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Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem großen Oberthema der Ikonizität und ihrer Verbreitung auf verschiedenen linguistischen Ebenen. Ikonizität bezeichnet die Ähnlichkeit zwischen der sprachlichen Form und ihrer Bedeutung (vgl. Perniss und Vigliocco, 2014). So wie eine Skulptur einem Objekt oder einer Person ähnelt, kann auch der Klang oder die Form von Wörtern der Sache ähneln, auf die sie verweisen. Frühere theoretische Ansätze betonen, dass die Arbitrarität von sprachlichen Zeichen und deren Bedeutung ein Hauptmerkmal menschlicher Sprache ist und Ikonizität für die Sprachevolution eine Rolle gespielt haben mag, jedoch in der heutigen Sprache zu vernachlässigen ist. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Hauptanliegen dieser Arbeit, das Potenzial und die Bedeutung von Ikonizität in der heutigen Sprache zu untersuchen. Die einzelnen Kapitel der Dissertation können als separate Teile betrachtet werden, die in ihrer Gesamtheit das umfassende Spektrum der Ikonizität sichtbar machen. Von der sprachevolutionären Debatte ausgehend wird in den einzelnen Kapiteln auf die unterschiedlichen Ebenen der Ikonizität eingegangen. Es werden experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Lautsymbolik, am Beispiel der deutschen Pokémon-Namen, zur ikonischen Prosodie und zu ikonischen Wörtern, den sogenannten Ideophonen, vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Untersuchungen deuten auf die weite Verbreitung der Ikonizität im heutigen Deutsch hin. Darüber hinaus entschlüsselt diese Dissertation das kommunikative Potenzial der Ikonizität als eine Kraft, die nicht nur die Entstehung der Sprache ermöglichte, sondern auch nach Jahrtausenden bestehen bleibt, sich immer wieder neu entfaltet und uns tagtäglich in mündlicher, schriftlicher Form und in Gesten begegnet. This dissertation is concerned with the major theme of iconicity and its prevalence on different linguistic levels. Iconicity refers to a resemblance between the linguistic form and the meaning of a referent (cf. Perniss and Vigliocco, 2014). Just like a sculpture resembles an object or a model, so can the sound or shape of words resemble the thing they refer to. Previous theoretical approaches emphasize that arbitrariness of the linguistic sign is one of the main features of human language; iconicity, however, may have played a role for language evolution, but is negligible in contemporary language. In contrast, the main point of this thesis is to explore the potential and the importance of iconicity in the language nowadays. The individual chapters of the dissertation can be viewed as separate parts that, taken together, reveal the comprehensive spectrum of iconicity. Starting from the language evolutionary debate, the individual chapters address iconicity on different linguistic levels. I present experimental evidence on sound symbolism, using the example of German Pokémon names, on iconic prosody, and on iconic words, the so-called ideophones. The results of the individual investigations point to the widespread use of iconicity in contemporary German. Moreover, this dissertation deciphers the communicative potential of iconicity as a force that not only enabled the emergence of language, but also persists after millennia, unfolding again and again and encountering us every day in speech, writing, and gestures.

SyfteFöreliggande studie syftar till att närmare undersöka böjhållfastheten och krympningen på två olika porsliner blandade med respektive vätska av samma fabrikat, destillerat vatten eller universalvätskor.HypotesVätskan med lägst densitet kommer resultera i högre hållfasthetsvärden, minst krympning och porositet på grund av vätskans innehåll som bidrar till högre vätning av porslinet och därmed ger bättre tätpackning.Metod Två olika dentala porsliner blandades med fyra olika modelleringsvätskor, fabrikantens vätska, två universella vätskor och destillerat vatten. 10 provkroppar framställdes per respektive grupp, vilket gav totalt 80 provkroppar fördelade i 8 grupper. Alla provkroppar mättes, genomgick ett 4-punkts böjhållfasthetstest och en provkropp per grupp blev slumpmässigt vald till inspektion av porositet med ett mikroskop. Slutligen fördes det en statistisk jämförelse av böjhållfastheten och krympningen mellan grupperna, samt dokumentation av mikrostrukturen av de utvalda provkropparna.Resultat Provkropparna blandade med destillerat vatten visar signifikant högre böjhållfashetsvärden jämfört med en provgrupp blandad med universell modelleringsvätska. Provkropparna blandade med destillerat vatten visade även signifikant högre krympning, medan provkropparna med tillverkarens vätska visade minsta krympning.Slutsats I föreliggande studie visade destillerat vatten att vara mest pålitligt val vad det gäller hög böjhållfasthet. Fabrikantens vätska (GC Initial MC) fick minst signifikant krympning. Däremot finns det otillräcklig evidens som bifaller kopplingen mellan modelleringsvätskans densitet och dess påverkan på böjhållfashetsvärden samt krympning Purpose The present study aims to investigate the flexural strength and shrinkage of two types of porcelain mixed with the manufacturer's modelling liquid as well as distilled water and universal liquids.Hypothesis The liquid with lowest density will result in higher strength values, lower shrinkage and porosity due to the liquids content that contributes to higher wetting of the powder, thus providing better sealing.Method Two different porcelain were mixed with four different liquids, the manufacturer’s liquid, two universal liquids and distilled water. Ten specimens were prepared per respective group, giving a total of 80. All specimens underwent measuring, flexural strength test and one specimen per group was selected for surface analysis with a microscope inspection. Finally, there was a statistical comparison of the flexural strength between the groups, as well as documentation with photographs of the microstructure of the selected specimens.Results The specimens mixed with distilled water show significantly higher flexural strength values compared to one specimen group mixed with universal modelling liquid. Specimen mixed with distilled water showed significant higher shrinkage, whereas the specimens with the manufacturer's liquid showed least shrinkage.Conclusion Distillated water showed to be most reliable in terms of high flexural strength. The manufacturer’s liquid (GC Initial MC) showed least significant shrinkage. On the other hand, there is insufficient evidence that proves the connection between the density in modeling liquid and its influence on flexural strength values as well as shrinkage

Breathing is fundamental for living and speech, and it has been a subject of linguistic research for years. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in tackling the question of possible communicative functions of breathing (e.g. Rochet-Capellan & Fuchs, 2014; Aare, Włodarczak & Heldner, 2014; Włodarczak & Heldner, 2015; Włodarczak, Heldner, & Edlund, 2015). The present study set out to determine acoustic markedness and communicative functions of pauses accompanied and non-accompanied by breathing. We hypothesised that an articulatory reset occurring in breathing pauses and an articulatory freeze in non-breathing pauses differentiates between the two types. A production experiment was conducted and some evidence in favour of such a phenomenon was found. Namely, in case of non-breathing pauses, we observed more coarticulation evidenced by a more frequent omission of plosive releases. Our findings thus give some evidence in favour of the communicative function of breathing.

Breathing is fundamental for living and speech, and it has been a subject of linguistic research for years. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in tackling the question of possible communicative functions of breathing (e.g. Rochet-Capellan & Fuchs, 2014; Aare, Włodarczak & Heldner, 2014; Włodarczak & Heldner, 2015; Włodarczak, Heldner, & Edlund, 2015). The present study set out to determine acoustic markedness and communicative functions of pauses accompanied and non-accompanied by breathing. We hypothesised that an articulatory reset occurring in breathing pauses and an articulatory freeze in non-breathing pauses differentiates between the two types. A production experiment was conducted and some evidence in favour of such a phenomenon was found. Namely, in case of non-breathing pauses, we observed more coarticulation evidenced by a more frequent omission of plosive releases. Our findings thus give some evidence in favour of the communicative function of breathing.