, and inadequacy of questionnaire items when applied to the adolescent population.

Spoprijemanje s sprejetjem novice, da ima otrok Downov sindrom, je težka preizkušnja za starše v življenju. Ti se morajo spoprijeti z veliko različnimi občutji in informacijami, ki jih dobijo ob diagnozi. V tem obdobju doživljajo veliko stisko, zato je še toliko pomembnejše, da imajo podporo partnerja, bližnjih sorodnikov in širše okolice. Namen magistrskega dela je razumeti doživljanje staršev ob prejetju novice, da ima njihov otrok Downov sindrom. Izvedena je bila kvalitativna raziskava, katere cilj je bil, da udeleženci opišejo svoja čustvena stanja in telesne senzacije, ki so jih občutili ob prejetju novice. Prav tako nas je zanimalo njihovo doživljanje podpore bližnje in širše okolice. V raziskavi smo uporabili fenomenološki pristop, prek katerega je bilo opravljenih šest intervjujev s šestimi različnimi pari staršev, ki imajo otroka z Downovim sindromom. Intervjuji so bili izvedeni med letoma 2019 in 2020. Poglobljen in usmerjen intervju je zajemal vprašanja, ki so se nanašala na naša področja raziskovanja, in sicer na časovni okvir prejetja novice, doživljajski vidik posameznika ob prejetju novice, doživljanje podpore bližnje in širše okolice, pomen in zadostnost podpore v dani situaciji, spremembo vlog v družinskem sistemu, doživljanje izkušnje zdaj in pogled na življenje skozi doživeto izkušnjo. Rezultati so pokazali, da lahko starši zelo različno doživljajo izkušnjo prejetja novice o Downovem sindromu. Nekateri lahko občutijo različna čustvena stanja in telesne odzive ob prejetju novice. Za starše je lahko zelo pomembna podpora bližnje in širše okolice, saj jim ti lahko dasta občutek moči, upanja, varnosti. Po določenem časovnem obdobju, ko starši sprejmejo diagnozo, pa se lahko pri njih pojavijo tudi pozitivna občutja. Takšna izkušnja lahko nekaterim družinam spremeni življenje, medsebojne odnose, vloge v družini in njihov pogled na življenje. For all parents is a difficult ordeal in their life when receiving the news that their child has Down syndrome. After a child is diagnosed, the parents are faced to deal with many various emotions and information’s about it. During distress periods parents require the support of each other, close relatives, and the wider community. The purpose of the master's thesis is to understand the emotions of parents when receiving the news that their child has Down syndrome. Qualitative research has been carried out during which participant’s emotional states and bodily sensations were described when they obtained the news. Their inner perception of the support from close relatives and the wider community was also included. A phenomenological psychological approach was used through six two-parent family interviews that have a child with Down syndrome. Interviews were conducted in years, 2019 and 2020. An in-depth, focused interview was referring to the area of research when getting the news, such as time frame, sensational aspect, experiencing support from the closer and wider community, the importance and adequacy of support in a given situation, changing roles in the family system and emotional experience through different time periods. The results have shown that parents might have a very a different way of the emotional experience when they were confronted with child diagnosis. Some might experience various emotional states and bodily responses. For parents, support of each other, close and wider community could be extremely important as it gives them strength, hope, and security. After a certain period of time, when parents accept their child's diagnosis, they might also experience positive feelings. Such an experience can change their lives, relationships, roles in the family, and their view on life.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil preučiti povezanosti med diferenciacijo jaza, psihološko odpornostjo in prisotnostjo oziroma iskanjem smisla v življenju, tako teoretično kot empirično. Raziskavo smo izvedli na vzorcu 307 udeležencev (13 % moških, 87 % žensk) s povprečno starostjo 35,92 leta (SD = 8,17). Udeleženci so izpolnili Vprašalnik diferenciacije jaza, Connor-Davidsonovo lestvico psihološke odpornosti 25 in Vprašalnik smiselnosti življenja. Na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov so bile opravljene korelacijske analize. Ugotovitve so pokazale, da obstaja pozitivna povezanost med diferenciacijo jaza, psihološko odpornostjo in prisotnostjo smisla ter negativna povezanost omenjenih konstruktov z iskanjem smisla v življenju. Vse spremenljivke so statistično pomembno povezane na nivoju 1-% tveganja med korelacijami dimenzij Vprašalnika diferenciacije jaza na eni strani in psihološke odpornosti ter prisotnosti oziroma iskanja smisla v življenju na drugi. Pri obeh merjenih lastnostih, psihološki odpornosti in prisotnosti smisla v življenju, v povezanosti z diferenciacijo jaza najbolj izstopa dimenzija jaz-pozicija, saj je omenjena dimenzija dosegla najvišjo korelacijo (0,649 in 0,474) Spearmanovega rho korelacijskega koeficienta v primerjavi z ostalimi dimenzijami diferenciacije jaza. Rezultati kažejo na to, da obstaja velik trend, da če ima posameznik bolje diferenciran jaz, je lahko tudi bolj psihološko odporen in ima lahko v življenju prisotnega tudi več smisla. Iz rezultatov je razvidno tudi to, da obstaja srednje močan trend, da takrat, ko ima posameznik višjo stopnjo diferenciacije jaza, išče manj smisla v življenju. Nadalje rezultati nakazujejo, da obstaja majhen trend, da takrat, ko je posameznik bolj psihološko odporen, išče manj življenjskega smisla. Rezultati kažejo tudi na to, da obstaja velik trend, da so posamezniki, ki imajo visoko prisotnost smisla, bolj psihološko odporni. Raziskava ponuja nov pogled in spoznanja o povezanosti konstruktov ter pušča odprt prostor za nadaljnje raziskave in za lažje razumevanje teh kompleksnih področij. The purpose of the master's thesis was to study the correlations between the differentiation of the self, psychological resilience and the presence or search for meaning in life, both theoretically and empirically. The study was conducted on a sample of 307 participants (13% men, 87% women), with an average age of 35.92 years (SD = 8.17). Participants completed the Differentiation of Self Questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 25, and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire. Based on the obtained results, correlation analyses were performed. The findings showed that there were correlations between the differentiation of the self, psychological resilience and the presence or search for meaning in life. All correlations were statistically significantly related at the 1% risk level. Between the correlations of the dimensions of the differentiation of self questionnaire on the one hand and the psychological resilience and the presence or search for meaning in life on the other. In both measured characteristics, psychological resilience and the presence of meaning in life, the I-position dimension stood out most in relation to differentiation of self, as this dimension reached the highest correlation (0.649 and 0.474) of Spearman's rho correlation coefficient compared to other dimensions of differentiation of self. The results suggest that there is a large trend that if an individual has a better differentiated self, he or she may also be more psychologically resilient and may also have more meaning present in their life. The results also suggest that there is a medium-strong trend that when an individual has a higher degree of differentiation of self, that is when he or she seeks less meaning in life. Furthermore, the results suggest that there is a small trend that when an individual is more psychologically resilient, he or she seeks less meaning in life. In addition, the results also suggest that there is a large trend that individuals with a high presence of meaning are more psychologically resilient. The research offers a new perspective and insights into the interconnectedness of constructs and leaves room for further research and easier understanding of these complex areas.

Na prehodu v odraslost in v zgodnji odraslosti osebe običajno oblikujejo trajne romantične odnose. Kljub pomembnosti romantičnih odnosov in prevladujočim družbenim pričakovanjem imeti partnerja nekatere osebe ostajajo samske iz različnih razlogov, med drugim zaradi zunanjih okoliščin, psiholoških primanjkljajev ali osebne odločitve. Neuspeh pri vzpostavljanju ali vzdrževanju zveze v tem obdobju lahko resno ogrozi posameznikovo zadovoljstvo z življenjem, kar kaže na to, da je lahko izkušnja dlje trajajoče samskosti čustveno zelo obremenjujoča in lahko pri posamezniku pusti številne negativne posledice. Namen magistrskega dela je razumeti doživljanje izkušnje samskosti na prehodu v odraslost in v zgodnji odraslosti, cilj pa z uporabo kvalitativne metodologije in fenomenološkega pristopa poglobljeno raziskati in opisati izkušnjo samskosti z vidika udeležencev raziskave. V raziskavo so bile vključene tri udeleženke in dva udeleženca, ki že več kot leto dni niso v zvezi in s katerimi so bili izvedeni polstrukturirani intervjuji. Udeleženci poročajo o občasnem doživljanju osamljenosti in množici negativnih občutkov, doživljajo pa lahko tudi pozitivne občutke. Različno intenzivno lahko hrepenijo po zvezi in jih je strah, da nikoli ne najdejo življenjskega partnerja. Oporo lahko najbolj zaznavajo znotraj svojih družin, precej tudi od prijateljev. Svoje zadovoljstvo z življenjem lahko povezujejo z zadovoljstvom s svojim spoprijemanjem s trenutno življenjsko situacijo. Obdobje samskosti jim lahko predstavlja čas, ki ga lahko izkoristijo neodvisno od drugih oseb, vendar lahko njihov čas ostaja tudi neizkoriščen, nekatere potrebe pa nezadovoljene. Pri spoprijemanju z negativnimi občutki se pogosto osredotočajo na pozitivne možnosti samskosti, kot so čas za druženje, dejavnosti in osebno rast, spoprijemajo pa se lahko tudi prek religioznosti. Poročanje o odnosih v primarnih družinah udeležencev nudi številne uvide v možno dinamiko njihovega današnjega vključevanja v odnose in možne razlage njihovega vzdrževanja samskosti. Ugotovitev raziskave zaradi uporabljene metodologije ni mogoče posplošiti na širšo populacijo, vendar je možno, da tudi druge samske osebe svojo izkušnjo doživljajo podobno, kot jo opisujejo udeleženci. In periods of emerging adulthood and early adulthood people typically form permanent romantic relationships. However, some people remain single despite the importance of romantic relationships and prevalent social expectations of having a romantic partner, which occurs for several reasons such as external circumstances, psychological deficits or personal decisions. Failure to establish and maintain romantic relationships in this period could seriously threaten an individual’s life satisfaction, indicating that the experience of long-lasting singlehood may be very emotionally burdening and may have several negative consequences for an individual. The goal of the master's thesis is to understand the experience of singlehood in periods of emerging adulthood and early adulthood, and the aim is to profoundly examine and describe the experience of singlehood from the aspect of participants, using a qualitative methodology and phenomenological approach. Three female and two male participants who have not been in a romantic relationship for more than a year were included and took part in the semi-structured interviews. Participants report on occasional experiencing loneliness and variety of negative as well as positive feelings. There are differences in the intensity of their longing for romantic relationships and their fear of never finding a life partner. They can perceive the most support within their families and a lot by their friends. Their life satisfaction can depend on how satisfied they are with their coping with the current life situation. In the period of singlehood, they have time which can be used independently of others. However, their time can remain unspent and their needs may not be met. When coping with negative feelings, they often focus on positive possibilities of singlehood, such as having time for socializing, activities and personal growth, and as another coping mechanism can also be religiousness. Reports on relationships in the participants’ primary families offer numerous insights into possible dynamics of their current engaging in relationships and possible explanations of maintaining singlehood. Research findings are not generalizable to the wider population due to the choice of methodology used, but rather single people may have similar experiences to those reported by the participants.